1
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Xu X, Li G, Fu R, Lou H, Peng X. A new anthraquinone derivative from the marine fish-derived fungus Alternaria sp. X112. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37732591 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2258540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
A new anthraquinone, altermodinacid A (1), and five known derivatives, pachybasic acid (2), emodic acid (3), emodin (4), phomarin (5), and 1,7-dihydroxy-3-methylanthracene-9,10-dione (6), were discovered from a halotolerant fungus Alternaria sp. X112 isolated from a marine fish Gadus macrocephalus. Their structures were determined by analysing MS and NMR data. The cytotoxic effect, antiagricultural pathogens activity, antibacterial activity and quorum sensing inhibitory potential of new compound 1 were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Xu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rao Fu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Lou
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Peng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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2
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Agudo-Jurado FJ, Reveglia P, Rubiales D, Evidente A, Barilli E. Status of Phytotoxins Isolated from Necrotrophic Fungi Causing Diseases on Grain Legumes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065116. [PMID: 36982189 PMCID: PMC10049004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal phytotoxins can be defined as secondary metabolites toxic to host plants and are believed to be involved in the symptoms developed of a number of plant diseases by targeting host cellular machineries or interfering with host immune responses. As any crop, legumes can be affected by a number of fungal diseases, causing severe yield losses worldwide. In this review, we report and discuss the isolation, chemical, and biological characterization of fungal phytotoxins produced by the most important necrotrophic fungi involved in legume diseases. Their possible role in plant-pathogen interaction and structure-toxicity relationship studies have also been reported and discussed. Moreover, multidisciplinary studies on other prominent biological activity conducted on reviewed phytotoxins are described. Finally, we explore the challenges in the identification of new fungal metabolites and their possible applications in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Diego Rubiales
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), 80138 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Barilli
- Plant Breeding Department, Institute for Sustainable Agriculture (CSIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
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3
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Barilli E, Agudo FJ, Masi M, Nocera P, Evidente A, Rubiales D. Anthraquinones and their analogues as potential biocontrol agents of rust and powdery mildew diseases of field crops. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3489-3497. [PMID: 35567400 PMCID: PMC9543780 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rusts and powdery mildews are severe fungal diseases of major crops worldwide, including cereals and legumes. They can be managed by chemical fungicide treatments, with negative consequences as environmental pollution and risk for human and animal health. Bioactive natural products could be the safest alternative for pest control. The family of anthraquinones, as well as analogue compounds containing an anthraquinone moiety or some modified anthraquinone rings, has been reported to exhibit certain antibiotic activity. Thus, the potential antifungal activity of some anthraquinones isolated from Ascochyta lentis, was assayed in this study for their effectiveness to reduce rust and powdery mildew diseases on pea and oat. Their effect on fungal development was macro- and microscopically assessed on inoculated leaves, and compared to the control achieved by the chemical fungicide (Tetraconazol 12.5% and Azoxystrobin 25%). In addition, the most promising compound was also tested at different concentrations in inoculated whole plants in order to evaluate its preventive and curative potential against fungal infection. RESULTS All metabolites studied strongly reduced the development of rust and powdery mildews in both pea and oat, being pachybasin and lentiquinone C the most effective ones in hampering fungal spore germination and appressoria formation. Some of them also affected post-penetration events reducing colony size and number of haustoria per colony. Results were confirmed for pachybasin in whole plants assays, showing an efficacy similar to the commercial fungicide to control fungal diseases, both in preventive and curative applications. CONCLUSIONS Some fungal anthraquinones and close metabolites, especially pachybasin, could be very promising molecules with effective potential as antifungal agents against both rust and powdery mildew of both pea and oat. Some structure activity-relationships feature have also been evaluated. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Paola Nocera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico IIComplesso Universitario Monte Sant'AngeloNaplesItaly
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4
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Fungal Naphthalenones; Promising Metabolites for Drug Discovery: Structures, Biosynthesis, Sources, and Pharmacological Potential. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020154. [PMID: 35202181 PMCID: PMC8879409 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are well-known for their abundant supply of metabolites with unrivaled structure and promising bioactivities. Naphthalenones are among these fungal metabolites, that are biosynthesized through the 1,8-dihydroxy-naphthalene polyketide pathway. They revealed a wide spectrum of bioactivities, including phytotoxic, neuro-protective, cytotoxic, antiviral, nematocidal, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory. The current review emphasizes the reported naphthalenone derivatives produced by various fungal species, including their sources, structures, biosynthesis, and bioactivities in the period from 1972 to 2021. Overall, more than 167 references with 159 metabolites are listed.
