1
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Porras-Santos LF, Sandoval-Lira J, Hernández-Pérez JM, Quintero L, López-Mendoza P, Sartillo-Piscil F. Ferrier Glycosylation Mediated by the TEMPO Oxoammonium Cation. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11281-11292. [PMID: 39102649 PMCID: PMC11334189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The TEMPO oxoammonium cation has been proven to be both an efficient oxidizing reagent and an electrophilic substrate frequently found in organic reactions. Here, we report that this versatile chemical reagent can also be used as an efficient promoter for C- and N-glycosylation reactions through a Ferrier rearrangement with moderate to high yields. This unprecedented reactivity is explained in terms of a Lewis acid activation of glycal by TEMPO+ forming a type of glycal-TEMPO+ mesomeric structure, which occurs through an extended vinylogous hyperconjugation toward the π*(O═N+) orbital [LP(O1) → π*(C1═C2), π*(C1═C2) → σ*(C3-O3), and LP(O6) → π*(O═N+)]. This enables the formation of the respective Ferrier glycosyl cation, which is trapped by various nucleophiles. The extended hyperconjugation (or double hyperconjugation) toward the π*(O═N+) orbital, which confers the Lewis acid character of the TEMPO cation, was supported by natural bond orbital analysis at the M06-2X/6-311+G** level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Porras-Santos
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jacinto Sandoval-Lira
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, TecNM campus Instituto Tecnológico Superior de San Martín Texmelucan, Camino a la Barranca de Pesos, San Martín Texmelucan 74120, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Julio M Hernández-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Leticia Quintero
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Pedro López-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Fernando Sartillo-Piscil
- Centro de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP), 14 Sur Esq. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel 72570, Puebla, Mexico
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2
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Phadnis N, Molen JA, Stephens SM, Weierbach SM, Lambert KM, Milligan JA. Green Oxidation of Aromatic Hydrazide Derivatives Using an Oxoammonium Salt. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5841-5845. [PMID: 38568872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic diazenes are often prepared by oxidation of the corresponding hydrazides using stoichiometric quantities of nonrecyclable oxidants. We developed a convenient alternative protocol for the oxidation of aromatic hydrazides using Bobbitt's salt (1), a metal-free, recyclable, and commercially available oxoammonium reagent. A variety of aryl hydrazides were oxidized within 75 min at room temperature using the developed protocol. Computational insight suggests that this oxidation occurs by a polar hydride transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidheesh Phadnis
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Ave, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144, United States
| | - Jessica A Molen
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Ave, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144, United States
| | - Shannon M Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4501 Elkhorn Ave, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Shayne M Weierbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4501 Elkhorn Ave, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Kyle M Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4501 Elkhorn Ave, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - John A Milligan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, 4201 Henry Ave, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144, United States
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3
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Ji K, Johnson RP, McNeely J, Al Faruk M, Porco JA. Asymmetric Synthesis of Nidulalin A and Nidulaxanthone A: Selective Carbonyl Desaturation Using an Oxoammonium Salt. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4892-4902. [PMID: 38319883 PMCID: PMC10922861 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Nidulaxanthone A is a dimeric, dihydroxanthone natural product that was isolated in 2020 from Aspergillus sp. Structurally, the compound features an unprecedented heptacyclic 6/6/6/6/6/6/6 ring system which is unusual for natural xanthone dimers. Biosynthetically, nidulaxanthone A originates from the monomer nidulalin A via stereoselective Diels-Alder dimerization. To expedite the synthesis of nidulalin A and study the proposed dimerization, we developed methodology involving the use of allyl triflate for chromone ester activation, followed by vinylogous addition, to rapidly forge the nidulalin A scaffold in a four-step sequence which also features ketone desaturation using Bobbitt's oxoammonium salt. An asymmetric synthesis of nidulalin A was achieved using acylative kinetic resolution (AKR) of chiral, racemic 2H-nidulalin A. Dimerization of enantioenriched nidulalin A to nidulaxanthone A was achieved using solvent-free, thermolytic conditions. Computational studies have been conducted to probe both the oxoammonium-mediated desaturation and (4 + 2) dimerization events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Richard P. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - James McNeely
- Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Md Al Faruk
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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4
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Doherty KE, Sandoval AL, Politano F, Witko ML, Schroeder CM, Brydon WP, Wadey GP, Ohlhorst KK, Leadbeater NE. Scale-up of Sodium Persulfate Mediated, Nitroxide Catalyzed Oxidative Functionalization Reactions. Curr Org Synth 2024; 21:941-946. [PMID: 37653636 DOI: 10.2174/1570179421666230831105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidation is a valuable tool in preparative organic chemistry. Oxoammonium salts and nitroxides have proven valuable as reagents and catalysts in this endeavor. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to scale up the oxidative amidation, ester formation, and nitrile formation using nitroxide as an organocatalyst. METHODS Oxidative functionalization reactions were scaled from the 1 mmol to the 1 mole level. Sodium persulfate was used as the primary oxidant, and a nitroxide was employed as a catalyst. The products of the reactions were isolated in analytically pure form by extraction with no need for column chromatography. RESULTS The oxidative amidation and esterification of aldehydes can be scaled up from 1 mmol to 1 mole effectively, with comparable product yields being obtained at each increment. This work shows that conditions developed on a small scale can be transferred to a larger scale without reoptimization. The oxidative functionalization of aldehydes to prepare nitriles is not amenable to direct scale-up due to the concomitant formation of significant quantities of the corresponding carboxylic acid, thereby compromising the product yield. CONCLUSION Two of the three oxidative transformations studied here can be scaled up successfully from the 1 mmol to the 1 mole level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina E Doherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Arturo L Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Fabrizio Politano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mason L Witko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Chelsea M Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - William P Brydon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Geoffrey P Wadey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Kristiane K Ohlhorst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
