1
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Sarker M, Dobner C, Zahl P, Fiankor C, Zhang J, Saxena A, Aluru N, Enders A, Sinitskii A. Porous Nanographenes, Graphene Nanoribbons, and Nanoporous Graphene Selectively Synthesized from the Same Molecular Precursor. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14453-14467. [PMID: 38747845 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate a family of molecular precursors based on 7,10-dibromo-triphenylenes that can selectively produce different varieties of atomically precise porous graphene nanomaterials through the use of different synthetic environments. Upon Yamamoto polymerization of these molecules in solution, the free rotations of the triphenylene units around the C-C bonds result in the formation of cyclotrimers in high yields. In contrast, in on-surface polymerization of the same molecules on Au(111) these rotations are impeded, and the coupling proceeds toward the formation of long polymer chains. These chains can then be converted to porous graphene nanoribbons (pGNRs) by annealing. Correspondingly, the solution-synthesized cyclotrimers can also be deposited onto Au(111) and converted into porous nanographenes (pNGs) via thermal treatment. Thus, both processes start with the same molecular precursor and end with a porous graphene nanomaterial on Au(111), but the type of product, pNG or pGNR, depends on the specific coupling approach. We also produced extended nanoporous graphenes (NPGs) through the lateral fusion of highly aligned pGNRs on Au(111) that were grown at high coverage. The pNGs can also be synthesized directly in solution by Scholl oxidative cyclodehydrogenation of cyclotrimers. We demonstrate the generality of this approach by synthesizing two varieties of 7,10-dibromo-triphenylenes that selectively produced six nanoporous products with different dimensionalities. The basic 7,10-dibromo-triphenylene monomer is amenable to structural modifications, potentially providing access to many new porous graphene nanomaterials. We show that by constructing different porous structures from the same building blocks, it is possible to tune the energy band gap in a wide range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamun Sarker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Christoph Dobner
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Percy Zahl
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Christian Fiankor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anshul Saxena
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Narayana Aluru
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Axel Enders
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Sinitskii
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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2
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Filatov M, Mironov V, Kraka E. Unraveling the effect of aromaticity for the dynamics of excited states of single benzene fluorophores. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:1033-1045. [PMID: 38216513 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a series of recently synthesized single benzene fluorophores were investigated using ensemble density functional theory calculations. The energetic stability of the ground and excited state species were counterposed against the aromaticity index derived from local vibrational modes. It was found that the large Stokes shift of the fluorophores (up to ca. 5800 cm - 1 ) originates from the effect of electron donating and electron withdrawing substituents rather than π -delocalization and related (anti-)aromaticity. On the basis of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations, the absence of fluorescence from one of the regioisomers was explained by the occurrence of easily accessible S 1 /S 0 conical intersections below the vertical excitation energy level. It is demonstrated in the manuscript that the analysis of local mode force constants and the related aromaticity index represent a useful tool for the characterization of π -delocalization effects in π -conjugated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Filatov
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA
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3
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Milanez BD, Dos Santos GM, Pinheiro M, Ueno LT, Ferrão LFA, Aquino AJA, Lischka H, Machado FBC. Structural stability and the low-lying singlet and triplet states of BN-n-acenes, n = 1-7. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:755-765. [PMID: 36373956 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemical stability and the low-lying singlet and triplet excited states of BN-n-acenes (n = 1-7) were studied using single reference and multireference methodologies. From the calculations, descriptors such as the singlet-triplet splitting, the natural orbital (NO) occupations and aromaticity indexes are used to provide structural and energetic analysis. The boron and nitrogen atoms form an isoelectronic pair of two carbon atoms, which was used for the complete substitution of these units in the acene series. The structural analysis confirms the effects originated from the insertion of a uniform pattern of electronegativity difference within the molecular systems. The covalent bonds tend to be strongly polarized which does not happen in the case of a carbon-only framework. This effect leads to a charge transfer between neighbor atoms resulting in a more strengthened structure, keeping the aromaticity roughly constant along the chain. The singlet-triplet splitting also agrees with this stability trend, maintaining a consistent gap value for all molecules. The BN-n-acenes molecules possess a ground state with monoconfigurational character indicating their electronic stability. The low-lying singlet excited states have charge transfer character, which proceeds from nitrogen to boron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno D Milanez
