1
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Nalpe SS, Jana S, Kulkarni SS. Total Synthesis of a Trehalose-Containing Lipooligosaccharide Analogue from Mycobacterium linda. Org Lett 2023; 25:1717-1721. [PMID: 36867005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
A short and efficient methodology has been developed to synthesize an analogue of a lipooligosaccharide from Mycobacterium linda isolated from Crohn's disease. The total synthesis of the tetrasaccharide was achieved via a convergent [2 + 2] glycosylation approach. The key features of the synthesis involve the selective functionalization of a trehalose core via highly regioselective acylations and regioselective glycosylations. The synthesis was completed via a longest linear sequence of 14 steps in a 14.2% overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar S Nalpe
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Santanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Suvarn S Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
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2
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Shen K, Lowary TL. Synthesis of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Canetti Lipooligosaccharide II Nonasaccharide. Org Lett 2022; 24:6428-6432. [PMID: 36005851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A route for preparing lipooligosaccharide (LOS) glycans from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Canetti was developed and applied to the most complex of these structures, LOS II. The synthesis of the target nonasaccharide was achieved via a convergent [3+3+3] approach. Key features of the strategy include the stereoselective synthesis of an asymmetrically substituted trehalose moiety from two protected glucose residues and several chemoselective glycosylations involving thioglycoside donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Section 2, #128, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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3
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Shen K, Bai B, Liu YH, Lowary TL. Synthesis of a Tridecasaccharide Lipooligosaccharide Antigen from the Opportunistic Pathogen Mycobacterium kansasii. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24859-24863. [PMID: 34553821 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The outer surfaces of mycobacteria, including the organism that causes tuberculosis, are decorated with an array of immunomodulatory glycans. Among these are lipooligosaccharides (LOSs), a class of molecules for which the function remains poorly understood. We describe the chemical synthesis of the glycan portion of a tridecasaccharide LOS from the opportunistic pathogen Mycobacterium kansasii. The target contains a number of unusual structural motifs that complicate its assembly and is the most complex mycobacterial LOS glycan to be synthesized to date when considering size and number of unique monosaccharides and glycosidic linkages. These studies not only provide a roadmap for the preparation of additional members of this family of glycans, but also provides a valuable probe for use in structure-activity relationship investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Yu-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Section 2, #128, Nangang Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National (Taiwan) University, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, #1, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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4
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Shen K, Bai B, Liu Y, Lowary TL. Synthesis of a Tridecasaccharide Lipooligosaccharide Antigen from the Opportunistic Pathogen
Mycobacterium kansasii. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shen
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Bing Bai
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Yu‐Hsuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica Academia Road, Section 2, #128 Nangang Taipei 11529 Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences National (Taiwan) University Roosevelt Road, Section 4, #1 Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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5
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Danglad-Flores J, Leichnitz S, Sletten ET, Abragam Joseph A, Bienert K, Le Mai Hoang K, Seeberger PH. Microwave-Assisted Automated Glycan Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8893-8901. [PMID: 34060822 PMCID: PMC8213053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Automated synthesis
of DNA, RNA, and peptides provides quickly
and reliably important tools for biomedical research. Automated glycan
assembly (AGA) is significantly more challenging, as highly branched
carbohydrates require strict regio- and stereocontrol during synthesis.
A new AGA synthesizer enables rapid temperature adjustment from −40
to +100 °C to control glycosylations at low temperature and accelerates
capping, protecting group removal, and glycan modifications using
elevated temperatures. Thereby, the temporary protecting group portfolio
is extended from two to four orthogonal groups that give rise to oligosaccharides
with up to four branches. In addition, sulfated glycans and unprotected
glycans can be prepared. The new design reduces the typical coupling
cycles from 100 to 60 min while expanding the range of accessible
glycans. The instrument drastically shortens and generalizes the synthesis
of carbohydrates for use in biomedical and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Danglad-Flores
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sabrina Leichnitz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric T Sletten
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - A Abragam Joseph
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Klaus Bienert
- Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kim Le Mai Hoang
- GlycoUniverse GmbH & Co KGaA, Am Mühlenberg 11, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Hansen T, Ofman TP, Vlaming JGC, Gagarinov IA, van Beek J, Goté TA, Tichem JM, Ruijgrok G, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. Reactivity-Stereoselectivity Mapping for the Assembly of Mycobacterium marinum Lipooligosaccharides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:937-945. [PMID: 32856761 PMCID: PMC7821131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of complex bacterial glycans presenting rare structural motifs and cis-glycosidic linkages is significantly obstructed by the lack of knowledge of the reactivity of the constituting building blocks and the stereoselectivity of the reactions in which they partake. We here report a strategy to map the reactivity of carbohydrate building blocks and apply it to understand the reactivity of the bacterial sugar, caryophyllose, a rare C12-monosaccharide, containing a characteristic tetrasubstituted stereocenter. We mapped reactivity-stereoselectivity relationships for caryophyllose donor and acceptor glycosides by a systematic series of glycosylations in combination with the detection and characterization of different reactive intermediates using experimental and computational techniques. The insights garnered from these studies enabled the rational design of building blocks with the required properties to assemble mycobacterial lipooligosaccharide fragments of M. marinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Tim P. Ofman
