1
|
Watanabe S, Murakami T, Muratsu S, Fujiwara H, Nakanishi T, Seto Y. Discrepancies between the stated contents and analytical findings for electronic cigarette liquid products: Identification of the new cannabinoid, Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabihexol acetate. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 39039910 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
A number of synthetic cannabinoids have been appearing in the recreational drug market for more than a decade. Recent additions are so-called semi-synthetic cannabinoids, and they structurally closely resemble the main psychoactive component of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Knowledge of new (semi-)synthetic cannabinoids is essential to help identify them in authentic forensic case samples. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine two commercially available electronic cigarette liquid products claiming to contain cannabinoids and characterize the structures of the main compounds. The liquid products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), GC-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-QTOF-MS), and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). In product A, typical cannabinoids (cannabidiol, cannabigerol, and cannabinol) and terpenes (α-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene) were identified by comparison with reference materials. An unknown peak was isolated by semi-preparative high-performance LC, analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and identified to be Δ9-tetrahydrocannabihexol acetate (Δ9-THCH-O). To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the identification of Δ9-THCH-O in commercially available products. Another compound estimated as cannabihexol acetate was also detected. In product B, cannabidiol, cannabinol, α-caryophyllene, and β-caryophyllene were identified, while two unknown peaks were estimated as tetrahydrocannabidiol isomers. Despite products A and B being labeled to contain "60% HHCPM" and "80% 10-OH-HHC," respectively, no such compounds were detected. The findings of this study could help detect Δ9-THCH-O in case samples and highlight the need to keep monitoring commercial products to identify new drugs, while warning that the package labels cannot be trusted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Watanabe
- Forensic Science Group, Photon Science Research Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Japan
| | - Takaya Murakami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Muratsu
- Forensic Science Group, Photon Science Research Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujiwara
- Forensic Science Group, Photon Science Research Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakanishi
- Forensic Science Group, Photon Science Research Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Seto
- Forensic Science Group, Photon Science Research Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nahar L, Chaiwut P, Sangthong S, Theansungnoen T, Sarker SD. Progress in the analysis of phytocannabinoids by HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) during 2020-2023. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024; 35:927-989. [PMID: 38837522 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organic molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors are known as cannabinoids. These molecules possess pharmacological properties similar to those produced by Cannabis sativa L. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, also known as ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, UHPLC) have become the most widely used analytical tools for detection and quantification of phytocannabinoids in various matrices. HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) are usually coupled to an ultraviolet (UV), photodiode array (PDA), or mass spectrometric (MS) detector. OBJECTIVE To critically appraise the literature on the application of HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids published from January 2020 to December 2023. METHODOLOGY An extensive literature search was conducted using Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar and published materials including relevant books. In various combinations, using cannabinoid in all combinations, cannabis, hemp, hashish, C. sativa, marijuana, analysis, HPLC, UHPLC, UPLC, and quantitative, qualitative, and quality control were used as the keywords for the literature search. RESULTS Several HPLC- and UPLC (or UHPLC)-based methods for the analysis of phytocannabinoids were reported. While simple HPLC-UV or HPLC-PDA-based methods were common, the use of HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS, UPLC (or UHPLC)-PDA, UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS, and UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS/MS was also reported. Applications of mathematical and computational models for optimization of protocols were noted. Pre-analyses included various environmentally friendly extraction protocols. CONCLUSION During the last 4 years, HPLC and UPLC (or UHPLC) remained the main analytical tools for phytocannabinoid analysis in different matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Phanuphong Chaiwut
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Sarita Sangthong
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Tinnakorn Theansungnoen
- Green Cosmetic Technology Research Group, School of Cosmetic Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ward AM, Shokati T, Klawitter J, Klawitter J, Nguyen V, Kozell L, Abbas AI, Jones D, Christians U. Identification and Characterization of Cannabichromene's Major Metabolite Following Incubation with Human Liver Microsomes. Metabolites 2024; 14:329. [PMID: 38921465 PMCID: PMC11206029 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabichromene (CBC) is a minor cannabinoid within the array of over 120 cannabinoids identified in the Cannabis sativa plant. While CBC does not comprise a significant portion of whole plant material, it is available to the public in a purified and highly concentrated form. As minor cannabinoids become more popular due to their potential therapeutic properties, it becomes crucial to elucidate their metabolism in humans. Therefore, the goal of this was study to identify the major CBC phase I-oxidized metabolite generated in vitro following incubation with human liver microsomes. The novel metabolite structure was identified as 2'-hydroxycannabicitran using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Following the identification, in silico molecular modeling experiments were conducted and predicted 2'-hydroxycannabicitran to fit in the orthosteric site of both the CB1 and CB2 receptors. When tested in vitro utilizing a competitive binding assay, the metabolite did not show significant binding to either the CB1 or CB2 receptors. Further work necessitates the determination of potential activity of CBC and the here-identified phase I metabolite in other non-cannabinoid receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Ward
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.M.W.); (V.N.)
| | - Touraj Shokati
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jost Klawitter
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (A.M.W.); (V.N.)