| | - Nicholas E Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, USA
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5
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Miller JL, Damodaran K, Floreancig PE. Nitrogen Heterocycle Synthesis through Hydride Abstraction of Acyclic Carbamates and Related Species: Scope, Mechanism, Stereoselectivity, and Product Conformation Studies. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302977. [PMID: 37796745 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Acyliminium ions and related species are potent electrophiles that can be quite valuable in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing molecules. This manuscript describes a protocol to form these intermediates through hydride abstractions of easily accessible allylic carbamates, amides, and sulfonamides that avoids the reversibility that is possible in classical condensation-based routes. These intermediates are used in the preparation of a range of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, and in many cases high levels of stereocontrol are observed. Specifically areas of investigation include the impact of chemical structure on oxidation efficiency, the geometry of the intermediate iminium ions, the impact of a substrate stereocenter on stereocontrol, and an examination of transition state geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Krishnan Damodaran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Paul E Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
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6
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Bray JM, Stephens SM, Weierbach SM, Vargas K, Lambert KM. Recent advancements in the use of Bobbitt's salt and 4-acetamidoTEMPO. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14063-14092. [PMID: 37946555 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04709a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in synthetic methodologies for selective, oxidative transformations using Bobbitt's salt (4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxopiperidinium tetrafluoroborate, 1) and its stable organic nitroxide counterpart ACT (4-acetamidoTEMPO, 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl, 2) have led to increased applications across a broad array of disciplines. Current applications and mechanistic understanding of these metal-free, environmentally benign, and easily accessible organic oxidants now span well-beyond the seminal use of 1 and 2 in selective alcohol oxidations. New synthetic methodologies for the oxidation of alcohols, ethers, amines, thiols, C-H bonds and other functional groups with 1 and 2 along with the field's current mechanistic understandings of these processes are presented alongside our contributions in this area. Exciting new areas harnessing the unique properties of these oxidants include: applications to drug discovery and natural product total synthesis, the development of new electrocatalytic methods for depolymerization of lignin and modification of other biopolymers, in vitro and in vivo nucleoside modifications, applications in supramolecular catalysis, the synthesis of new polymers and materials, enhancements in the design of organic redox flow batteries, uses in organic fuel cells, applications and advancements in energy storage, the development of electrochemical sensors, and the production of renewable fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Bray
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4501 Elkhorn Ave, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| | - Shannon M Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4501 Elkhorn Ave, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| | - Shayne M Weierbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4501 Elkhorn Ave, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| | - Karen Vargas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4501 Elkhorn Ave, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| | - Kyle M Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, 4501 Elkhorn Ave, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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7
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Abstract
Nitroxides, also known as nitroxyl radicals, are long-lived or stable radicals with the general structure R1R2N-O•. The spin distribution over the nitroxide N and O atoms contributes to the thermodynamic stability of these radicals. The presence of bulky N-substituents R1 and R2 prevents nitroxide radical dimerization, ensuring their kinetic stability. Despite their reactivity toward various transient C radicals, some nitroxides can be easily stored under air at room temperature. Furthermore, nitroxides can be oxidized to oxoammonium salts (R1R2N═O+) or reduced to anions (R1R2N-O-), enabling them to act as valuable oxidants or reductants depending on their oxidation state. Therefore, they exhibit interesting reactivity across all three oxidation states. Due to these fascinating properties, nitroxides find extensive applications in diverse fields such as biochemistry, medicinal chemistry, materials science, and organic synthesis. This review focuses on the versatile applications of nitroxides in organic synthesis. For their use in other important fields, we will refer to several review articles. The introductory part provides a brief overview of the history of nitroxide chemistry. Subsequently, the key methods for preparing nitroxides are discussed, followed by an examination of their structural diversity and physical properties. The main portion of this review is dedicated to oxidation reactions, wherein parent nitroxides or their corresponding oxoammonium salts serve as active species. It will be demonstrated that various functional groups (such as alcohols, amines, enolates, and alkanes among others) can be efficiently oxidized. These oxidations can be carried out using nitroxides as catalysts in combination with various stoichiometric terminal oxidants. By reducing nitroxides to their corresponding anions, they become effective reducing reagents with intriguing applications in organic synthesis. Nitroxides possess the ability to selectively react with transient radicals, making them useful for terminating radical cascade reactions by forming alkoxyamines. Depending on their structure, alkoxyamines exhibit weak C-O bonds, allowing for the thermal generation of C radicals through reversible C-O bond cleavage. Such thermally generated C radicals can participate in various radical transformations, as discussed toward the end of this review. Furthermore, the application of this strategy in natural product synthesis will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Leifert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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8