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Joey G. C. Vlaming
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Ivan A. Gagarinov
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jessey van Beek
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Tessa A. Goté
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Jacoba M. Tichem
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Gijs Ruijgrok
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden UniversityLeiden Institute of ChemistryEinsteinweg 552333 CCLeidenThe Netherlands
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7
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Hansen T, Ofman TP, Vlaming JGC, Gagarinov IA, Beek J, Goté TA, Tichem JM, Ruijgrok G, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, Marel GA, Codée JDC. Reactivity–Stereoselectivity Mapping for the Assembly of
Mycobacterium marinum
Lipooligosaccharides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Tim P. Ofman
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Joey G. C. Vlaming
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Ivan A. Gagarinov
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jessey Beek
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Tessa A. Goté
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jacoba M. Tichem
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Ruijgrok
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. Marel
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden University Leiden Institute of Chemistry Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
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8
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Qin C, Liu Z, Ding M, Cai J, Fu J, Hu J, Seeberger PH, Yin J. Chemical synthesis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa O11 O-antigen trisaccharide based on neighboring electron-donating effect. J Carbohydr Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2020.1839479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Meiru Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Juntao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Plank Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Junjie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Plank Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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9
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Li W, Yu B. Temporary ether protecting groups at the anomeric center in complex carbohydrate synthesis. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2020; 77:1-69. [PMID: 33004110 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a carbohydrate building block usually starts with introduction of a temporary protecting group at the anomeric center and ends with its selective cleavage for further transformation. Thus, the choice of the anomeric temporary protecting group must be carefully considered because it should retain intact during the whole synthetic manipulation, and it should be chemoselectively removable without affecting other functional groups at a late stage in the synthesis. Etherate groups are the most widely used temporary protecting groups at the anomeric center, generally including allyl ethers, MP (p-methoxyphenyl) ethers, benzyl ethers, PMB (p-methoxybenzyl) eithers, and silyl ethers. This chapter provides a comprehensive review on their formation, cleavage, and applications in the synthesis of complex carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Markus J, Puchľová E, Pinčeková L, Moncol J, Doháňošová J, Berkeš D, Caletková O. Synthesis and Derivatization of 3‐Aroyl Pyroglutamic Acids. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Markus
- Department of Organic Chemistry Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Eva Puchľová
- Department of Organic Chemistry Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Pinčeková
- Department of Organic Chemistry Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Moncol
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Doháňošová
- Central Laboratories Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Dušan Berkeš
- Department of Organic Chemistry Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
| | - Oľga Caletková
- Department of Organic Chemistry Radlinského 9 812 37 Bratislava Slovak Republic
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11
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Hilton-Proctor J, Ilyichova O, Zheng Z, Jennings I, Johnstone R, Shortt J, Mountford S, Scanlon M, Thompson P. Synthesis and elaboration of N-methylpyrrolidone as an acetamide fragment substitute in bromodomain inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Meazza
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences; University of Southampton; University Road SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Xavier Companyó
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche; University of Padua; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padua Italy
| | - Ramon Rios
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences; University of Southampton; University Road SO17 1BJ UK
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13
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Xu H, Zhang Y, Dong H, Lu Y, Pei Y, Pei Z. Organotin-catalyzed regioselective benzylation of carbohydrate trans-diols. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Ren B, Lv J, Zhang Y, Tian J, Dong H. Highly Efficient Selective Benzylation of Carbohydrates Catalyzed by Iron(III) with Silver Oxide and Bromide Anion as Co-catalysts. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ren
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Hongshan Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Jian Lv
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Hongshan Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Hongshan Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Jun Tian
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Hongshan Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Hai Dong
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Hongshan Wuhan P.R. China
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15
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Abstract
![]()
The cell surface (or cell wall) of bacteria is coated with carbohydrate
(or glycan) structures that play a number of important roles. These
include providing structural integrity, serving as a permeability
barrier to extracellular compounds (e.g., drugs) and modulating the
immune system of the host. Of interest to this Account is the cell
wall structure of mycobacteria. There are a host of different mycobacterial
species, some of which cause human disease. The most well-known is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis.
