TBAI-Catalyzed Reaction between N-Tosylhydrazones and Sulfur: A Procedure toward 1,2,3-Thiadiazole

Silane-promoted cycloaddition of thiobenzhydrazides with carbon dioxide toward 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-ones

Herein, we developed a silane-promoted cycloaddition of thiobenzhydrazides with carbon dioxide leading to 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2(3H)-ones. This procedure involves sequential N-silylation and fixation of carbon dioxide toward a hydrazine formyl intermediate, followed by intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization and aromatization. A series of functional groups are well-tolerated under this procedure. As such, it represents a facile and efficient pathway for utilizing carbon dioxide in the construction of value-added heterocyclic frameworks.

Advancing drug discovery: Thiadiazole derivatives as multifaceted agents in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology

In this dispensation of rapid scientific and technological advancements, significant efforts are being made to curb health-related diseases. Research discoveries have highlighted the value of heterocyclic compounds, particularly thiadiazole derivatives, due to their diverse pharmacological activities. These compounds play a crucial role in therapeutic medicine and the development of effective drugs. Thiadiazoles are five-membered heterocyclic compounds consisting of one sulfur and two nitrogen atoms. This review explores advanced synthesis techniques, including the use of heterogeneous catalysts, microwave-assisted methods, ultrasound-assisted synthesis, solvent-free processes, multicomponent reactions, copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidative annulation, intramolecular cyclization, click-chemistry supported synthesis, and alkali-promoted, transition-metal-free mediated synthesis. These methods enhance the diversity and potential applications of thiadiazole compounds. Furthermore, this study provides up-to-date information on the key pharmacological activities of thiadiazole derivatives, highlighting their potential in therapeutic medicine for drug development. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) is also discussed to better understand their interactions and safety in biological systems. This work aims to expand on the reported chemistry and pharmacological potential of the thiadiazole moiety to validate their efficacy as promising pharmacophores in drug design and development.

Harnessing the versatility of hydrazones through electrosynthetic oxidative transformations

Hydrazones are important structural motifs in organic synthesis, providing a useful molecular platform for the construction of valuable compounds. Electrooxidative transformations of hydrazones constitute an attractive opportunity to take advantage of the versatility of these reagents. By directly harnessing the electrical current to perform the oxidative process, a large panel of organic molecules can be accessed from readily available hydrazones under mild, safe and oxidant-free reaction conditions. This review presents a comprehensive overview of oxidative electrosynthetic transformations of hydrazones. It includes the construction of azacycles, the C(sp2)-H functionalization of aldehyde-derived hydrazones and the access to diazo compounds as either synthetic intermediates or products. A special attention is paid to the reaction mechanism with the aim to encourage further development in this field.

TBAI-Catalysed Formal [4+4]-Cycloaddition: Easy Access to Oxa-Bridged Eight-Membered Heterocycles

TBAI-catalysed [4+4]-cyclization reaction of anthranils with hydrazones to deliver oxa-bridged eight-membered heterocycles in accepted yields was developed. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicated that the reaction involved the in situ generation of vinyldiazenes from readily available hydrazones followed by an aza-Michael addition of the anthranil substrates onto the vinyldiazenes and subsequent annulation. This transformation involved the formation of two new C-N bonds and C-O bond in one pot, overcoming the synthetic limitations of anthranils in organic chemistry. This strategy benefits from high efficiency and atomic economy with mild reaction conditions.

TBAI-Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Benzyl Ketones to Synthesize 2,3-Diaryl-1,4-Diketones in Water

An efficient and green route of C-C bond formation was disclosed to construct 2,3-diaryl-1,4-diketones from α-methylene ketones by the catalysis of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant in water. This reaction affords the desired products in good to excellent yields from readily available materials, with a broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, tetrasubstituted furan and pyrrole were smoothly constructed from α-methylene ketones in one pot with 96 and 90% yields, respectively.

Base-promoted anaerobic intramolecular cyclization synthesis of 4,5-disubstituted-1,2,3-thiadiazoles

An alkali-promoted, transition-metal-free and oxidant-free method to construct 4,5-disubstituted-1,2,3-thiadiazoles from N-tosylhydrazone-bearing thiocarbamates by employing a sustainable intramolecular reaction strategy has been developed.