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5
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Shakour ZT, Farag MA. Diverse host-associated fungal systems as a dynamic source of novel bioactive anthraquinones in drug discovery: Current status and future perspectives. J Adv Res 2021; 39:257-273. [PMID: 35660073 PMCID: PMC9263761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity and distribution of host-living fungi producing AQs in the terrestrial ecosystem are assembled. AQs biosynthesis and their SAR are elucidated to guide the approaches in novel drugs design and development. Several examples of true endophytic fungi producing AQs like their different host plants have been reported as interesting alternative sources of drugs. The review recapitulates the novel AQs with rare chemical skeleton that could open future venues for investigation of their biological activities. Lichens are assembled as unique source of several bioactive classes of AQs.
Background Despite, a large number of bioactive anthraquinones (AQs) isolated from host-living fungi, only plant-derived AQs were introduced in the global consumer markets. Host-living fungi represents renewable and extendible resources of diversified metabolites to be exploited for bioactives production. Unique classes of AQs from fungi include halogenated and steroidal AQs, and absent from planta are of potential to explore for biological activity against urging diseases such as cancer and multidrug-resistant pathogens. The structural diversity of fungal AQs, monomers, dimers, trimers, halogenated, etc… results in a vast range of pharmacological activities. Aim of review The current study capitalizes on uncovering the diversity and distribution of host-living fungal systems producing AQs in different terrestrial ecosystems ranging from plant endophytes, lichens, animals and insects. Furthermore, the potential bioactivities of fungal derived AQs i.e., antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral (anti-HIV), anticancer, antioxidant, diuretic and laxative activities are assembled in relation to their structure activity relationship (SAR). Analyzing for structure–activity relationship among fungal AQs may facilitate bioengineering of more potential analogues. Withal, elucidation of AQs biosynthetic pathways in fungi is discussed from different fungal hosts to open up new possibilities for potential biotechnological applications. Such comprehensive review unravels terrestrial host-living fungal systems as a treasure trove in drug discovery, in addition to future perspectives and trends for their exploitation in pharmaceutical industries. Key Scientific Concepts of Review Such comprehensive review unravels terrestrialhost-living fungal systems as a treasure trove in drug discovery, in addition to future perspectives and trends for their exploitation in pharmaceutical industries.
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6
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Lee RC, Farfan-Caceres L, Debler JW, Williams AH, Syme RA, Henares BM. Reference genome assembly for Australian Ascochyta lentis isolate Al4. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6114462. [PMID: 33604672 PMCID: PMC8022934 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ascochyta lentis causes ascochyta blight in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) and yield loss can be as high as 50%. With careful agronomic management practices, fungicide use, and advances in breeding resistant lentil varieties, disease severity and impact to farmers have been largely controlled. However, evidence from major lentil producing countries, Canada and Australia, suggests that A. lentis isolates can change their virulence profile and level of aggressiveness over time and under different selection pressures. In this paper, we describe the first genome assembly for A. lentis for the Australian isolate Al4, through the integration of data from Illumina and PacBio SMRT sequencing. The Al4 reference genome assembly is almost 42 Mb in size and encodes 11,638 predicted genes. The Al4 genome comprises 21 full-length and gapless chromosomal contigs and two partial chromosome contigs each with one telomere. We predicted 31 secondary metabolite clusters, and 38 putative protein effectors, many of which were classified as having an unknown function. Comparison of A. lentis genome features with the recently published reference assembly for closely related A. rabiei show that genome synteny between these species is highly conserved. However, there are several translocations and inversions of genome sequence. The location of secondary metabolite clusters near transposable element and repeat-rich genomic regions was common for A. lentis as has been reported for other fungal plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Lee
- Corresponding authors: Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia. (B.M.H.); (R.C.L.)
| | - Lina Farfan-Caceres
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Johannes W Debler
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Angela H Williams
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Robert A Syme
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Bernadette M Henares
- Corresponding authors: Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia. (B.M.H.); (R.C.L.)
