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Reboli M, Kassamba S, Durandetti M. Nickel-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydrosilylation of Alkynes: Embracing Conventional and Electrochemical Routes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400440. [PMID: 38668681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed intramolecular hydrosilylation can be efficiently achieved with high regio- and stereoselectivities through two distinct methodologies. The first approach utilizes a conventional method, involving the reduction of nickel salt (NiBr2-2,2'-bipyridine) using manganese metal. The second method employs a one-step electrochemical reaction, utilizing the sacrificial anode process and NiBr2bipy catalysis. Both methods yield silylated heterocycles in good to high yields through a syn-exo-dig cyclization process. Control experiments and molecular electrochemistry (cyclic voltammetry) provided further insights into the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Reboli
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Seydou Kassamba
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, Rouen, F-76000, France
| | - Muriel Durandetti
- Univ Rouen Normandie, INSA Rouen Normandie, CNRS, Normandie Univ, COBRA UMR 6014, Rouen, F-76000, France
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2
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Ashraf R, Zahoor AF, Ali KG, Nazeer U, Saif MJ, Mansha A, Chaudhry AR, Irfan A. Development of novel transition metal-catalyzed synthetic approaches for the synthesis of a dihydrobenzofuran nucleus: a review. RSC Adv 2024; 14:14539-14581. [PMID: 38708111 PMCID: PMC11066739 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01830c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of dihydrobenzofuran scaffolds bears pivotal significance in the field of medicinal chemistry and organic synthesis. These heterocyclic scaffolds hold immense prospects owing to their significant pharmaceutical applications as they are extensively employed as essential precursors for constructing complex organic frameworks. Their versatility and importance make them an interesting subject of study for researchers in the scientific community. While exploring their synthesis, researchers have unveiled various novel and efficient pathways for assembling the dihydrobenzofuran core. In the wake of extensive data being continuously reported each year, we have outlined the recent updates (post 2020) on novel methodological accomplishments employing the efficient catalytic role of several transition metals to forge dihydrobenzofuran functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Kulsoom Ghulam Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Usman Nazeer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston 3585 Cullen Boulevard Texas 77204-5003 USA
| | - Muhammad Jawwad Saif
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Asim Mansha
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad 38000-Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Aijaz Rasool Chaudhry
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bisha P. O. Box 551 Bisha 61922 Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
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3
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Ware SD, Zhang W, Guan W, Lin S, See KA. A guide to troubleshooting metal sacrificial anodes for organic electrosynthesis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5814-5831. [PMID: 38665512 PMCID: PMC11041367 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of reductive electrosynthetic reactions is often enabled by the oxidation of a sacrificial metal anode, which charge-balances the reductive reaction of interest occurring at the cathode. The metal oxidation is frequently assumed to be straightforward and innocent relative to the chemistry of interest, but several processes can interfere with ideal sacrificial anode behavior, thereby limiting the success of reductive electrosynthetic reactions. These issues are compounded by a lack of reported observations and characterization of the anodes themselves, even when a failure at the anode is observed. Here, we weave lessons from electrochemistry, interfacial characterization, and organic synthesis to share strategies for overcoming issues related to sacrificial anodes in electrosynthesis. We highlight common but underexplored challenges with sacrificial anodes that cause reactions to fail, including detrimental side reactions between the anode or its cations and the components of the organic reaction, passivation of the anode surface by an insulating native surface film, accumulation of insulating byproducts at the anode surface during the reaction, and competitive reduction of sacrificial metal cations at the cathode. For each case, we propose experiments to diagnose and characterize the anode and explore troubleshooting strategies to overcome the challenge. We conclude by highlighting open questions in the field of sacrificial-anode-driven electrosynthesis and by indicating alternatives to traditional sacrificial anodes that could streamline reaction optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skyler D Ware
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Wendy Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Weiyang Guan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853 USA
| | - Kimberly A See
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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Hodgson JW, Folgueiras-Amador AA, Pletcher D, Harrowven DC, Denuault G, Brown RCD. Spatio-temporal detachment of homogeneous electron transfer in controlling selectivity in mediated organic electrosynthesis. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:302-323. [PMID: 37522856 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00089c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In electrosynthesis, electron transfer (ET) mediators are normally chosen such that they are more easily reduced (or oxidised) than the substrate for cathodic (or anodic) processes; setting the electrode potential to the mediator therefore ensures selective heterogeneous ET with the mediator at the electrode, rather than the substrate. The current work investigates the opposite, and counter intuitive, situation for a successful mediated electroreductive process where the mediator (phenanthrene) has a reduction potential that is negative to that of the substrate, and the cathode potential is set negative to both (Eele < EM < Es). Simulations reveal a complex interplay between mass transport, the relative concentrations of the mediator and substrate as well as the heterogeneous and homogeneous rate constants for multiple steps, which under suitable conditions, leads to separation of the homogeneous chemistry in a reaction layer detached from the electrode. Reaction layer detachment is a spatio-temporal effect arising due to opposing fluxes of the mediator radical anion M˙- and the substrate 1, which ultimately prevents 1 from reaching the electrode, thereby affording a different reaction pathway. Simulations representative of unstirred batch (1D) and flow (2D) electrolysis are presented, which qualitatively reproduce the experimental selectivity outcomes for mediated and unmediated electroreductive cyclisation of aryl iodide 1. The potential to use highly reducing homogeneous ET agents, possessing reduction potentials beyond those of the substrates, offers exciting opportunities in mediated electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Hodgson