| | - Laura Kozell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (L.K.); (A.I.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Atheir I. Abbas
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (L.K.); (A.I.A.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - David Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Uwe Christians
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA (J.K.); (J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Muhire J, Sun X, Zhang FX, Huang XY, Di DL. Recent trends in multidimensional countercurrent chromatography. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300768. [PMID: 38356228 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a potent separation approach known for its remarkable efficiency and capacity in preparation. It's applied as a substitute or combined with different chromatographic techniques, resulting in its rebranding as multidimensional CCC (MDCCC). Numerous essential mixtures from natural products contain hundreds or thousands of distinct components of importance. These mix types are too complicated to separate in any reasonable time using a single CCC dimension. However, if a multidimensional technique is utilized, where a complex mixture is separated by an initial dimension, smaller fractions of that separation are gathered. Each fraction is studied individually; complex mixes can be resolved relatively quickly. Thus, several MDCCC separation features have been studied to demonstrate their advantages, limitations, and prospective capacity to separate exceedingly complex mixtures. In this review, MDCCC aspects, including principles, multiple columns system, multilayer coil J-type, on-line monitoring system, and applications, have been thoroughly_explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jules Muhire
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Xin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Duo-Long Di
- CAS Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mandura Jarić A, Čikoš A, Pocrnić M, Aladić K, Jokić S, Šeremet D, Vojvodić Cebin A, Komes D. Teucrium montanum L.-Unrecognized Source of Phenylethanoid Glycosides: Green Extraction Approach and Elucidation of Phenolic Compounds via NMR and UHPLC-HR MS/MS. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1903. [PMID: 38001756 PMCID: PMC10669637 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Health-oriented preferences, a demand for innovative food concepts, and technological advances have greatly influenced changes in the food industry and led to remarkable development of the functional food market. Incorporating herbal extracts as a rich source of bioactive compounds (BC) could be an effective solution to meet the high demand of consumers in terms of expanding the high-quality range of functional foods. The aim of this study is the valorization of the bioactive potential of T. montanum L., an understudied Mediterranean plant species, and the in-depth elucidation of a polyphenolic profile with a UHPLC-HR MS/MS and NMR analysis. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC) were determined on heat-assisted (HAE), microwave-assisted (MAE) and subcritical water (SWE) extracts. In terms of antioxidant capacity, SWE extracts showed the most notable potential (ABTS: 0.402-0.547 mmol eq Trolox g-1 dw, DPPH: 0.336-0.427 mmol eq Trolox g-1 dw). 12 phenolic compounds were identified in the samples of T. montanum from six microlocations in Croatia, including nine phenylethanoid glycosides (PGs) with total yields of 30.36-68.06 mg g-1 dw and 25.88-58.88 mg g-1 dw in HAE and MAE extracts, respectively. Echinacoside, teupolioside, stachysoside A, and poliumoside were the most abundant compounds HAE and MAE extracts, making T. montanum an emerging source of PGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mandura Jarić
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierotii St. 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.J.); (D.Š.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Ana Čikoš
- NMR Centre, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijana Pocrnić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Krunoslav Aladić
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (K.A.); (S.J.)
| | - Stela Jokić
- Faculty of Food Technology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Franje Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia; (K.A.); (S.J.)
| | - Danijela Šeremet
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierotii St. 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.J.); (D.Š.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Aleksandra Vojvodić Cebin
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierotii St. 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.J.); (D.Š.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Draženka Komes
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierotii St. 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.M.J.); (D.Š.); (A.V.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tripson M, Litwa K, Soderstrom K. Cannabidiol inhibits neuroinflammatory responses and circuit-associated synaptic loss following damage to a songbird vocal pre-motor cortical-like region. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7907. [PMID: 37193782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-euphorigenic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) has been used successfully to treat childhood-onset epilepsies. These conditions are associated with developmental delays that often include vocal learning. Zebra finch song, like language, is a complex behavior learned during a sensitive period of development. Song quality is maintained through continuous sensorimotor refinement involving circuits that control learning and production. Within the vocal motor circuit, HVC is a cortical-like region that when partially lesioned temporarily disrupts song structure. We previously found CBD (10 mg/kg/day) improves post-lesion vocal recovery. The present studies were done to begin to understand mechanisms possibly responsible for CBD vocal protection. We found CBD markedly reduced expression of inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers. These effects were associated with regionally-reduced expression of the microglial marker TMEM119. As microglia are key regulators of synaptic reorganization, we measured synapse densities, finding significant lesion-induced circuit-wide decreases that were largely reversed by CBD. Synaptic protection was accompanied by NRF2 activation and BDNF/ARC/ARG3.1/MSK1 expression implicating mechanisms important to song circuit node mitigation of oxidative stress and promotion of synaptic homeostasis. Our findings demonstrate that CBD promotes an array of neuroprotective processes consistent with modulation of multiple cell signaling systems, and suggest these mechanisms are important to post-lesion recovery of a complex learned behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tripson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Karen Litwa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Ken Soderstrom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Krakowiak-Liwoch E, Gębka N, Skiera P. CANNABIDIOL, HOPE OR DISAPPOINTMENT? POLSKI MERKURIUSZ LEKARSKI : ORGAN POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA LEKARSKIEGO 2023; 51:268-270. [PMID: 37589114 DOI: 10.36740/merkur202303114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol, due to its multidirectional action, raises hope for effective therapy and improvement of the quality of life of patients in many fields of medicine. The aim of the study is to analyze selected scientific publications in terms of the possibility of using cannabinoids in the treatment of common diseases. Currently, intensive research is underway on the use and therapeutic indications of cannabinoids. The research carried out for this study is based on experiments carried out on animals, therefore further, in-depth research is needed that will definitely answer the question in the title of the presented work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Gębka
