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Dötterl S, Gershenzon J. Chemistry, biosynthesis and biology of floral volatiles: roles in pollination and other functions. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1901-1937. [PMID: 37661854 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2010 to 2023Floral volatiles are a chemically diverse group of plant metabolites that serve multiple functions. Their composition is shaped by environmental, ecological and evolutionary factors. This review will summarize recent advances in floral scent research from chemical, molecular and ecological perspectives. It will focus on the major chemical classes of floral volatiles, on notable new structures, and on recent discoveries regarding the biosynthesis and the regulation of volatile emission. Special attention will be devoted to the various functions of floral volatiles, not only as attractants for different types of pollinators, but also as defenses of flowers against enemies. We will also summarize recent findings on how floral volatiles are affected by abiotic stressors, such as increased temperatures and drought, and by other organisms, such as herbivores and flower-dwelling microbes. Finally, this review will indicate current research gaps, such as the very limited knowledge of the isomeric pattern of chiral compounds and its importance in interspecific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment & Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Wong DCJ, Pichersky E, Peakall R. Many different flowers make a bouquet: Lessons from specialized metabolite diversity in plant-pollinator interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102332. [PMID: 36652780 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flowering plants have evolved extraordinarily diverse metabolites that underpin the floral visual and olfactory signals enabling plant-pollinator interactions. In some cases, these metabolites also provide unusual rewards that specific pollinators depend on. While some metabolites are shared by most flowering plants, many have evolved in restricted lineages in response to the specific selection pressures encountered within different niches. The latter are designated as specialized metabolites. Recent investigations continue to uncover a growing repertoire of unusual specialized metabolites. Increased accessibility to cutting-edge multi-omics technologies (e.g. genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome) is now opening new doors to simultaneously uncover the molecular basis of their synthesis and their evolution across diverse plant lineages. Drawing upon the recent literature, this perspective discusses these aspects and, where known, their ecological and evolutionary relevance. A primer on omics-guided approaches to discover the genetic and biochemical basis of functional specialized metabolites is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren C J Wong
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rod Peakall
- Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of natural products and their analogs. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 77:102759. [PMID: 35908314 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes continue to gain recognition as valuable tools in synthetic chemistry as they enable transformations, which elude conventional organochemical approaches. As such, the progressing expansion of the biocatalytic arsenal has introduced unprecedented opportunities for new synthetic strategies and retrosynthetic disconnections. As a result, enzymes have found a solid foothold in modern natural product synthesis for applications ranging from the generation of early chiral synthons to endgame transformations, convergent synthesis, and cascade reactions for the rapid construction of molecular complexity. As a primer to the state-of-the-art concerning strategic uses of enzymes in natural product synthesis and the underlying concepts, this review highlights selected recent literature examples, which make a strong case for the admission of enzymatic methodologies into the standard repertoire for complex small-molecule synthesis.
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Schulz S, Möllerke A. MACE - An Open Access Data Repository of Mass Spectra for Chemical Ecology. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:589-597. [PMID: 35576088 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MACE is an open access collection of electron impact (EI) mass spectra for coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) that serves as an add-on database, comprising curated spectra not present in widely available commercial mass spectral libraries, such as the NIST or WILEY databases. The spectra are stored as text files that allow easy integration into individual GC/MS systems. The article describes the concept of MACE, the data structure, how to contribute, and its usage. MACE is designed as a community effort and will require contributions from the community to be successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Anton Möllerke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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Gfrerer E, Laina D, Wagner R, Gibernau M, Hörger AC, Comes HP, Dötterl S. Antennae of psychodid and sphaerocerid flies respond to a high variety of floral scent compounds of deceptive Arum maculatum L. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5086. [PMID: 35332183 PMCID: PMC8948215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect-pollinated plants often release complex mixtures of floral scents to attract their pollinators. Yet scent compounds eliciting physiological or behavioural responses in pollinators have only been identified in few plant species. The sapromyiophilous aroid Arum maculatum releases a highly diverse dung-like scent with overall more than 300 different compounds recorded so far to attract its psychodid and other fly pollinators. The volatiles' role in pollinator attraction is mostly unknown. To identify potential behaviourally active compounds, we recorded electroantennographic responses of four Psychodidae and one Sphaeroceridae species to (1) inflorescence scents of A. maculatum and (2) the scents released by cow dung, likely imitated by the plant species. Here we show that these flies are sensitive to 78 floral volatiles of various chemical classes, 18 of which were also found in cow dung. Our study, which for the first time determined physiologically active compounds in the antennae of Psychoda spp. and Sphaeroceridae, identified various volatiles not known to be biologically active in any floral visitors so far. The obtained results help deciphering the chemical basis that enables A. maculatum and other plants, pollinated by psychodids and sphaerocerids, to attract and deceive their pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gfrerer
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Danae Laina
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rüdiger Wagner
- Department of Limnology, University of Kassel, 34127, Kassel, Germany
| | - Marc Gibernau
- Laboratory of Sciences for the Environment, CNRS - University of Corsica, 20000, Ajaccio, France
| | - Anja C Hörger
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Tröger A, Svensson GP, Galbrecht HM, Twele R, Patt JM, Bartram S, Zarbin PHG, Segraves KA, Althoff DM, von Reuss S, Raguso RA, Francke W. Tetranorsesquiterpenoids as Attractants of Yucca Moths to Yucca Flowers. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:1025-1041. [PMID: 34506004 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The obligate pollination mutualism between Yucca and yucca moths is a classical example of coevolution. Oviposition and active pollination by female yucca moths occur at night when Yucca flowers are open and strongly scented. Thus, floral volatiles have been suggested as key sensory signals attracting yucca moths to their host plants, but no bioactive compounds have yet been identified. In this study, we showed that both sexes of the pollinator moth Tegeticula yuccasella are attracted to the floral scent of the host Yucca filamentosa. Chemical analysis of the floral headspace from six Yucca species in sections Chaenocarpa and Sarcocarpa revealed a set of novel tetranorsesquiterpenoids putatively derived from (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene. Their structure elucidation was accomplished by NMR analysis of the crude floral scent sample of Yucca treculeana along with GC/MS analysis and confirmed by total synthesis. Since all these volatiles are included in the floral scent of Y. filamentosa, which has been an important model species for understanding the pollination mutualism, we name these compounds filamentolide, filamentol, filamental, and filamentone. Several of these compounds elicited antennal responses in pollinating (Tegeticula) and non-pollinating (Prodoxus) moth species upon stimulation in electrophysiological recordings. In addition, synthetic (Z)-filamentolide attracted significant numbers of both sexes of two associated Prodoxus species in a field trapping experiment. Highly specialized insect-plant interactions, such as obligate pollination mutualisms, are predicted to be maintained through "private channels" dictated by specific compounds. The identification of novel bioactive tetranorsesquiterpenoids is a first step in testing such a hypothesis in the Yucca-yucca moth interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Tröger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Glenn P Svensson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Solvegatan 37, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans-Martin Galbrecht
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Twele
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joseph M Patt
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Stefan Bartram
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Paulo H G Zarbin
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Kari A Segraves
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - David M Althoff
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 107 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - Stephan von Reuss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.,Laboratory of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Neuchatel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, CH-2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Robert A Raguso
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, 215 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Wittko Francke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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