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Max Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo T Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz F A Ferrão
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelia J A Aquino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Francisco B C Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA), São Paulo, Brazil
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4
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Kraka E, Quintano M, La Force HW, Antonio JJ, Freindorf M. The Local Vibrational Mode Theory and Its Place in the Vibrational Spectroscopy Arena. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8781-8798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas75275-0314, United States
| | - Mateus Quintano
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas75275-0314, United States
| | - Hunter W. La Force
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas75275-0314, United States
| | - Juliana J. Antonio
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas75275-0314, United States
| | - Marek Freindorf
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas75275-0314, United States
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5
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Zhu X, Liu Y, Pu W, Liu FZ, Xue Z, Sun Z, Yan K, Yu P. On-Surface Synthesis of C144 Hexagonal Coronoid with Zigzag Edges. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10600-10607. [PMID: 35730577 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Coronoids as polycyclic aromatic macrocycles enclosing a cavity have attracted a lot of attention due to their distinctive molecular and electronic structures. They can be also regarded as nanoporous graphene molecules whose electronic properties are critically dependent on the size and topology of their outer and inner peripheries. However, because of their synthetic challenges, the extended hexagonal coronoids with zigzag outer edges have not been reported yet. Here, we report the on-surface synthesis of C144 hexagonal coronoid with outer zigzag edges on a designed precursor undergoing hierarchical Ullmann coupling and cyclodehydrogenation on the Au(111) surface. The molecular structure is unambiguously characterized by bond-resolved noncontact atomic force microscopy imaging. The electronic properties are further investigated by scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements, in combination with the density functional theory calculations. Moreover, the values of the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity are derived from calculations that suggest that the molecular structure is ideally represented by Clar's model. Our results provide approaches toward realizing a hexagonal coronoid with zigzag edges, potentially inspiring fabrication of hexagonal zigzag coronoids with multiple radical characters in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujie Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwen Pu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Zi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijie Xue
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoru Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - KaKing Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, China
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6
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Mechanistic Details of the Sharpless Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols—A Combined URVA and Local Mode Study. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated the catalytic effects of a Sharpless dimeric titanium (IV)–tartrate–diester catalyst on the epoxidation of allylalcohol with methyl–hydroperoxide considering four different orientations of the reacting species coordinated at the titanium atom (reactions R1–R4) as well as a model for the non-catalyzed reaction (reaction R0). As major analysis tools, we applied the URVA (Unified Reaction Valley Approach) and LMA (Local Mode Analysis), both being based on vibrational spectroscopy and complemented by a QTAIM analysis of the electron density calculated at the DFT level of theory. The energetics of each reaction were recalculated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T) level of theory. The URVA curvature profiles identified the important chemical events of all five reactions as peroxide OO bond cleavage taking place before the TS (i.e., accounting for the energy barrier) and epoxide CO bond formation together with rehybridization of the carbon atoms of the targeted CC double bond after the TS. The energy decomposition into reaction phase contribution phases showed that the major effect of the catalyst is the weakening of the OO bond to be broken and replacement of OH bond breakage in the non-catalyzed reaction by an energetically more favorable TiO bond breakage. LMA performed at all stationary points rounded up the investigation (i) quantifying OO bond weakening of the oxidizing peroxide upon coordination at the metal atom, (ii) showing that a more synchronous formation of the new CO epoxide bonds correlates with smaller bond strength differences between these bonds, and (iii) elucidating the different roles of the three TiO bonds formed between catalyst and reactants and their interplay as orchestrated by the Sharpless catalyst. We hope that this article will inspire the computational community to use URVA complemented with LMA in the future as an efficient mechanistic tool for the optimization and fine-tuning of current Sharpless catalysts and for the design new of catalysts for epoxidation reactions.
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Abstract
Aromaticity, a very important term in organic chemistry, has never been defined unambiguously. Various ways to describe it come from different phenomena that have been experimentally observed. The most important examples related to some theoretical concepts are presented here.