- DEPARTAMENT OF DERMATOLOGY, MUNICIPIAL HOSPITAL KUTNO, POLAND
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Viczjan G, Szilagyi A, Takacs B, Ovari I, Szekeres R, Tarjanyi V, Erdei T, Teleki V, Zsuga J, Szilvassy Z, Juhasz B, Varga B, Gesztelyi R. The effect of a long-term treatment with cannabidiol-rich hemp extract oil on the adenosinergic system of the zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat atrium. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1043275. [PMID: 36588715 PMCID: PMC9797669 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1043275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), the most extensively studied non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid, has been attracting a lot of interest worldwide owing to its numerous beneficial effects. The aim of this study was to explore the effect that CBD exerts on the adenosinergic system of paced left atria isolated from obese type Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, maintained on diabetogenic rat chow, received 60 mg/kg/day CBD or vehicle via gavage for 4 weeks. We found that N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a relatively stable and poorly transported A1 adenosine receptor agonist, elicited a significantly weaker response in the CBD-treated group than in the vehicle-treated one. In contrast, adenosine, a quickly metabolized and transported adenosine receptor agonist, evoked a significantly stronger response in the CBD-treated group than in the vehicle-treated counterpart (excepting its highest concentrations). These results can be explained only with the adenosine transport inhibitory property of CBD (and not with its adenosine receptor agonist activity). If all the effects of CBD are attributed to the interstitial adenosine accumulation caused by CBD in the myocardium, then a significantly increased adenosinergic activation can be assumed during the long-term oral CBD treatment, suggesting a considerably enhanced adenosinergic protection in the heart. Considering that our results may have been influenced by A1 adenosine receptor downregulation due to the chronic interstitial adenosine accumulation, an adenosinergic activation smaller than it seemed cannot be excluded, but it was above the CBD-naïve level in every case. Additionally, this is the first study offering functional evidence about the adenosine transport inhibitory action of CBD in the myocardium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Viczjan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,University of Debrecen, Doctoral School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anna Szilagyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Barbara Takacs
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ignac Ovari
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Reka Szekeres
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vera Tarjanyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamas Erdei
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vanda Teleki
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Zsuga
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Szilvassy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bela Juhasz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balazs Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Gesztelyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,*Correspondence: Rudolf Gesztelyi,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Colella MF, Salvino RA, Gaglianò M, Litrenta F, Oliviero Rossi C, Le Pera A, De Luca G. NMR Spectroscopy Applied to the Metabolic Analysis of Natural Extracts of Cannabis sativa. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113509. [PMID: 35684451 PMCID: PMC9182145 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a herbaceous multiple-use species commonly employed to produce fiber, oil, and medicine. It is now becoming popular for the high nutritional properties of its seed oil and for the pharmacological activity of its cannabinoid fraction in inflorescences. The present study aims to apply nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to provide useful qualitative and quantitative information on the chemical composition of seed and flower Cannabis extracts obtained by ultra-sound-assisted extraction, and to evaluate NMR as an alternative to the official procedure for the quantification of cannabinoids. The estimation of the optimal ω-6/ω-3 ratio from the 1H NMR spectrum for the seed extracts of the Futura 75 variety and the quantitative results from the 1H and 13C NMR spectra for the inflorescence extracts of the Tiborszallasi and Kompolti varieties demonstrate that NMR technology represents a good alternative to classical chromatography, supplying sufficiently precise, sensitive, rapid, and informative data without any sample pre-treatment. In addition, different extraction procedures were tested and evaluated to compare the elaboration of spectral data with the principal component analysis (PCA) statistical method and the quantitative NMR results: the extracts obtained with higher polarity solvents (acetone or ethanol) were poor in psychotropic agents (THC < LOD) but had an appreciable percentage of both cannabinoids and triacylgliceroles (TAGs). These bioactive-rich extracts could be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, opening new pathways for the production of functional foods and supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francesca Colella
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci 14C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.F.C.); (R.A.S.); (M.G.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Rosachiara Antonia Salvino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci 14C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.F.C.); (R.A.S.); (M.G.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Martina Gaglianò
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci 14C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.F.C.); (R.A.S.); (M.G.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Federica Litrenta
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences (Biomorf), University of Messina, Polo Universitario dell’Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Cesare Oliviero Rossi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci 14C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.F.C.); (R.A.S.); (M.G.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Adolfo Le Pera
- Calabra Maceri e Servizi s.p.a., Via M. Polo 54, 87036 Rende, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies (CTC), University of Calabria—UNICAL, Via P. Bucci 14C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.F.C.); (R.A.S.); (M.G.); (C.O.R.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|