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7
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Supratman U, Hirai N, Sato S, Watanabe K, Malik A, Annas S, Harneti D, Maharani R, Koseki T, Shiono Y. New naphthoquinone derivatives from Fusarium napiforme of a mangrove plant. Nat Prod Res 2021; 35:1406-1412. [PMID: 31402713 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1650358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two new naphthoquinone derivatives, 6-hydroxy-astropaquinone B (1) and astropaquinone D (2) as well as the known compound 3-O-methyl-9-O-methylfusarubin (3) were isolated from Fusarium napiforme, an endophytic fungus isolated from the mangrove plant, Rhizophora mucronata. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, 1, 2 and 3 were phytotoxic action in lettuce seeding at a concentration of 30 μg · mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unang Supratman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Nami Hirai
- Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shiho Sato
- Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Keiko Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Suwardi Annas
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Desi Harneti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Rani Maharani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Takuya Koseki
- Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Shiono
- Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
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8
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Xu D, Xue M, Shen Z, Jia X, Hou X, Lai D, Zhou L. Phytotoxic Secondary Metabolites from Fungi. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:261. [PMID: 33917534 PMCID: PMC8067579 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal phytotoxic secondary metabolites are poisonous substances to plants produced by fungi through naturally occurring biochemical reactions. These metabolites exhibit a high level of diversity in their properties, such as structures, phytotoxic activities, and modes of toxicity. They are mainly isolated from phytopathogenic fungal species in the genera of Alternaria, Botrytis, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, and Phoma. Phytotoxins are either host specific or non-host specific phytotoxins. Up to now, at least 545 fungal phytotoxic secondary metabolites, including 207 polyketides, 46 phenols and phenolic acids, 135 terpenoids, 146 nitrogen-containing metabolites, and 11 others, have been reported. Among them, aromatic polyketides and sesquiterpenoids are the main phytotoxic compounds. This review summarizes their chemical structures, sources, and phytotoxic activities. We also discuss their phytotoxic mechanisms and structure-activity relationships to lay the foundation for the future development and application of these promising metabolites as herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ligang Zhou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.X.); (M.X.); (Z.S.); (X.J.); (X.H.); (D.L.)
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9
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Allelopathic Effect of Quercetin, a Flavonoid from Fagopyrum esculentum Roots in the Radicle Growth of Phelipanche ramosa: Quercetin Natural and Semisynthetic Analogues Were Used for a Structure-Activity Relationship Investigation. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030543. [PMID: 33805844 PMCID: PMC8001586 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Allelopathic potential of buckwheat roots on the radicle growth of the broomrape weed species Orobanche cumana and Phelipanche ramosa was studied. Buckwheat root exudates induced a significant growth inhibition in P. ramosa radicles but radicles of O. cumana were not affected. Among the metabolites present in the root organic extract we identified the flavonol quercetin and the stilbene p-coumaric acid methyl ester with only quercetin showing inhibitory effect on P. ramosa. The activity of quercetin was compared with other two similar flavanoids, the flavone apigenin and the dihydroflavanol 3-O-acetylpadmatin extracted respectively from Lavandula stoechas and Dittrichia viscosa plants. In this comparative assay only 3-O-acetylpadmatin besides quercetin, showed inhibition activity of radicle growth while apigenin was inactive. These results indicated that the presence of two ortho-free hydroxy groups of C ring, like catechol, could be an important feature to impart activity while the carbon skeleton of B ring and substituents of both A and B rings are not essential. Besides reduction of radicle growth, haustorium induction was observed at the tip of P. ramosa radicles treated with quercetin which swelled and a layer of papillae was formed. Activity of quercetin on haustorium induction in P. ramosa was assayed in comparison with the known haustorium-inducing factor 2,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone (DMBQ) and a three partial methyl ether derivatives semisynthetized from quercetin. Results indicated that P. ramosa haustorium was induced by DMBQ at concentrations of 1–0.5 mM and quercetin and its derivatives at concentration range 0.1–0.05 mM.