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Weierbach SM, Reynolds RP, Stephens SM, Vlasakakis KV, Ritter RT, White OM, Patel NH, Hayes EC, Dunmire S, Lambert KM. Chemoselective Oxidation of Thiols with Oxoammonium Cations. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11392-11410. [PMID: 35926190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of various aryl and aliphatic thiols with the commercially available and environmentally benign reagent Bobbitt's salt (1) has been investigated. The reaction affords the corresponding disulfide products in good to excellent yields (71-99%) and can be accomplished in water, methanol, or acetonitrile solvent. Moreover, the process is highly chemoselective, tolerating traditionally oxidation-labile groups such as free amines and alcohols. Combined experimental and computational studies reveal that the oxidation takes place via a polar two-electron process with concomitant and unexpected deoxygenation of the oxoammonium cation through homolysis of the weak N-O bond, differing from prototypical radical-based thiol couplings. This unusual consumption of the oxidant has significant implications for the development of new nitroxide-based radical traps for probing S-centered radicals, the advancement of new electrochemical or catalytic processes involving nitroxide/oxoammonium salt redox couples, and applications to biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne M Weierbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Robert P Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Shannon M Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Kostantinos V Vlasakakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Ramsey T Ritter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Olivia M White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Nishi H Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Eric C Hayes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Sydney Dunmire
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
| | - Kyle M Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, United States
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9
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Fast, easy oxidation of alcohols using an oxoammonium salt bearing the nitrate anion. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Regiospecific α-methylene functionalisation of tertiary amines with alkynes via Au-catalysed concerted one-proton/two-electron transfer to O 2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6505. [PMID: 36351920 PMCID: PMC9646731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regioselective transformations of tertiary amines, which are ubiquitously present in natural products and drugs, are important for the development of novel medicines. In particular, the oxidative α-C-H functionalisation of tertiary amines with nucleophiles via iminium cations is a promising approach because, theoretically, there is almost no limit to the type of amine and functionalisation. However, most of the reports on oxidative α-C-H functionalisations are limited to α-methyl-selective or non-selective reactions, despite the frequent appearance of α-methylene-substituted amines in pharmaceutical fields. Herein, we develop an unusual oxidative regiospecific α-methylene functionalisation of structurally diverse tertiary amines with alkynes to synthesise various propargylic amines using a catalyst comprising Zn salts and hydroxyapatite-supported Au nanoparticles. Thorough experimental investigations suggest that the unusual α-methylene regiospecificity is probably due to a concerted one-proton/two-electron transfer from amines to O2 on the Au nanoparticle catalyst, which paves the way to other α-methylene-specific functionalisations.
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11
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Wu J, Tongdee S, Cordier M, Darcel C. Selective Iron Catalyzed Synthesis of N-Alkylated Indolines and Indoles. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201809. [PMID: 35700072 PMCID: PMC9796591 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Whereas iron catalysts usually promote catalyzed C3-alkylation of indole derivatives via a borrowing-hydrogen methodology using alcohols as the electrophilic partners, this contribution shows how to switch the selectivity towards N-alkylation. Thus, starting from indoline derivatives, N-alkylation was efficiently performed using a tricarbonyl(cyclopentadienone) iron complex as the catalyst in trifluoroethanol in the presence of alcohols leading to the corresponding N-alkylated indoline derivatives in 31-99 % yields (28 examples). The one-pot, two-step strategy for the selective N-alkylation of indolines is completed by an oxidation to give the corresponding N-alkylated indoles in 31-90 % yields (15 examples). This unprecedented oxidation methodology involves an iron salt catalyst associated with (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) and a stoichiometric amount of t-BuOOH at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wu
- Univ RennesCNRSISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 622635000RennesFrance
| | - Satawat Tongdee
- Univ RennesCNRSISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 622635000RennesFrance
| | - Marie Cordier
- Univ RennesCNRSISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 622635000RennesFrance
| | - Christophe Darcel
- Univ RennesCNRSISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) UMR 622635000RennesFrance
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12
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Miller JL, Lawrence JMIA, Rodriguez Del Rey FO, Floreancig PE. Synthetic applications of hydride abstraction reactions by organic oxidants. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5660-5690. [PMID: 35712818 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01169c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-hydrogen bond functionalizations provide an attractive method for streamlining organic synthesis, and many strategies have been developed for conducting these transformations. Hydride-abstracting reactions have emerged as extremely effective methods for oxidative bond-forming processes due to their mild reaction conditions and high chemoselectivity. This review will predominantly focus on the mechanism, reaction development, natural product synthesis applications, approaches to catalysis, and use in enantioselective processes for hydride abstractions by quinone, oxoammonium ion, and carbocation oxidants. These are the most commonly employed hydride-abstracting agents, but recent efforts illustrate the potential for weaker ketone and triaryl borane oxidants, which will be covered at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA.
