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Zhang C, Cheng J, Wu Q, Hou S, Feng S, Jiang B, Lambert CJ, Gao X, Li Y, Li J. Enhanced π-π Stacking between Dipole-Bearing Single Molecules Revealed by Conductance Measurement. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1617-1630. [PMID: 36625785 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dipoles are widely involved in π-π interactions and are central to many chemical and biological functions, but their influence on the strength of π-π interactions remains unclear. Here, we report a study of π-π interaction between azulene-based, polar single molecules and between naphthalene-based, nonpolar single molecules. By performing scanning tunneling microscopy break junction measurements of single-molecule conductance, we show that the π-stacked dimers formed by the azulene-based, polar aromatic structures feature higher electrical conductivity and mechanical stability than those formed by the naphthalene-based, nonpolar molecules. Mechanical control of π-π interactions in both rotational and translational motion reveals a sensitive dependence of the stacking strength on relative alignment between the dipoles. The antiparallel alignment of the dipoles was found to be the optimal stacking configuration that underpins the observed enhancement of π-π stacking between azulene-based single molecules. Density functional theory calculations further explained the observed enhancement of stacking strength and the corresponding charge transport efficiency. Our experimental and theoretical results show that the antiparallel alignment of the dipole moments significantly enhances the electronic coupling and mechanical stability of π-π stacking. In addition, in the formation of single-molecule junctions, the azulene group was experimentally and theoretically proved to form a Au-π contact with electrodes with high charge transport efficiency. This paper provides evidence and interpretation of the role of dipoles in π-π interactions at the single-molecule level and offers new insights into potential applications in supramolecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyang Zhang
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LancasterLA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Songjun Hou
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LancasterLA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Sai Feng
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Department of Physics, Lancaster University, LancasterLA1 4YB, U.K
| | - Xike Gao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Yueqi Li
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China.,Department of Chemistry, Key Lab of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
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2
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Tetrathiafulvalenes as anchors for building highly conductive and mechanically tunable molecular junctions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1803. [PMID: 35379823 PMCID: PMC8980061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe interface between molecules and electrodes has great impact on charge transport of molecular devices. Precisely manipulating the structure and electronic coupling of electrode-molecule interface at a molecular level is very challenging. Here, we develop new molecular junctions based on tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-fused naphthalene diimide (NDI) molecules which are anchored to gold electrodes through direct TTF-Au contacts formed via Au-S bonding. These contacts enable highly efficient orbital hybridization of gold electrodes and the conducting π-channels, yielding strong electrode-molecule coupling and remarkably high conductivity in the junctions. By further introducing additional thiohexyl (SHe) anchors to the TTF units, we develop molecular wires with multiple binding sites and demonstrate reversibly switchable electrode-molecule contacts and junction conductance through mechanical control. These findings show a superb electrode-molecule interface and provide a new strategy for precisely tunning the conductance of molecular devices towards new functions.
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3
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Xie X, Li P, Xu Y, Zhou L, Yan Y, Xie L, Jia C, Guo X. Single-Molecule Junction: A Reliable Platform for Monitoring Molecular Physical and Chemical Processes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3476-3505. [PMID: 35179354 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring and manipulating the physical and chemical behavior of single molecules is an important development direction of molecular electronics that aids in understanding the molecular world at the single-molecule level. The electrical detection platform based on single-molecule junctions can monitor physical and chemical processes at the single-molecule level with a high temporal resolution, stability, and signal-to-noise ratio. Recently, the combination of single-molecule junctions with different multimodal control systems has been widely used to explore significant physical and chemical phenomena because of its powerful monitoring and control capabilities. In this review, we focus on the applications of single-molecule junctions in monitoring molecular physical and chemical processes. The methods developed for characterizing single-molecule charge transfer and spin characteristics as well as revealing the corresponding intrinsic mechanisms are introduced. Dynamic detection and regulation of single-molecule conformational isomerization, intermolecular interactions, and chemical reactions are also discussed in detail. In addition to these dynamic investigations, this review discusses the open challenges of single-molecule detection in the fields of physics and chemistry and proposes some potential applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Xie
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Peihui Li
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yanxia Xu
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Yong Yan
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Linghai Xie
- Center for Molecular Systems and Organic Devices (CMSOD), Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Center of Single-Molecule Sciences, Institute of Modern Optics, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin 300350, PR China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, 292 Chengfu Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100871, PR China
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4
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Bliksted Roug Pedersen V, Granhøj J, Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen A, Kadziola A, Mikkelsen KV, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Fulvalene-Based Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Ladder-Type Structures: Synthesis and Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:8315-8324. [PMID: 33856724 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have found strong interest for their electronic properties and as model systems for graphene. While PAHs have been studied intensively as single units, here PAHs were constructed in ladder-type arrangements using cross-conjugated fulvalene and dithiafulvalene motifs as connecting units and moving forward a convenient synthetic approach for dimerizing (thio)ketones into olefins by the action of Lawesson's reagent. Some of the PAHs can also be regarded as "super-extended" tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs) with some of the largest cores ever explored, being multi-redox systems that exhibit both reversible oxidations and reductions. Concomitant absorption redshifts were observed when expanding the ladder-type structures from one to two to three indenofluorene units, and optical and electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gaps were found to correlate linearly. Various conformations (and solid-state packing arrangements) were studied by X-ray crystallography and computations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeppe Granhøj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Kadziola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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5