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10
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Fungal Bioactive Anthraquinones and Analogues. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110714. [PMID: 33198270 PMCID: PMC7698144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review, covering the literature from 1966 to the present (2020), describes naturally occurring fungal bioactive anthraquinones and analogues biosynthesized by the acetate route and concerning several different functionalized carbon skeletons. Hydrocarbons, lipids, sterols, esters, fatty acids, derivatives of amino acids, and aromatic compounds are metabolites belonging to other different classes of natural compounds and are generated by the same biosynthetic route. All of them are produced by plant, microorganisms, and marine organisms. The biological activities of anthraquinones and analogues comprise phytotoxic, antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, antitumor, algicide, antifungal, enzyme inhibiting, immunostimulant, antiplatelet aggregation, cytotoxic, and antiplasmodium activities. The review also covers some practical industrial applications of anthraquinones.
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11
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Luo XW, Lu HM, Chen XQ, Zhou XF, Gao CH, Liu YH. Secondary Metabolites and their Biological Activities from the Sponge Derived Fungus Aspergillus versicolor. Chem Nat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-020-03128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Masi M, Nocera P, Boari A, Zonno MC, Pescitelli G, Sarrocco S, Baroncelli R, Vannacci G, Vurro M, Evidente A. Secondary metabolites produced by Colletotrichum lupini, the causal agent of anthachnose of lupin ( Lupinus spp.). Mycologia 2020; 112:533-542. [PMID: 32330111 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1732148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COLLETOTRICHUM LUPINI is the causal agent of lupin (Lupinus albus L.) anthracnose, a destructive seed-borne disease affecting stems and pods. Despite that several biological studies have been carried out on this pathogen, the production of secondary metabolites has not yet been investigated. Thus, a strain of C. lupini, obtained from symptomatic stems of L. albus, has been grown in vitro to evaluate its ability to produce bioactive compounds. From its culture filtrates, a 3-substituted indolinone, named lupindolinone, and a 5,6-disubstituted tetrahydro-α-pyrone, named lupinlactone, were isolated together with the known (3R)-mevalonolactone and tyrosol. Lupindolinone and lupinlactone were characterized as 3-ethylindolin-2-one and 5-hydroxy-6-methyltetrahydropyran-2-one by spectroscopic methods (essentially nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry [HR ESI-MS]). The R absolute configuration (AC) at C-5 of lupinlactone was determined by applying the modified Mosher's method. Thus, considering its relative stereochemistry assigned by NMR spectroscopy, the AC of lupinlactone could be formulated as 5R,6S. Lupindolinone was isolated as racemic mixture as shown by investigation using chiroptical methods. The metabolites were assayed in different biological tests and proved to have some activities at the used concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Nocera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Boari
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, CNR , Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Zonno
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, CNR , Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sarrocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa , Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Baroncelli
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), University of Salamanca , Calle del Duero 12, 37185 Villamayor (Salamanca), Spain
| | - Giovanni Vannacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa , Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vurro
- Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, CNR , Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli "Federico II," Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo , Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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13
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Bashiri S, Abdollahzadeh J, Di Lecce R, Alioto D, Górecki M, Pescitelli G, Masi M, Evidente A. Rabenchromenone and Rabenzophenone, Phytotoxic Tetrasubstituted Chromenone and Hexasubstituted Benzophenone Constituents Produced by the Oak-Decline-Associated Fungus Fimetariella rabenhorstii. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:447-452. [PMID: 31967466 PMCID: PMC7993755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A new phytotoxic tetrasubstituted chromen-4-one (1) and a new hexasubstituted benzophenone (2), named rabenchromenone and rabenzophenone, respectively, were isolated from the culture filtrates of Fimetariella rabenhorstii, an oak-decline-associated fungus in Iran. Rabenchromenone and rabenzophenone, isolated together with known moniliphenone (3) and coniochaetone A (4), were characterized as methyl 3-chloro-1,8-dihydroxy-6-methyl-9-oxo-1,9-dihydrocyclopenta[b]chromene-1-carboxylate and methyl 4-chloro-2-(2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoyl)-3-hydroxybenzoate, respectively, by spectroscopic methods (primarily nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry). The R absolute configuration at C-1 of rabenchromenone was determined by quantum chemical calculations and electronic circular dichroism experiments. All metabolites (1-4) were tested by leaf puncture on tomato and oak plants. All compounds were active in this assay by causing in both plants a necrosis diameter in the range of 0.2-0.7 cm. Specifically, rabenzophenone (2) was found to be the most phytotoxic compound in both plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Bashiri