| | - Jean-Marc I A Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA.
| | | | - Paul E Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA.
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13
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León Sandoval A, Doherty KE, Wadey GP, Leadbeater NE. Solvent- and additive-free oxidative amidation of aldehydes using a recyclable oxoammonium salt. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2249-2254. [PMID: 35230379 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A range of acyl azoles have been prepared from aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes by means of an oxidative amidation reaction. The methodology employs a substoichiometric quantity of an oxoammonium salt as the oxidant. It avoids the need for additives such as a base, is run solvent-free, and the oxoammonium salt is recyclable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo León Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Katrina E Doherty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Geoffrey P Wadey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Nicholas E Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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14
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León Sandoval A, Politano F, Witko ML, Leadbeater NE. Preparation of nitriles from aldehydes using ammonium persulfate by means of a nitroxide-catalysed oxidative functionalisation reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:667-671. [PMID: 34989384 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02187g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A methodology for the preparation of nitriles from aldehydes by means of an oxidative functionalisation reaction is reported. It employs ammonium persulfate as both the primary oxidant and the nitrogen source, and a catalytic amount of a nitroxide. It is applicable to a range of structurally diverse (hetero)aromatic aldehydes furnishing the nitrile products in 30-97% isolated yield. Given the ready accessibility of aldehydes and that ammonium persulfate is cheap and less toxic than many other reagents for generating nitriles, this methodology offers a simple and easy to use approach to this valuable class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo León Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Fabrizio Politano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Mason L Witko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| | - Nicholas E Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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15
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Politano F, León Sandoval A, Witko ML, Doherty KE, Schroeder CM, Leadbeater NE. Nitroxide‐Catalyzed Oxidative Amidation of Aldehydes to Yield
N
‐Acyl Azoles Using Sodium Persulfate. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Politano
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Arturo León Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Mason L. Witko
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Katrina E. Doherty
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Chelsea M. Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
| | - Nicholas E. Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs CT 06269-3060 USA
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16
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Prasad VK, Pei Z, Edelmann S, Otero-de-la-Roza A, DiLabio GA. BH9, a New Comprehensive Benchmark Data Set for Barrier Heights and Reaction Energies: Assessment of Density Functional Approximations and Basis Set Incompleteness Potentials. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 18:151-166. [PMID: 34911294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The calculation of accurate reaction energies and barrier heights is essential in computational studies of reaction mechanisms and thermochemistry. To assess methods regarding their ability to predict these two properties, high-quality benchmark sets are required that comprise a reasonably large and diverse set of organic reactions. Due to the time-consuming nature of both locating transition states and computing accurate reference energies for reactions involving large molecules, previous benchmark sets have been limited in scope, the number of reactions considered, and the size of the reactant and product molecules. Recent advances in coupled-cluster theory, in particular local correlation methods like DLPNO-CCSD(T), now allow the calculation of reaction energies and barrier heights for relatively large systems. In this work, we present a comprehensive and diverse benchmark set of barrier heights and reaction energies based on DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS called BH9. BH9 comprises 449 chemical reactions belonging to nine types common in organic chemistry and biochemistry. We examine the accuracy of DLPNO-CCSD(T) vis-a-vis canonical CCSD(T) for a subset of BH9 and conclude that, although there is a penalty in using the DLPNO approximation, the reference data are accurate enough to serve as a benchmark for density functional theory (DFT) methods. We then present two applications of the BH9 set. First, we examine the performance of several density functional approximations commonly used in thermochemical and mechanistic studies. Second, we assess our basis set incompleteness potentials regarding their ability to mitigate basis set incompleteness errors. The number of data points, the diversity of the reactions considered, and the relatively large size of the reactant molecules make BH9 the most comprehensive thermochemical benchmark set to date and a useful tool for the development and assessment of computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viki Kumar Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Zhipeng Pei
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Simon Edelmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
| | - Alberto Otero-de-la-Roza
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica and MALTA Consolider Team, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gino A DiLabio
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada V1V 1V7
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17
