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Gao TN, Huang S, Nooijen R, Zhu Y, Kociok-Köhn G, Stuerzer T, Li G, Bitter JH, Salentijn GIJ, Chen B, Miloserdov FM, Zuilhof H. Rim-Based Binding of Perfluorinated Acids to Pillararenes Purifies Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403474. [PMID: 38506404 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pose a rapidly increasing global problem as their widespread use and high stability lead worldwide to water contamination, with significant detrimental health effects.[1] Supramolecular chemistry has been invoked to develop materials geared towards the specific capture of PFAS from water,[2] to reduce the concentration below advisory safety limits (e.g., 70 ng/L for the sum of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA). Scale-up and use in natural waters with high PFAS concentrations has hitherto posed a problem. Here we report a new type of host-guest interaction between deca-ammonium-functionalized pillar[5]arenes (DAF-P5s) and perfluoroalkyl acids. DAF-P5 complexes show an unprecedented 1 : 10 stoichiometry, as confirmed by isothermal calorimetry and X-ray crystallographic studies, and high binding constants (up to 106 M-1) to various polyfluoroalkyl acids. In addition, non-fluorinated acids do not hamper this process significantly. Immobilization of DAF-P5s allows a simple single-time filtration of PFAS-contaminated water to reduce the PFOS/PFOA concentration 106 times to 15-50 ng/L level. The effective and fast (<5 min) orthogonal binding to organic molecules without involvement of fluorinated supramolecular hosts, high breakthrough capacity (90 mg/g), and robust performance (>10 regeneration cycles without decrease in performance) set a new benchmark in PFAS-absorbing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu-Nan Gao
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Si Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, 410081, Changsha, China
| | - Rick Nooijen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yumei Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Materials and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2), University of Bath Claverton Down, BA2 7AY, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Stuerzer
- Bruker AXS GmbH, Östliche Rheinbrückenstraße 49, 76187, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Guanna Li
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H Bitter
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert I J Salentijn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, 6700AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, 410081, Changsha, China
| | - Fedor M Miloserdov
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
- China-Australia Institute for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, Jiaxing University, 314001, Jiaxing, China
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2
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Coady Z, Smith JN, Wilson KA, White NG. Stereoselective Single Step Cyclization to Give Belt-Functionalized Pillar[6]arenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1397-1406. [PMID: 38214497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Two macrocycles were synthesized through cyclization reactions of secondary benzylic alcohols, giving pillar[6]arenes with a methyl substituent at each belt position. These macrocycles form stereoselectively with only the rtctct isomer with alternating up and down orientations of the belt methyl groups definitively identified. Isolated yields were modest (7 and 9%), but the macrocycles are prepared in a single step from either a commercially available alcohol or a very readily prepared precursor. X-ray crystal structures of the macrocycles indicate they have a capsule-like structure, which is far from the conventional pillar shape. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the energy barrier required to obtain the pillar conformation is significantly higher for these belt-functionalized macrocycles than for conventional belt-unfunctionalized pillar[6]arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeke Coady
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Katie A Wilson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Nicholas G White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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3
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Chao Y, Subramaniam M, Namitharan K, Zhu Y, Koolma V, Hao Z, Li S, Wang Y, Hudoynazarov I, Miloserdov FM, Zuilhof H. Synthesis of Large Macrocycles with Chiral Sulfur Centers via Enantiospecific SuFEx and SuPhenEx Click Reactions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15658-15665. [PMID: 37903243 PMCID: PMC10660663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the first asymmetric synthesis of large chiral macrocycles with chiral sulfur atoms. Building on stereospecific SuFEx and SuPhenEx click chemistries, this approach utilizes disulfonimidoyl fluorides and disulfonimidoyl p-nitrophenolates─which are efficient building blocks with two chiral sulfur centers, and diphenols to efficiently form novel S-O bonds. Characteristic results include the enantiospecific one-step synthesis of rings consisting of 21-58 members and characterization of both enantiomers (R,R and S,S) by e.g. X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chao
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Muthusamy Subramaniam
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kayambu Namitharan
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yumei Zhu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Victor Koolma
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zitong Hao
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shikang Li
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ilyos Hudoynazarov
- Division
of Organic Synthesis and Applied Chemistry, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan
| | - Fedor M. Miloserdov
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Zhu Y, Escorihuela J, Wang H, Sue ACH, Zuilhof H. Tunable Supramolecular Ag +-Host Interactions in Pillar[ n]arene[ m]quinones and Ensuing Specific Binding to 1-Alkynes. Molecules 2023; 28:7009. [PMID: 37894487 PMCID: PMC10609613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed an improved, robust synthesis of a series of pillar[6]arenes with a varying number (0-3) of quinone moieties in the ring. This easy-to-control variation yielded a gradually less electron-rich cavity in going from zero to three quinone units, as shown from the strength of host-guest interactions with silver ions. Such macrocycle-Ag2 complexes themselves were shown to display an unprecedented, sharp distinction between terminal alkynes, which strongly bound to such complexes, and internal alkynes, internal alkenes and terminal alkenes, which do hardly bind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 València, Spain