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Munjal S, Khare N. Compliance current controlled volatile and nonvolatile memory in Ag/CoFe 2O 4/Pt resistive switching device. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:185204. [PMID: 33470980 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abdd5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on the resistive memory effects of a Ag/CoFe2O4/Pt device and a deterministic conversion between volatile and nonvolatile resistive switching (RS) memory through the tuning of current compliance (I CC). For the smaller I CC (10-4 A) the device exhibits volatile RS behavior with an atomically sized conducting filament showing the quantum conductance. For an intermediate I CC (10-2 A) nonvolatile bipolar RS behavior is observed, which could originate from the formation and rupture of filament consisting of Ag ions. The high resistance state (HRS) of the device shows a semiconducting conduction mechanism, whereas the low resistance state (LRS) was found to be Ohmic in nature. The temperature dependent resistance studies and magnetization studies indicated that the electrochemical metallization plays a dominant role in the resistive switching process for volatile and nonvolatile modes through the formation of Ag conducting filaments. For higher I CC (10-1 A) the device permanently switches to LRS. The irreversible RS memory behaviors, observed for higher I CC, could be attributed to the formation of a thick and stable conducting channel formed of oxygen vacancies and Ag ions. The compliance current controlled resistive switching modes with a large memory window make the present device a potential candidate to pave the way for future resistive switching devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Munjal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Neeraj Khare
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India
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Mogensen J, Michaels H, Roy R, Broløs L, Kilde MD, Freitag M, Nielsen MB. Indenofluorene‐Extended Tetrathiafulvalene Scaffolds for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Mogensen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Hannes Michaels
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University P.O. Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University P.O. Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Marina Freitag
- Department of Chemistry – Ångström Laboratory Uppsala University P.O. Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Bedson Building Newcastle University NE1 7RY Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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7
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Andersen D, Nygaard DB, Kragh RR, Broløs L, Nielsen MB. Synthesis of redox-active donor/acceptor chromophores with a central indenofluorene or indacenodithiophene core. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Broløs L, Kilde MD, Hammerich O, Nielsen MB. Toward Redox-Active Indenofluorene-Extended Tetrathiafulvalene Oligomers-Synthesis and Studies of Dimeric Scaffolds. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3277-3286. [PMID: 31984743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The promotion of mixed-valence interactions between redox-active, π-conjugated scaffolds is of interest when developing new conducting or electrochromic materials as well as in the construction of redox-controlled supramolecular assemblies. In this work, dimeric structures of the redox-active indenofluorene-extended tetrathiafulvalene (IF-TTF) unit were synthesized in a stepwise protocol. The synthesis relied on the development of a new unsymmetrical IF-TTF building block by a combination of phosphite-mediated and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reactions for introduction of the dithiafulvene units. The redox properties were studied by cyclic voltammetry, where it was observed that a first one-electron oxidation, corresponding to a mixed-valence state, occurs at a significantly lower potential when the IF-TTF unit is incorporated into a dimer, compared to a monomer analogue. This result indicates that locking the redox-active IF-TTF units in close proximity promotes intramolecular mixed-valence interactions. A computational study was also conducted, supporting the involvement of intramolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Broløs L, Nielsen MB. Dimers of pyrrolo-annelated indenofluorene-extended tetrathiafulvalenes – large multiredox systems. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15030-15033. [PMID: 35495470 PMCID: PMC9052312 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A new pyrrolo-annelated indenofluorene-extended tetrathiafulvalene building block was developed and employed in N-arylation reactions for construction of redox-active dimeric scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- Universitetsparken 5
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
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10
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Andersen SS, Saad AW, Kristensen R, Pedersen TS, O'Driscoll LJ, Flood AH, Jeppesen JO. Salts accelerate the switching kinetics of a cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) [2]rotaxane. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2432-2441. [PMID: 30742174 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00085b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rate at which the macrocyclic cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring of a bistable [2]rotaxane moves from a tetrathiafulvalene station to an oxyphenylene station upon oxidation of the tetrathiafulvalene station is found to be increased in the presence of added salts. Compared to the salt-free case, 0.1 M solutions of a series of tetraalkylammonium hexafluorophosphate salts (R4N·PF6, R = H, Me, Et or n-Bu) and of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (n-Bu4N·ClO4) all afford an increased switching rate, which is largest in the case of n-Bu4N·ClO4 with smaller anions. Variation in the size of the ammonium cation has no significant effect. These results indicate that the addition of excess ions can be used as an accelerator to speed up shuttling processes in rotaxanes and catenanes based on the mobile cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring, and that the choice of anion offers a convenient means of controlling the extent of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel S Andersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Aitken RA, Jethwa SJ. Synthesis of Electro-active Compounds Suitable for Adsorption on Metal Surfaces. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2017.1374065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Alan Aitken
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth J. Jethwa
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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12
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Petersen JF, Frederickson CK, Marshall JL, Rudebusch GE, Zakharov LN, Hammerich O, Haley MM, Nielsen MB. Expanded Indacene–Tetrathiafulvalene Scaffolds: Structural Implications for Redox Properties and Association Behavior. Chemistry 2017; 23:13120-13130. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fabritius Petersen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Conerd K. Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Jonathan L. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Gabriel E. Rudebusch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR-Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1433 USA
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
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13
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Wu BH, Ivie JA, Johnson TK, Monti OLA. Uncovering hierarchical data structure in single molecule transport. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4974937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ben H. Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Ivie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Tyler K. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Oliver L. A. Monti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 E. University Blvd., Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, 1118 E. Fourth Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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14
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Broman SL, Andersen CL, Jousselin-Oba T, Mansø M, Hammerich O, Frigoli M, Nielsen MB. Tetraceno[2,1,12,11-opqra]tetracene-extended tetrathiafulvalene – redox-controlled generation of a large PAH core. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:807-811. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02666d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The geometry of the tetraceno[2,1,12,11-opqra]tetracene polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is controlled by oxidation–reduction of exocyclic dithiafulvene substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
- Denmark
| | - Michel Frigoli
- UMR CNRS 8180
- UVSQ
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
- 78035 Versailles Cedex
- France
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