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Miller JL, Zhou L, Liu P, Floreancig PE. Mechanism-Based Approach to Reagent Selection for Oxidative Carbon-Hydrogen Bond Cleavage Reactions. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103078. [PMID: 34822737 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Numerous hydride-abstracting agents generate the same cationic intermediate, but substrate features such as intermediate cation stability, oxidation potential, and steric environment can influence reaction rates in an oxidant-dependent manner. This manuscript provides experimental data to illustrate the role that structural features play in the kinetics of hydride abstraction reactions with commonly used quinone-, oxoammonium ion-, and carbocation- based oxidants. Computational studies of the transition state structures and energies explain these results and energy decomposition analysis calculations reveal unique sensitivities to electrostatic attraction and steric repulsions. Rigorous rate studies of select reactions validated the capacity of the calculations to predict reactivity trends. Additionally, kinetics studies demonstrate the potential for product inhibition in DDQ-mediated reactions. These studies provide a clear guide to select the optimal oxidant for structurally disparate substrates and lead to predictions of reactivity that were validated experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
| | - Paul E Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, United States
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18
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Meador RIL, Anderson RE, Chisholm JD. Tandem elimination-oxidation of tertiary benzylic alcohols with an oxoammonium salt. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6233-6236. [PMID: 34231623 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00965f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tertiary benzylic alcohols react with oxoammonium salts, undergoing a tandem elimination/allylic oxidation to provide an allylic ether product in a single step. This mode of reactivity provides a rapid entry into allylic ethers from certain benzylic tertiary alcohols. The allylic ether may be cleaved under reductive conditions to reveal the allylic alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan I L Meador
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - Robert E Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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19
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Carlet F, Bertarini G, Broggini G, Pradal A, Poli G. Oxoammonium‐Mediated Allylsilane–Ether Coupling Reaction. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Carlet
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM Sorbonne Université 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Greta Bertarini
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM Sorbonne Université 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Gianluigi Broggini
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia Università dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 11 22100 Como Italy
| | - Alexandre Pradal
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM Sorbonne Université 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | - Giovanni Poli
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie CNRS Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire IPCM Sorbonne Université 4 place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
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20
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León Sandoval A, Politano F, Witko ML, Leadbeater NE. Preparation of hexafluoroisopropyl esters by oxidative esterification of aldehydes using sodium persulfate. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2986-2990. [PMID: 33734281 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A simple, metal-free route for the oxidative esterification of aldehydes to yield hexafluoroisopropyl esters is reported. The methodology employs sodium persulfate and a catalytic quantity of a nitroxide and is applicable to aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo León Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
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21
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Unexpected Metal-Free Dehydrogenation of a β-Ketoester to a Phenol Using a Recyclable Oxoammonium Salt. MOLBANK 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/m1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of ethyl 2-oxocyclohexanecarboxylate to ethyl salicylate using an oxoammonium salt is reported. The dehydrogenation reaction is operationally simple and compares favorably with previous literature examples for the same transformation and expands the scope of oxoammonium salts as reagents for oxidative functionalization processes.
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22
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Nandi J, Hutcheson EL, Leadbeater NE. Combining photoredox catalysis and oxoammonium cations for the oxidation of aromatic alcohols to carboxylic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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Hinzmann A, Stricker M, Busch J, Glinski S, Oike K, Gröger H. Selective TEMPO‐Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes in Alternative Organic Solvents. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessa Hinzmann
- Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Michael Stricker
- Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Jasmin Busch
- Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Sylvia Glinski
- Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Keiko Oike
- Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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24
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Xue Y, Yan Y, Jiang K, Chen W, Yang L. Iodine/water-mediated deprotective oxidation of allylic ethers to access α,β-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14720-14724. [PMID: 35497130 PMCID: PMC9052112 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02625e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The first iodine/water-mediated deprotective oxidation of allylic ethers to access α,β-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes was achieved. The reaction tolerates a wide range of functionalities. Furthermore, this protocol was found to be applicable to the oxidative transformation of allylic acetates. The proposed mechanism involves an oxygen transfer from solvent water to the carbonyl products. The first iodine/water-mediated deprotective oxidation of allylic ethers to access α,β-unsaturated ketones and aldehydes was effectively achieved.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Xue
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Yaolong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Kezhi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Weifeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China
| | - Lei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 China .,Engineering Research Center of High Performance Polymer and Molding Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
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25