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Hazrah AS, Nanayakkara S, Seifert NA, Kraka E, Jäger W. Structural study of 1- and 2-naphthol: new insights into the non-covalent H-H interaction in cis-1-naphthol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3722-3732. [PMID: 35080568 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05632h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous microwave studies of naphthol monomers were supplemented by measuring spectra of all 13C mono-substituted isotopologues of the cis- and trans-conformers of 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol in their natural abundances. The resulting data were utilized to determine substitution structures and so-called semi-experimental effective structures. Results from electronic structure calculations show that the OH group of cis-1-naphthol points ≈6° out of plane, which is consistent with the inertial defect data of cis- and trans-1-naphthol. The non-planarity of cis-1-naphthol is a result of a close-contact H-atom-H-atom interaction. This type of H-H interaction has been the subject of much controversy in the past and we provide here an in-depth theoretical analysis of it. The naphthol system is particularly well-suited for such analysis as it provides internal standards with its four different isomers. The methods used include quantum theory of atoms in molecules, non-covalent interactions, independent gradient model, local vibrational mode, charge model 5, and natural bond orbital analyses. We demonstrate that the close-contact H-H interaction is neither a purely attractive nor repulsive interaction, but rather a mixture of the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsh S Hazrah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Sadisha Nanayakkara
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275-0314, USA.
| | - Nathan A Seifert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275-0314, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Jäger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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9
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Fueyo-González F, Espinar-Barranco L, Herranz R, Alkorta I, Crovetto L, Fribourg M, Paredes JM, Orte A, González-Vera JA. Self-Assembled Lanthanide Antenna Glutathione Sensor for the Study of Immune Cells. ACS Sens 2022; 7:322-330. [PMID: 35034437 PMCID: PMC8805117 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The small molecule
8-methoxy-2-oxo-1,2,4,5-tetrahydrocyclopenta[de]quinoline-3-carboxylic
acid (2b) behaves as a reactive non-fluorescent Michael
acceptor, which after reaction with thiols becomes fluorescent, and
an efficient Eu3+ antenna, after self-assembling with this
cation in water. This behavior makes 2b a highly selective
GSH biosensor, which has demonstrated high potential for studies in
murine and human cells of the immune system (CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B cells) using flow cytometry. GSH can be monitored
by the fluorescence of the product of addition to 2b (445
nm) or by the luminescence of Eu3+ (592 nm). 2b was able to capture baseline differences in GSH intracellular levels
among murine and human CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B
cells. We also successfully used 2b to monitor intracellular
changes in GSH associated with the metabolic variations governing
the induction of CD4+ naïve T cells into regulatory
T cells (TREG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fueyo-González
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Laura Espinar-Barranco
- Nanoscopy Laboratory, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Rosario Herranz
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Crovetto
- Nanoscopy Laboratory, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Fribourg
- Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jose Manuel Paredes
- Nanoscopy Laboratory, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Angel Orte
- Nanoscopy Laboratory, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A. González-Vera
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Nanoscopy Laboratory, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Zeng Z, Guo D, Wang T, Chen Q, Matěj A, Huang J, Han D, Xu Q, Zhao A, Jelínek P, de Oteyza DG, McEwen JS, Zhu J. Chemisorption-Induced Formation of Biphenylene Dimer on Ag(111). J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:723-732. [PMID: 34964646 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report an example that demonstrates the clear interdependence between surface-supported reactions and molecular-adsorption configurations. Two biphenyl-based molecules with two and four bromine substituents, i.e., 2,2'-dibromobiphenyl (DBBP) and 2,2',6,6'-tetrabromo-1,1'-biphenyl (TBBP), show completely different reaction pathways on a Ag(111) surface, leading to the selective formation of dibenzo[e,l]pyrene and biphenylene dimer, respectively. By combining low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, synchrotron radiation photoemission spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations, we unravel the underlying reaction mechanism. After debromination, a biradical biphenyl can be stabilized by surface Ag adatoms, while a four-radical biphenyl undergoes spontaneous intramolecular annulation due to its extreme instability on Ag(111). Such different chemisorption-induced precursor states between DBBP and TBBP consequently lead to different reaction pathways after further annealing. In addition, using bond-resolving scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy, we determine with atomic precision the bond-length alternation of the biphenylene dimer product, which contains 4-, 6-, and 8-membered rings. The 4-membered ring units turn out to be radialene structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Dezhou Guo
- The Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China.,Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Qifan Chen
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Adam Matěj
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Jianmin Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Dong Han