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Andrew C.-H. Sue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Han Zuilhof
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Swirepik O, Smith JN, White NG. Balancing on a Knife's Edge: Studies on the Synthesis of Pillar[6]arene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37339270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Pillar[6]arenes are established as crucial building blocks in supramolecular chemistry; however, they can be difficult to synthesize, particularly in the absence of large solubilizing substituents. In this work, we explore variability in literature syntheses of pillar[6]arene derivatives and suggest that the outcome is dependent on whether oligomeric intermediates stay in solution long enough for the thermodynamically favorable macrocyclization to occur. We demonstrate that in a previously capricious BF3·OEt2-mediated procedure, ≤5 mol % of a Brønsted acid can slow down the reaction to favor macrocycle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Swirepik
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Nicholas G White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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6
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Liu Z, Li B, Song L, Zhang H. Pillar[ n]arene-calix[ m]arene hybrid macrocyclic structures. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28185-28195. [PMID: 36320255 PMCID: PMC9528731 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To reserve planar chirality, enhance molecular recognition, and build advanced self-assemblies, hybrid macrocyclic hosts containing rigid pillar[n]arene and flexible calix[m]arene were designed, prepared and investigated for interesting applications. This review summarizes and discusses different synthetic strategies for constructing hybrid macrocyclic structures. Pillar[n]arene dimer with rigid aromatic double bridges provided the possibility of introducing calix[m]arene cavities, where the planar chirality was reserved in the structure of pillararene. The capacity for molecular recognition was enhanced by hybrid macrocyclic cavities. Interestingly, the obtained pillar[n]arene-calix[m]arene could self-assemble into "channels" and "honeycomb" in both the solid state and solution phase as well as donate the molecular architecture as the wheel for the formation of mechanically interlocked molecules, such as rotaxane. In addition, the pillar[n]arene and calix[m]arene could also be coupled together to produce pillar[n]arene embeded 1,3-alternate and cone conformational calix[m]arene derivatives, which could catalyze the oxidative polymerization of aniline in aqueous solutions. Except for building hybrid cyclophanes by covalent bonds, weak supramolecular interactions were used to prepare pillar[n]arene-calix[m]arene analogous composites with other pillar-like pillar[n]pyridiniums and calix-like calix[m]pyrroles, exhibiting reasonable performances in enhancing molecular recognition and trapping solvent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaona Liu
- Medical School, Xi'an Peihua University Xi'an 710125 Shaanxi China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Leqian Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Huacheng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
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7
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Chao Y, Thikekar TU, Fang W, Chang R, Xu J, Ouyang N, Xu J, Gao Y, Guo M, Zuilhof H, Sue ACH. "Rim-Differentiated" Pillar[6]arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204589. [PMID: 35451151 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A "rim-differentiated" pillar[6]arene (RD-P[6]) was obtained successfully, with the assistance of a dimeric silver trifluoroacetate template, among eight different constitutional isomers in a direct and regioselective manner. The solid-state conformation of this macrocycle could switch from the 1,3,5-alternate to a truly rim-differentiated one upon guest inclusion. This highly symmetric RD-P[6] not only hosts metal-containing molecules inside its cavity, but also can form a pillar[6]arene-C60 adduct through co-crystallization on account of donor-acceptor interactions. The development of synthetic strategies to desymmetrize pillararenes offers new opportunities for engineering complex molecular architectures and organic electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chao
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Tushar Ulhas Thikekar
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wangjian Fang
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Rong Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jiong Xu
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Nianfeng Ouyang
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yan Gao
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Minjie Guo
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew C-H Sue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 422 Siming South Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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8
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Chao Y, Thikekar TU, Fang W, Chang R, Xu J, Ouyang N, Xu J, Gao Y, Guo M, Zuilhof H, Sue ACH. "Rim‐Differentiated" Pillar[6]arenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chao
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology CHINA
| | | | - Wangjian Fang
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology CHINA
| | - Rong Chang
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jiong Xu
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Nianfeng Ouyang
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jun Xu
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Yan Gao
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology CHINA
| | - Minjie Guo
- Tianjin University School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology CHINA
| | - Han Zuilhof
- WUR: Wageningen University & Research Chemistry NETHERLANDS
| | - Andrew Chi-Hau Sue
- Xiamen University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 422 Siming S. Rd.Siming Dist. 361005 Xiamen CHINA
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9
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Sin KR, Kim CJ, Ko SG, Hwang TM, Han YN, Pak YN. Inclusion of thymol into cucurbiturils: density functional theory approach with dispersion correction and natural bond orbital analysis. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-022-01135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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