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Elliott Q, Dos Passos Gomes G, Evoniuk CJ, Alabugin IV. Testing the limits of radical-anionic CH-amination: a 10-million-fold decrease in basicity opens a new path to hydroxyisoindolines via a mixed C-N/C-O-forming cascade. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6539-6555. [PMID: 34094120 PMCID: PMC8159354 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc06511c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An intramolecular C(sp3)-H amidation proceeds in the presence of t-BuOK, molecular oxygen, and DMF. This transformation is initiated by the deprotonation of an acidic N-H bond and selective radical activation of a benzylic C-H bond towards hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Cyclization of this radical-anion intermediate en route to a two-centered/three-electron (2c,3e) C-N bond removes electron density from nitrogen. As this electronegative element resists such an "oxidation", making nitrogen more electron rich is key to overcoming this problem. This work dramatically expands the range of N-anions that can participate in this process by using amides instead of anilines. The resulting 107-fold decrease in the N-component basicity (and nucleophilicity) doubles the activation barrier for C-N bond formation and makes this process nearly thermoneutral. Remarkably, this reaction also converts a weak reductant into a much stronger reductant. Such "reductant upconversion" allows mild oxidants like molecular oxygen to complete the first part of the cascade. In contrast, the second stage of NH/CH activation forms a highly stabilized radical-anion intermediate incapable of undergoing electron transfer to oxygen. Because the oxidation is unfavored, an alternative reaction path opens via coupling between the radical anion intermediate and either superoxide or hydroperoxide radical. The hydroperoxide intermediate transforms into the final hydroxyisoindoline products under basic conditions. The use of TEMPO as an additive was found to activate less reactive amides. The combination of experimental and computational data outlines a conceptually new mechanism for conversion of unprotected amides into hydroxyisoindolines proceeding as a sequence of C-H amidation and C-H oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quintin Elliott
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Gabriel Dos Passos Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Christopher J Evoniuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
| | - Igor V Alabugin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University Tallahassee Florida 32306 USA
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26
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Rotella ME, Dyer RMB, Hilinski MK, Gutierrez O. Mechanism of Iminium Salt-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Amination: Factors Controlling Hydride Transfer versus H-Atom Abstraction. ACS Catal 2020; 10:897-906. [PMID: 34113476 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-nitrogen bonds are extremely prevalent in pharmaceuticals, natural products, and other biologically relevant molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins. Intermolecular amination of C(sp3)-H bonds by catalytic nitrene transfer is a promising method for forging C-N bonds. An organocatalytic approach to nitrene transfer by way of an iminium salt offers a site-selective method for C(sp3)-H amination. Understanding of this amination mechanism including the nature of the relevant intermediates and the factors controlling the mechanism of the N-H bond formation step would aid in the design of catalysts and C(sp3)-H amination methods. In this work, the mechanism of the iminium salt-catalyzed C(sp3)-H amination via nitrene transfer was elucidated computationally using quantum mechanical methods and molecular dynamics simulations. Dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide support for an open singlet biradical species in equilibrium with the lower energy triplet species. Calculations further reveal that while the singlet biradical species undergoes N-H bond formation by a hydride transfer process, the triplet species forms the N-H bond by H-atom abstraction. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations rule out the possibility of a fast rebound of the carbon substrate following N-H bond formation. A predictive model for mode of activation and site-selectivity that is consistent with experimental observations is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Rotella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742-4454, United States
| | - Robert M B Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4319, United States
| | - Michael K Hilinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22904-4319, United States
| | - Osvaldo Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742-4454, United States
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27
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Miller SA, Nandi J, Leadbeater NE, Eddy NA. Probing the Effect of Counterions on the Oxidation of Alcohols Using Oxoammonium Salts. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelli A. Miller
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; 55 North Eagleville Road 06269 Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Jyoti Nandi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; 55 North Eagleville Road 06269 Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Nicholas E. Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; 55 North Eagleville Road 06269 Storrs Connecticut USA
| | - Nicholas A. Eddy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; 55 North Eagleville Road 06269 Storrs Connecticut USA
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28
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Palanivel A, Mubeen S, Warner T, Ahmed N, Clive DLJ. Formation of Enol Ethers by Radical Decarboxylation of α-Alkoxy β-Phenylthio Acids. J Org Chem 2019; 84:12542-12552. [PMID: 31462047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enol ethers are formed by radical decarboxylation of α-alkoxy β-phenylthio acids via the corresponding Barton esters. The phenylthio acids were usually made by the known regioselective reaction of α,β-epoxy acids with PhSH in the presence of InCl3, followed by O-alkylation of the resulting alcohol. In one case, thiol addition to an α,β-unsaturated ethoxymethyl ester was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashokkumar Palanivel
- Chemistry Department , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Sidra Mubeen
- Chemistry Department , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Thomas Warner
- Chemistry Department , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Nayeem Ahmed
- Chemistry Department , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
| | - Derrick L J Clive
- Chemistry Department , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
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29
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Miller SA, Bisset KA, Leadbeater NE, Eddy NA. Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohols Using a 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-N