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
| | - Aidi Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China
| | - Pavel Jelínek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, 16200 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Dimas G de Oteyza
- Donostia International Physics Center, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Centro de Fisica de Materiales, CFM/MPC, CSIC-UPV/EHU, San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jean-Sabin McEwen
- The Gene & Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States.,Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Department of Chemical Physics and Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China
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11
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Kim J, Oh J, Osuka A, Kim D. Porphyrinoids, a unique platform for exploring excited-state aromaticity. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:268-292. [PMID: 34879124 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00742d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Baird (anti)aromaticity has been referred to as a description of excited-state (anti)aromaticity. With the term of Baird's rule, recent studies have intensively verified that the Hückel aromatic [4n + 2]π (or antiaromatic [4n]π) molecules in the ground state are reversed to give Baird aromatic [4n]π (or Baird antiaromatic [4n + 2]π) molecules in the excited states. Since the Hückel (anti)aromaticity has great influence on the molecular properties and reaction mechanisms, the Baird (anti)aromaticity has been expected to act as a dominant factor in governing excited-state properties and processes, which has attracted intensive scientific investigations for the verification of the concept of reversed aromaticity in the excited states. In this scientific endeavor, porphyrinoids have recently played leading roles in the demonstration of the aromaticity reversal in the excited states and its conceptual development. The distinct structural and electronic nature of porphyhrinoids depending on their (anti)aromaticity allow the direct observation of excited-state aromaticity reversal, Baird's rule. The explicit experimental demonstration with porphyrinoids has contributed greatly to its conceptual development and application in novel functional organic materials. Based on the significant role of porphyrinoids in the field of excited-state aromaticity, this review provides an overview of the experimental verification of the reversal concept of excited-state aromaticity by porphyrinoids and the recent progress on its conceptual application in novel functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea.
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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12
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Désesquelles P, Van-Oanh NT, Xu L, Luo Y, Mai TVT, Huynh LK, Domin D. Multiple dehydrogenation of fluorene cation and neutral fluorene using the statistical molecular fragmentation model. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9900-9910. [PMID: 33908424 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06100j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The statistical molecular fragmentation (SMF) model was used to analyze the 306 fragmentation channels (containing 611 different species) that result from the fluorene (C13H10+) cation losing up to three hydrogen atoms (neutral radicals and/or a proton). Breakdown curves from such analysis permit one to extract experimentally inaccessible information about the fragmentation of the fluorene cation, such as the locations of the lost hydrogen atoms (or proton), yields of the neutral fragments, electronic states of the residues, and quantification of very low probability channels that would be difficult to detect. Charge localization during the fragmentation pathways was studied to provide a qualitative understanding of the fragmentation process. Breakdown curves for both the fluorene cation and neutral fluorene were compared. The SMF results match the rise and fall of the one hydrogen loss yield experimentally measured by imaging photoelectron-photoion coincidence spectroscopy using a VUV synchrotron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Désesquelles
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des Plasmas, 91405, Orsay, France
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13
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Zhuang B, Tojo S, Fujitsuka M. Electronic and Structural Properties of 2,3‐Naphthalimide in Open‐Shell Configurations Investigated by Pulse Radiolytic and Theoretical Approaches. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhuang
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research Osaka University Mihogaoka 8–1, Ibaraki Osaka 567-0047 Japan
- LOB, CNRS, INSERM École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris 91128 Palaiseau France
| | - Sachiko Tojo
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research Osaka University Mihogaoka 8–1, Ibaraki Osaka 567-0047 Japan
| | - Mamoru Fujitsuka
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research Osaka University Mihogaoka 8–1, Ibaraki Osaka 567-0047 Japan
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14
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Verma N, Tao Y, Kraka E. Systematic Detection and Characterization of Hydrogen Bonding in Proteins via Local Vibrational Modes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2551-2565. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas Texas United States
| | - Yunwen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas Texas United States
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas Texas United States
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15
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N,N‐ and N,O‐6‐membered Ring
peri
‐Annelation in Naphthalene. Is it a Heteroring or merely a
peri