- Department
of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran Street, Post Office Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Jafar Abdollahzadeh
- Department
of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Pasdaran Street, Post Office Box 416, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Roberta Di Lecce
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario
Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Alioto
- Dipartimento
di Agraria, Università degli Studi
di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52 Street, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario
Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche, Università di
Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario
Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Masi M, Reveglia P, Baaijens-Billones R, Górecki M, Pescitelli G, Savocchia S, Evidente A. Phytotoxic Metabolites from Three Neofusicoccum Species Causal Agents of Botryosphaeria Dieback in Australia, Luteopyroxin, Neoanthraquinone, and Luteoxepinone, a Disubstituted Furo-α-pyrone, a Hexasubstituted Anthraquinone, and a Trisubstituted Oxepi-2-one from Neofusicoccum luteum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:453-460. [PMID: 31951128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Different phytotoxic metabolites were isolated from the organic extract of Neofusicoccum luteum, Neofusicoccum australe, and Neofusicoccum parvum, causal agents of Botryosphaeria dieback in Australia. N. luteum produced a new disubstituted furo-α-pyrone, a hexasubstituted anthraquinone, and a trisubstituted oxepi-2(7H)-one, luteopyroxin (4), neoanthraquinone (5), and luteoxepinone (7), respectively, together with the known (±)-nigrosporione (6), tyrosol (8), (R)-(-)-mellein (1), and (3R,4S)-(-)- and (3R,4R)-(-)-4-hydroxymellein (2 and 3). The three melleins and tyrosol were also produced by N. parvum, while N. australe produced (R)-(-)-mellein (1), neoanthraquinone (5), tyrosol (8), and p-cresol (9). Luteopryoxin (4), neoanthraquinone (5), and luteoxepinone (7) were characterized by analyses of physical data, essentially one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The relative and absolute configurations of luteopyroxin (4) were determined by nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy and experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. When assayed on grapevine leaves, neoanthraquinone (5) showed the highest toxic effect, causing severe shriveling and withering. Luteopyroxin (4), nigrosporione (6), and luteoxepinone (7) also showed different degrees of toxicity, while p-cresol (9) displayed low phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II , Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
| | - Pierluigi Reveglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II , Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678 , Australia
| | - Regina Baaijens-Billones
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678 , Australia
| | - Marcin Górecki
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via Moruzzi 13 , 56124 Pisa , Italy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Polish Academy of Sciences , Kasprzaka 44/52 Street , 01-224 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale , Università di Pisa , Via Moruzzi 13 , 56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Sandra Savocchia
- National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences , Charles Sturt University , Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga New South Wales 2678 , Australia
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università di Napoli Federico II , Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4 , 80126 Napoli , Italy
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Phytotoxic Metabolites Produced by Legume-Associated Ascochyta and Its Related Genera in the Dothideomycetes. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110627. [PMID: 31671808 PMCID: PMC6891577 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytotoxins, secondary metabolites toxic to plants and produced by fungi, are believed to play an important role in disease development by targeting host cellular machineries and/or interfering with host immune responses. The Ascochyta blight diseases on different legume plants are caused by Ascochyta and related taxa, such as Phoma. The causal agents of the Ascochyta blight are often associated with specific legume plants, showing a relatively narrow host range. The legume-associated Ascochyta and Phoma are known to produce a diverse array of polyketide-derived secondary metabolites, many of which exhibited significant phytotoxicity and have been claimed as virulence or pathogenicity factors. In this article, we reviewed the current state of knowledge on the diversity and biological activities of the phytotoxic compounds produced by Ascochyta and Phoma species. Also, we touched on the secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters identified thus far and discussed the role of metabolites in the fungal biology.