-hydroxyammonium Cation. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelli A. Miller
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
| | - Kathryn A. Bisset
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
| | - Nicholas E. Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
| | - Nicholas A. Eddy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
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30
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Jung D, Jang SH, Yim T, Kim J. Oxidation Potential Tunable Organic Molecules and Their Catalytic Application to Aerobic Dehydrogenation of Tetrahydroquinolines. Org Lett 2018; 20:6436-6439. [PMID: 30277404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, oxidation potential tunable organic molecules, alkyl 2-phenyl hydrazocarboxylates, were disclosed. The exquisite tuning of their oxidation potentials facilitated a catalytic dehydrogenation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines in the presence of Mn(Pc) and O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahyeon Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Sciences , Incheon National University , 119 Academy-ro , Yeonsu-gu , Incheon 22012 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Heui Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Sciences , Incheon National University , 119 Academy-ro , Yeonsu-gu , Incheon 22012 , Republic of Korea
| | - Taeeun Yim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Sciences , Incheon National University , 119 Academy-ro , Yeonsu-gu , Incheon 22012 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Basic Sciences , Incheon National University , 119 Academy-ro , Yeonsu-gu , Incheon 22012 , Republic of Korea
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31
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Tiwari V, Badavath VN, Singh AK, Kandasamy J. A highly efficient TEMPO mediated oxidation of sugar primary alcohols into uronic acids using 1-chloro-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one at room temperature. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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32
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Dong J, Xia Q, Yan C, Song H, Liu Y, Wang Q. C(sp3)–H Azidation Reaction: A Protocol for Preparation of Aminals. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4516-4524. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changcun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongjian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingmin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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33
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Griesser M, Shah R, Van Kessel AT, Zilka O, Haidasz EA, Pratt DA. The Catalytic Reaction of Nitroxides with Peroxyl Radicals and Its Relevance to Their Cytoprotective Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3798-3808. [PMID: 29451786 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sterically-hindered nitroxides such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin- N-oxyl (TEMPO) have long been ascribed antioxidant activity that is thought to underlie their chemopreventive and anti-aging properties. However, the most commonly invoked reactions in this context-combination with an alkyl radical to give a redox inactive alkoxyamine or catalysis of superoxide dismutation-are unlikely to be relevant under (most) physiological conditions. Herein, we characterize the kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of TEMPO, as well as an N-arylnitroxide and an N, N-diarylnitroxide, with alkylperoxyl radicals, the propagating species in lipid peroxidation. In each of aqueous solution and lipid bilayers, they are found to be significantly more reactive than Vitamin E, Nature's premier radical-trapping antioxidant (RTA). Inhibited autoxidations of THF in aqueous buffers reveal that nitroxides reduce peroxyl radicals by electron transfer with rate constants ( k ≈ 106 to >107 M-1 s-1) that correlate with the standard potentials of the nitroxides ( E° ≈ 0.75-0.95 V vs NHE) and that this activity is catalytic in nitroxide. Regeneration of the nitroxide occurs by a two-step process involving hydride transfer from the substrate to the nitroxide-derived oxoammonium ion followed by H-atom transfer from the resultant hydroxylamine to a peroxyl radical. This reactivity extends from aqueous solution to phosphatidylcholine liposomes, where added NADPH can be used as a hydride donor to promote nitroxide recycling, as well as to cell culture, where the nitroxides are shown to be potent inhibitors of lipid peroxidation-associated cell death (ferroptosis). These insights have enabled the identification of the most potent nitroxide RTA and anti-ferroptotic agent yet described: phenoxazine- N-oxyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Griesser
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Ron Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Antonius T Van Kessel
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Omkar Zilka
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Evan A Haidasz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario K1N 6N5 , Canada
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34
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Miller SA, Bobbitt JM, Leadbeater NE. Oxidation of terminal diols using an oxoammonium salt: a systematic study. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:2817-2822. [PMID: 28281712 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study of the oxidation of a range of terminal diols is reported, employing the oxoammonium salt 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxoammonium tetrafluoroborate (4-NHAc-TEMPO+ BF4-) as the oxidant. For substrates bearing a hydrocarbon chain of seven carbon atoms or more, the sole product is the dialdehyde. A series of post-oxidation reactions have been performed showing that the product mixture resulting from the oxidation step can be taken on directly to a subsequent transformation. For diols containing four to six carbon atoms, the lactone product is the major product upon oxidation. In the case of 1,2-ethanediol and 1,3-propanediol, when using a 1 : 0.5 stoichiometric ratio of substrate to oxidant, the corresponding monoaldehyde is formed which reacts rapidly with further diol to yield the acetal product. This is of particular synthetic value given both the difficulty of their preparation using other approaches and also their potential application in further reaction chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelli A Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269 USA.
| | - James M Bobbitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269 USA.
| | - Nicholas E Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269 USA.
