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Yount J, Morris M, Henson N, Zeller M, Byrd EFC, Piercey DG. Sequential, Electrochemical-Photochemical Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazolo-[4,3-a]pyrazines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400661. [PMID: 38570880 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
1,2,4-triazolo-[4,3-a]pyrazine was prepared via a two-step electrochemical, photochemical process. First, a 5-substituted tetrazole is electrochemically coupled to 2,6-dimethoxypyrazine to yield 1,5- and 2,5- disubstituted tetrazoles. Subsequent photochemical excitation of the 2,5-disubstituted tetrazole species using an ultraviolet lamp releases nitrogen gas and produces a short-lived nitrilimine intermediate. Subsequent cyclization of the nitrilimine intermediate yields a 1,2,4-triazolo-[4,3-a]pyrazine backbone. The scope of this reaction was explored using various tetrazoles and pyrazines. Materials produced were identified using chemical analytical techniques and computationally studied for potential application as an insensitive energetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yount
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University 2, 05 Gates Road, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Megan Morris
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Noah Henson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Edward F C Byrd
- Detonation Sciences & Modeling Branch, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005, USA
| | - Davin G Piercey
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University 2, 05 Gates Road, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
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2
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Li X, Yuan X, Wu Y, Guo H, Liu Q, Huang S. Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trisubstituted 1,2,4-Triazoles via I 2-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Amidines with Hydrazones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5277-5286. [PMID: 38587487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
A general and practical method for the construction of various 3,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles via I2-catalyzed cycloaddition of N-functionalized amidines with hydrazones is reported. This strategy features cheap and readily available catalyst and starting materials, broader substrate scope, and moderate-to-good yields. The mechanism study shows that the existence of hydrogen on the nitrogen of hydrazones is crucial for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyufei Yuan
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Wu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghong Guo
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangping Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 West Yingze Street, Taiyuan 030024, People's Republic of China
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Lum KY, White JM, Johnson DJG, Avery VM, Davis RA. Synthesis and characterisation of new antimalarial fluorinated triazolopyrazine compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:107-114. [PMID: 36761470 PMCID: PMC9907012 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine new fluorinated analogues were synthesised by late-stage functionalisation using Diversinate™ chemistry on the Open Source Malaria (OSM) triazolopyrazine scaffold (Series 4). The structures of all analogues were fully characterised by NMR, UV and MS data analysis; three triazolopyrazines were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The inhibitory activity of all compounds against the growth of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 and Dd2 strains) and the cytotoxicity against a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line were tested. Some of the compounds demonstrated moderate antimalarial activity with IC50 values ranging from 0.2 to >80 µM; none of the compounds displayed any cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells at 80 µM. Antimalarial activity was significantly reduced when C-8 of the triazolopyrazine scaffold was substituted with CF3 and CF2H moieties, whereas incorporation of a CF2Me group at the same position completely abolished antiplasmodial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Yean Lum
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jonathan M White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel J G Johnson
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia,Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Rohan A Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia,NatureBank, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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Johnson DJG, Jenkins ID, Huxley C, Coster MJ, Lum KY, White JM, Avery VM, Davis RA. Synthesis of New Triazolopyrazine Antimalarial Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092421. [PMID: 33919319 PMCID: PMC8122397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A radical approach to late-stage functionalization using photoredox and Diversinate™ chemistry on the Open Source Malaria (OSM) triazolopyrazine scaffold (Series 4) resulted in the synthesis of 12 new analogues, which were characterized by NMR, UV, and MS data analysis. The structures of four triazolopyrazines were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. Several minor and unexpected side products were generated during these studies, including two resulting from a possible disproportionation reaction. All compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7 and Dd2 strains) and for cytotoxicity against a human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cell line. Moderate antimalarial activity was observed for some of the compounds, with IC50 values ranging from 0.3 to >20 µM; none of the compounds displayed any toxicity against HEK293 at 80 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. G. Johnson
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Ian D. Jenkins
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Cohan Huxley
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Mark J. Coster
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
| | - Kah Yean Lum
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
- NatureBank, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
- Discovery Biology, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Rohan A. Davis
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia; (D.J.G.J.); (I.D.J.); (C.H.); (M.J.C.); (K.Y.L.); (V.M.A.)
- NatureBank, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3735-6043
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