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | | | - Derek Pletcher
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - David C Harrowven
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Guy Denuault
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Teuten AE, Salam‐Perez M, Pearce JE, Denuault G, Pletcher D, Parsons PJ, Harrowven DC, Brown RCD. Cathodic Radical Cyclisation of Aryl Halides Using a Strongly‐Reducing Catalytic Mediator in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203694. [PMID: 35790060 PMCID: PMC9543573 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Electro‐reductive radical cyclisation of aryl halides affords the corresponding hetero‐ and carbo‐cycles in an undivided flow reactor equipped with steel and carbon electrodes using an organic mediator. A dissolving metal anode is not needed, and the mediator can be employed in a sub‐stoichiometric amount (0.05 equiv), increasing the practical utility of cathodic radical cyclisation. The methodology is applied to O‐, N‐, and C‐tethers, yielding tricyclic fused and spiro systems. In the absence of mediator, the major pathway is hydrogenolysis of the C−X bond, a 2 e− process occurring at the cathode. Predominance of the radical pathway in presence of a strongly reducing mediator (M) is consistent with homogeneous electron‐transfer in a reaction layer detached from the cathode surface, where the flux of M.− leaving the electrode is such that little aryl halide reaches the cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander E. Teuten
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Mateo Salam‐Perez
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - James E. Pearce
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Guy Denuault
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Derek Pletcher
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Philip J. Parsons
- Department of Chemistry Imperial College London White City Campus London W12 0BZ UK
| | - David C. Harrowven
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Richard C. D. Brown
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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Sanaa H, Samarat A, Durandetti M. Direct Functionalization of Lithium Phosphine Oxides bearing an Alkyne chain. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi Sanaa
- Laboratoire COBRA: Chimie Organique Bioorganique Reactivite et Analyse Laboratoire COBRA rue Lucien Tesniere 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan FRANCE
| | - Ali Samarat
- University of Carthage: Universite de Carthage Laboratory of Herero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials 7021 Jarzouna TUNISIA
| | - Muriel Durandetti
- Laboratoire COBRA: Chimie Organique Bioorganique Reactivite et Analyse Rouen University rue Tesniere 76130 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex FRANCE
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Folgueiras-Amador A, Teuten A, Salam-Perez M, Pearce J, Denuault G, Pletcher D, Parsons P, Harrowven D, Brown RCD. Cathodic Radical Cyclisation of Aryl Halides Using a Strongly‐Reducing Catalytic Mediator in Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Pearce
- University of Southampton School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Guy Denuault
- University of Southampton School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Derek Pletcher
- University of Southampton School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Philip Parsons
- Imperial College London Department of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - David Harrowven
- University of Southampton School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
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Devi S, Jyoti, Kiran, Wadhwa D, Sindhu J. Electro-organic synthesis: an environmentally benign alternative for heterocycle synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5163-5229. [PMID: 35730661 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are considered to be one of the most established structural classes due to their extensive application in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and organic materials. Over the past few years, the development of heterocyclic compounds has gone through a considerable renaissance from conventional traditional methodologies to non-conventional electro-organic synthesis. Replacing metal catalysts, strong oxidants and multi-step methodologies with metal and strong oxidant-free single-step protocols has revolutionized the field of sustainable organic synthesis. Electro-organic synthesis has evolved as a scalable and sustainable approach in different synthetic protocols in an environment-benign manner. The current review outlines the recent developments in C-C, C-N, C-S and C-O/Se bond formation for heterocycle synthesis using electrochemical methods. Different synthetic strategies and their detailed mechanistic description are presented to enlighten the future applications of electrochemistry in heterocycle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
| | - Deepak Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
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Claraz A, Masson G. Recent Advances in C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) and C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Bond Formation through Cathodic Reactions: Reductive and Convergent Paired Electrolyses. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:126-147. [PMID: 36855458 PMCID: PMC9954344 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds is one of the major research goals of synthetic chemists. Electrochemistry is commonly considered to be an appealing means to drive redox reactions in a safe and sustainable fashion and has been utilized for C-C bond-forming reactions. Compared to anodic oxidative methods, which have been extensively explored, cathodic processes are much less investigated, whereas it can pave the way to alternative retrosynthetic disconnections of target molecules and to the discovery of new transformations. This review provides an overview on the recent achievements in the construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds via cathodic reactions since 2017. It includes electrochemical reductions and convergent paired electrolyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av. de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
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Dapkekar AB, Sreenivasulu C, Kishore DR, Satyanarayana G. Recent Advances Towards the Synthesis of Dihydrobenzofurans and Dihydroisobenzofurans. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gedu Satyanarayana
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Chemistry KandiSangareddy District 502 285 Hyderabad INDIA
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