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Identification of a Polyketide Synthase Gene Responsible for Ascochitine Biosynthesis in Ascochyta fabae and Its Abrogation in Sister Taxa. mSphere 2019; 4:4/5/e00622-19. [PMID: 31554725 PMCID: PMC6763771 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00622-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, many of which are of pharmacological importance whereas many others are noted for mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin and citrinin, that can threaten human and animal health. The polyketide-derived compound ascochitine, which is structurally similar to citrinin mycotoxin, has been considered to be important for pathogenicity of legume-associated Ascochyta species. Here, we identified the ascochitine polyketide synthase (PKS) gene in Ascochyta fabae and its neighboring genes that may be involved in ascochitine biosynthesis. Interestingly, the ascochitine PKS genes in other legume-associated Ascochyta species have been mutated, encoding truncated PKSs. This indicated that point mutations may have contributed to genetic diversity for secondary metabolite production in these fungi. We also demonstrated that ascochitine is not a pathogenicity factor in A. fabae. The antifungal activities and production of ascochitine during sporulation suggested that it may play a role in competition with other saprobic fungi in nature. The polyketide-derived secondary metabolite ascochitine is produced by species in the Didymellaceae family, including but not restricted to Ascochyta species pathogens of cool-season food legumes. Ascochitine is structurally similar to the well-known mycotoxin citrinin and exhibits broad-spectrum phytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. Here, we identified a polyketide synthase (PKS) gene (denoted pksAC) responsible for ascochitine production in the filamentous fungus Ascochyta fabae. Deletion of the pksAC prevented production of ascochitine and its derivative ascochital in A. fabae. The putative ascochitine biosynthesis gene cluster comprises 11 genes that have undergone rearrangement and gain-and-loss events relative to the citrinin biosynthesis gene cluster in Monascus ruber. Interestingly, we also identified pksAC homologs in two recently diverged species, A. lentis and A. lentis var. lathyri, that are sister taxa closely related to ascochitine producers such as A. fabae and A. viciae-villosae. However, nonsense mutations have been independently introduced in coding sequences of the pksAC homologs of A. lentis and A. lentis var. lathyri that resulted in loss of ascochitine production. Despite its reported phytotoxicity, ascochitine was not a pathogenicity factor in A. fabae infection and colonization of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Ascochitine was mainly produced from mature hyphae at the site of pycnidial formation, suggesting a possible protective role of the compound against other microbial competitors in nature. This report highlights the evolution of gene clusters harnessing the structural diversity of polyketides and a mechanism with the potential to alter secondary metabolite profiles via single nucleotide polymorphisms in closely related fungal species. IMPORTANCE Fungi produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites, many of which are of pharmacological importance whereas many others are noted for mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin and citrinin, that can threaten human and animal health. The polyketide-derived compound ascochitine, which is structurally similar to citrinin mycotoxin, has been considered to be important for pathogenicity of legume-associated Ascochyta species. Here, we identified the ascochitine polyketide synthase (PKS) gene in Ascochyta fabae and its neighboring genes that may be involved in ascochitine biosynthesis. Interestingly, the ascochitine PKS genes in other legume-associated Ascochyta species have been mutated, encoding truncated PKSs. This indicated that point mutations may have contributed to genetic diversity for secondary metabolite production in these fungi. We also demonstrated that ascochitine is not a pathogenicity factor in A. fabae. The antifungal activities and production of ascochitine during sporulation suggested that it may play a role in competition with other saprobic fungi in nature.
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