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Kim MJ, Mun J, Kim J. Oxoammonium salt-mediated oxidative nitriles synthesis from aldehydes with ammonium acetate. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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36
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Kashparova VP, Klushin VA, Zhukova IY, Kashparov IS, Chernysheva DV, Il'chibaeva IB, Smirnova NV, Kagan ES, Chernyshev VM. A TEMPO-like nitroxide combined with an alkyl-substituted pyridine: An efficient catalytic system for the selective oxidation of alcohols with iodine. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Nandi J, Ovian JM, Kelly CB, Leadbeater NE. Oxidative functionalisation of alcohols and aldehydes via the merger of oxoammonium cations and photoredox catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8295-8301. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02243c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The merger of oxoammonium cation mediated oxidation with visible-light photoredox catalysis is demonstrated in the oxidative amidation of aldehydes and alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Nandi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs
- USA
| | - John M. Ovian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs
- USA
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38
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Kashparova VP, Kashparov IS, Zhukova IY, Astakhov AV, Ilchibaeva IB, Kagan ES. Oxidative dimerization of alcohols in the presence of nitroxyl radical–iodine catalytic system. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363216110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Wang G, Mao Y, Liu L. Diastereoselectively Complementary C-H Functionalization Enables Access to Structurally and Stereochemically Diverse 2,6-Substituted Piperidines. Org Lett 2016; 18:6476-6479. [PMID: 27978703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of 2,6-substituted piperidine derivatives through diastereoselective C-H functionalization of corresponding nitrogen heterocycles represents an appealing protocol and yet remains a formidable challenge. Here, we describe a stereochemically complementary oxidative C-H functionalization of N-carbamoyl tetrahydropyridines with a wide variety of building blocks, providing either the cis- or trans-2,6-substituted piperidines with diverse patterns of functionalities. The mild metal-free process exhibits excellent regio- and diastereoselectivities as well as functional group tolerance. The synthetic utilities in natural product and analogue syntheses are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ying Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan 250012, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan 250012, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, China
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40
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Gini A, Bamberger J, Luis-Barrera J, Zurro M, Mas-Ballesté R, Alemán J, Mancheño OG. Synthesis of 3-Benzazepines by Metal-Free Oxidative C-H Bond Functionalization-Ring Expansion Tandem Reaction. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gini
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
- Straubing Center of Science for Renewable Resources; 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Julia Bamberger
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
- Straubing Center of Science for Renewable Resources; 94315 Straubing Germany
| | - Javier Luis-Barrera
- Organic Chemistry Department; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (U.A.M.); 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Mercedes Zurro
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Rubén Mas-Ballesté
- Inorganic Chemistry Department; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (U.A.M.); 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department; Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (U.A.M.); 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Olga García Mancheño
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93053 Regensburg Germany
- Straubing Center of Science for Renewable Resources; 94315 Straubing Germany
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41
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Kärkäs MD, Matsuura BS, Monos TM, Magallanes G, Stephenson CRJ. Transition-metal catalyzed valorization of lignin: the key to a sustainable carbon-neutral future. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1853-914. [PMID: 26732312 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02212f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of a sustainable, carbon-neutral biorefinery has emerged as a prominent scientific and engineering goal of the 21st century. As petroleum has become less accessible, biomass-based carbon sources have been investigated for utility in fuel production and commodity chemical manufacturing. One underutilized biomaterial is lignin; however, its highly crosslinked and randomly polymerized composition have rendered this biopolymer recalcitrant to existing chemical processing. More recently, insight into lignin's molecular structure has reinvigorated chemists to develop catalytic methods for lignin depolymerization. This review examines the development of transition-metal catalyzed reactions and the insights shared between the homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems towards the ultimate goal of valorizing lignin to produce value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Bryan S Matsuura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Timothy M Monos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Gabriel Magallanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
| | - Corey R J Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Singappuli‐Arachchige D, Manzano JS, Sherman LM, Slowing II. Polarity Control at Interfaces: Quantifying Pseudo‐solvent Effects in Nano‐confined Systems. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2982-2986. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilini Singappuli‐Arachchige
- Program of Chemical and Biological Sciences U.S. D.O.E. Ames Laboratory 311 TASF Ames IA 50011 USA
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University 1605 Gilman Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - J. Sebastian Manzano
- Program of Chemical and Biological Sciences U.S. D.O.E. Ames Laboratory 311 TASF Ames IA 50011 USA
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University 1605 Gilman Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Lindy M. Sherman
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University 1605 Gilman Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Igor I. Slowing
- Program of Chemical and Biological Sciences U.S. D.O.E. Ames Laboratory 311 TASF Ames IA 50011 USA
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University 1605 Gilman Hall Ames IA 50011 USA
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A Metal-Free Oxidative Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling ofN-Aryl Tetrahydroisoquinolines and 2-Methylazaarenes Using a Recyclable Oxoammonium Salt as Oxidant in Aqueous Media. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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44
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Loman JJ, Carnaghan ER, Hamlin TA, Ovian JM, Kelly CB, Mercadante MA, Leadbeater NE. A combined computational and experimental investigation of the oxidative ring-opening of cyclic ethers by oxoammonium cations. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3883-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00347h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative ring-opening of cyclic ethers using oxoammonium cations is investigated using experimental and computational methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John M. Ovian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs
- USA
| | | | | | - Nicholas E. Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Connecticut
- Storrs
- USA
- Department of Community Medicine & Health Care
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