Silver-mediated annulation between 5-H-1,2,3-thiadiazoles and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds to construct polysubstituted furans

An efficient synthesis of polysubstituted furans by Ag(i)-mediated annulation between 5-H-1,2,3-thiadiazoles and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds is reported.

Electrochemical Synthesis of 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles from α-Phenylhydrazones

We have developed an electrochemical approach for the synthesis of fully substituted 1,2,3-thiadiazoles from α-phenylhydrazones at room temperature, which is very challenging and complementary to the conventional thermal reactions. The key step involves anodic oxidation of phenylhydrazone derivatives at a constant current followed by N,S-heterocyclization. The protocol is remarkable in that it is free of a base and free of an external oxidant and can be converted to a gram scale for postsynthetic drug development with functional thiadiazoles. Most importantly, the electrochemical transformation reflected efficient electro-oxidation with an operationally friendly easy procedure with ample functional molecules. Cyclic voltammograms support the mechanism of this electro-oxidative cyclization process.

[2 + 2 + 1] Cycloaddition of N-tosylhydrazones, tert-butyl nitrite and alkenes: a general and practical access to isoxazolines

N-Tosylhydrazones have proven to be versatile synthons over the past several decades. However, to our knowledge, the construction of isoxazolines based on N-tosylhydrazones has not been examined. Herein, we report the first demonstrations of [2 + 2 + 1] cycloaddition reactions that allow the facile synthesis of isoxazolines, employing N-tosylhydrazones, tert-butyl nitrite (TBN) and alkenes as reactants. This process represents a new type of cycloaddition reaction with a distinct mechanism that does not involve the participation of nitrile oxides. This approach is both general and practical and exhibits a wide substrate scope, nearly universal functional group compatibility, tolerance of moisture and air, the potential for functionalization of complex bioactive molecules and is readily scaled up. Both control experiments and theoretical calculations indicate that this transformation proceeds via the in situ generation of a nitronate from the coupling of N-tosylhydrazone and TBN, followed by cycloaddition with an alkene and subsequent elimination of a tert-butyloxy group to give the desired isoxazoline.

Photo-oxidative Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Formal [3 + 2] Heterocyclization of Thioamides to Thiadiazoles

An operationally simple and sustainable one-pot photo-oxidative formal [3 + 2] heterocyclization of β-ketothioamides with aryldiazonium salts catalyzed by Ru(bpy)₃Cl₂ has been realized to provide 2,4-disubstituted 5-imino-1,2,3-thiadiazoles in good to high yields under mild reaction conditions for the first time. The reaction proceeded via an α-phenylhydrazone adduct of thioamides leading to 1,2,3-thiadiazoles via N-S bond formation at room temperature. Notably, the products possess Z-stereochemistry with regard to the exocyclic C═N double bond at the 5-position of the ring.

Diiiodine/Potassium Persulfate Mediated Synthesis of 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles from N-Tosylhydrazones and a Thiocyanate Salt as a Sulfur Source under Transition-Metal-Free Conditions

A highly efficient method for the synthesis of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles has been developed by utilizing readily available tosylhydrazones and ammonium thiocyanate with ecofriendly EtOH as the solvent at room temperature. The reaction shows a wide scope of substrates and good functional-group tolerance. This protocol can be scaled up to a gram level and can be applied to coupling reactions with 4-(4-bromophenyl)-1,2,3-thiadiazole as the substrate.

I2/DMSO-Catalyzed Transformation of N-tosylhydrazones to 1,2,3-thiadiazoles

An iodine/DMSO catalyzed selective cyclization of N-tosylhydrazones with sulfur without adding external oxidant was developed for the synthesis of 4-aryl-1,2,3-thiadiazoles. In this reaction, oxidation of HI by using DMSO as dual oxidant and solvent is the key, which allowed the regeneration of I₂, ensuring thus the success of the synthesis. This protocol features by simple operation, high step-economy (one-pot fashion), broad substrate scope as well as scale-up ability.