The mycobacterial cell wall is characterized by the presence of unusual
carbohydrate structures that fulfill the roles described above. However,
in many cases, a molecular-level understanding of how mycobacterial
cell wall glycans mediate these processes is lacking. Inspired
by a seminar he heard as a postdoctoral fellow, the author
began his independent research program with a focus on the chemical
synthesis of mycobacterial glycans. The goals were not only to develop
synthetic approaches to these unique structures but also to provide
molecules that could be used to probe their biological function. Initial
work addressed the preparation of fragments of two key polysaccharides,
arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, which contain large numbers
of sugar residues in the furanose (five-membered) ring form. At the
time these investigations began, there were few methods reported for
the synthesis of oligosaccharides containing furanose rings. Thus,
early in the program, a major area of interest was methodology development,
particularly for the preparation of 1,2-cis-furanosides.
To solve this challenge, a range of conformationally restricted donors
have been developed, both in the author’s group and others,
which provide 1,2-cis-furanosidic linkages with high
stereoselectivity. These investigations were followed by application
of the developed
methods to the synthesis of a range of target molecules containing
arabinofuranose and galactofuranose residues. These molecules have
now found application in biochemical, immunological, and structural
biology investigations, which have shed light on their biosynthesis
and how these motifs are recognized by both the innate and adaptive
immune systems. More recently, attention has been directed toward
the synthesis
of another class of immunologically active mycobacterial cell wall
glycans, the extractable glycolipids. In this case, efforts have been
primarily on phenolic glycolipids, and the compounds synthesized have
been used to evaluate their ability to modulate cytokine release.
Over the past 20 years, the use of chemical synthesis to provide increasingly
complex glycan structures has provided significant benefit to the
burgeoning field of mycobacterial glycobiology. Through the efforts
of groups from around the globe, access to these compounds is now
possible via relatively straightforward methods. As the pool of mycobacterial
glycans continues to grow, so too will our understanding of their
role in disease, which will undoubtedly lead to new strategies to
prevent or treat mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L. Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning−Lemieux
Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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16
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Abstract
The cell surface (or cell wall) of bacteria is coated with carbohydrate (or glycan) structures that play a number of important roles. These include providing structural integrity, serving as a permeability barrier to extracellular compounds (e.g., drugs) and modulating the immune system of the host. Of interest to this Account is the cell wall structure of mycobacteria. There are a host of different mycobacterial species, some of which cause human disease. The most well-known is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. The mycobacterial cell wall is characterized by the presence of unusual carbohydrate structures that fulfill the roles described above. However, in many cases, a molecular-level understanding of how mycobacterial cell wall glycans mediate these processes is lacking. Inspired by a seminar he heard as a postdoctoral fellow, the author began his independent research program with a focus on the chemical synthesis of mycobacterial glycans. The goals were not only to develop synthetic approaches to these unique structures but also to provide molecules that could be used to probe their biological function. Initial work addressed the preparation of fragments of two key polysaccharides, arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, which contain large numbers of sugar residues in the furanose (five-membered) ring form. At the time these investigations began, there were few methods reported for the synthesis of oligosaccharides containing furanose rings. Thus, early in the program, a major area of interest was methodology development, particularly for the preparation of 1,2-cis-furanosides. To solve this challenge, a range of conformationally restricted donors have been developed, both in the author's group and others, which provide 1,2-cis-furanosidic linkages with high stereoselectivity. These investigations were followed by application of the developed methods to the synthesis of a range of target molecules containing arabinofuranose and galactofuranose residues. These molecules have now found application in biochemical, immunological, and structural biology investigations, which have shed light on their biosynthesis and how these motifs are recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems. More recently, attention has been directed toward the synthesis of another class of immunologically active mycobacterial cell wall glycans, the extractable glycolipids. In this case, efforts have been primarily on phenolic glycolipids, and the compounds synthesized have been used to evaluate their ability to modulate cytokine release. Over the past 20 years, the use of chemical synthesis to provide increasingly complex glycan structures has provided significant benefit to the burgeoning field of mycobacterial glycobiology. Through the efforts of groups from around the globe, access to these compounds is now possible via relatively straightforward methods. As the pool of mycobacterial glycans continues to grow, so too will our understanding of their role in disease, which will undoubtedly lead to new strategies to prevent or treat mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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17
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Ren B, Ramström O, Zhang Q, Ge J, Dong H. An Iron(III) Catalyst with Unusually Broad Substrate Scope in Regioselective Alkylation of Diols and Polyols. Chemistry 2016; 22:2481-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ren
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for; Energy Conversion and Storage; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry; KTH-Royal Institute of Technology; Teknikringen 30 10044 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for; Energy Conversion and Storage; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Jiantao Ge
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for; Energy Conversion and Storage; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Hai Dong
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for; Energy Conversion and Storage; Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Luoyu Road 1037 430074 Wuhan P.R. China
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