The recent advances in K2S2O8-mediated cyclization/coupling reactions via an oxidative transformation

Recently the K₂S₂O₈ mediated cyclization/coupling reactions to construct carbon–carbon/carbon–heteroatom bond via oxidative transformation is became much interesting in organic synthesis.

I2/CuCl2-promoted one-pot three-component synthesis of aliphatic or aromatic substituted 1,2,3-thiadiazoles

An efficient I₂/CuCl₂-promoted one-pot three-component strategy for the construction of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles from aliphatic- or aromatic-substituted methyl ketones, p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide, and potassium thiocyanate has been developed. Simple and commercially available starting materials, a broad substrate scope, and excellent functional group tolerability make this strategy practical for applications. Furthermore, 1,2,3-thiadiazole synthesis was realized by using potassium thiocyanate as an odorless sulfur source.

Perylenequinonoid-Catalyzed [4 + 1] and [4 + 2] Annulations of Azoalkenes: Photocatalytic Access to 1,2,3-Thiadiazole/1,4,5,6-Tetrahydropyridazine Derivatives

Nitrogen-containing heterocycles are especially considered "privileged" structural scaffolds for the development of new drugs. However, traditional methods of organic synthesis are mainly based on thermal cycloaddition reaction; thus, the exploration of new strategies for the rapid assembly of N-heterocycles under mild conditions is highly desirable. Here, we developed a new method that visible light along with 1 mol % cercosporin, which is one of the perylenequinonoid pigments with excellent properties of photosensitization and can be easily produced by a new isolated endophytic fungus Cercospora sp. JNU001 strain with high yield through microbial fermentation, catalyzes the synthesis of 1,2,3-thiadiazoles and 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridazines by a photocatalytic process with good regioselectivity and broad functional-group compatibility under mild conditions. Thus, a bridge between microbial fermentation and organic photocatalysis for the construction of nitrogen-containing heterocycles was set up in a sustainable, environmentally friendly manner.

Metal-free synthesis of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines via elemental sulfur mediated sequential dual oxidative Csp3-H amination

A simple and efficient approach has been developed for the synthesis of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines using the elemental sulfur mediated sequential dual oxidative Csp3-H amination of 2-pyridyl acetates and amines under metal- and peroxide-free conditions. Broad substrate scope, operational simplicity and gram-scale ability make this chemistry very practical.

Direct access to bis-S-heterocyclesviacopper-catalyzed three component tandem cyclization using S8as a sulfur source

An elemental sulfur atom donor strategy for constructing a thiophene-fused thiazole bis-S-heterocyclic skeletonviaCu-catalyzed three-component tandem cyclization has been developed.

Ring-opening/annulation reaction of cyclopropyl ethanols: concise access to thiophene aldehydes via C–S bond formation

The synthesis of thiophene aldehydes from easily available cyclopropyl ethanol derivatives and potassium sulfide has been developed.

Rapid Synthesis of N-Tosylhydrazones under Solvent-Free Conditions and Their Potential Application Against Human Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Some N-tosylhydrazone derivatives were effectively synthesized under solvent-free conditions by using a grinding method at room temperature. The short reaction time, clean and mild process with simple workup and easy purification of the target compounds were salient features of the present protocol, which enables straightforward access to N-tosylhydrazones. Among the tosylhydrazone derivatives evaluated, compound 3 l exhibits excellent apoptosis-promoting and anticancer potential against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines. This research shows that our synthesized compound 3 l may be a desirable and effective therapeutic drug against TNBC.

Transition-Metal-Free Sulfuration/Annulation of Alkenes: Economical Access to Thiophenes Enabled by the Cleavage of Multiple C-H Bonds

A novel, atom economical, and transition-metal-free strategy for the synthesis of thiophenes from substituted buta-1-enes with potassium sulfide has been presented. The reaction achieves double C-S bond formations via cleavage of multiple C-H bonds and provides an efficient approach to access various functionalized thiophenes. Moreover, the strategy can also be used for the synthesis of thiophenes from 1,4-diaryl-1,3-dienes. Mechanistically, DMSO plays a role of oxidant and S₃^•- in situ generated from K₂S is involved.