‐ Heterobridge? ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Haags A, Reichmann A, Fan Q, Egger L, Kirschner H, Naumann T, Werner S, Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J, Eschmann L, Yang X, Brandstetter D, Bocquet FC, Koller G, Gottwald A, Richter M, Ramsey MG, Rohlfing M, Puschnig P, Gottfried JM, Soubatch S, Tautz FS. Kekulene: On-Surface Synthesis, Orbital Structure, and Aromatic Stabilization. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15766-15775. [PMID: 33186031 PMCID: PMC7690051 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the question of kekulene's aromaticity by focusing on the electronic structure of its frontier orbitals as determined by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. To this end, we have developed a specially designed precursor, 1,4,7(2,7)-triphenanthrenacyclononaphane-2,5,8-triene, which allows us to prepare sufficient quantities of kekulene of high purity directly on a Cu(111) surface, as confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy. Supported by density functional calculations, we determine the orbital structure of kekulene's highest occupied molecular orbital by photoemission tomography. In agreement with a recent aromaticity assessment of kekulene based solely on C-C bond lengths, we conclude that the π-conjugation of kekulene is better described by the Clar model rather than a superaromatic model. Thus, by exploiting the capabilities of photoemission tomography, we shed light on the question which consequences aromaticity holds for the frontier electronic structure of a π-conjugated molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Haags
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik
IV A, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Reichmann
- Institut
für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Qitang Fan
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Egger
- Institut
für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans Kirschner
- Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Naumann
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Werner
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Eschmann
- Institut
für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik
IV A, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dominik Brandstetter
- Institut
für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - François C. Bocquet
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Koller
- Institut
für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Mathias Richter
- Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael G. Ramsey
- Institut
für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Rohlfing
- Institut
für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische
Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Puschnig
- Institut
für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - J. Michael Gottfried
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Serguei Soubatch
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - F. Stefan Tautz
- Peter
Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum
Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich
Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information
Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik
IV A, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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17
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Haags A, Reichmann A, Fan Q, Egger L, Kirschner H, Naumann T, Werner S, Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J, Eschmann L, Yang X, Brandstetter D, Bocquet FC, Koller G, Gottwald A, Richter M, Ramsey MG, Rohlfing M, Puschnig P, Gottfried JM, Soubatch S, Tautz FS. Kekulene: On-Surface Synthesis, Orbital Structure, and Aromatic Stabilization. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15766-15775. [PMID: 33186031 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.12771254.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the question of kekulene's aromaticity by focusing on the electronic structure of its frontier orbitals as determined by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. To this end, we have developed a specially designed precursor, 1,4,7(2,7)-triphenanthrenacyclononaphane-2,5,8-triene, which allows us to prepare sufficient quantities of kekulene of high purity directly on a Cu(111) surface, as confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy. Supported by density functional calculations, we determine the orbital structure of kekulene's highest occupied molecular orbital by photoemission tomography. In agreement with a recent aromaticity assessment of kekulene based solely on C-C bond lengths, we conclude that the π-conjugation of kekulene is better described by the Clar model rather than a superaromatic model. Thus, by exploiting the capabilities of photoemission tomography, we shed light on the question which consequences aromaticity holds for the frontier electronic structure of a π-conjugated molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Haags
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Reichmann
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Qitang Fan
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Egger
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Hans Kirschner
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Naumann
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Simon Werner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Eschmann
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dominik Brandstetter
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - François C Bocquet
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Georg Koller
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Mathias Richter
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael G Ramsey
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Rohlfing
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Puschnig
- Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - J Michael Gottfried
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Serguei Soubatch
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - F Stefan Tautz
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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18
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Freindorf M, Kraka E. Critical assessment of the FeC and CO bond strength in carboxymyoglobin: a QM/MM local vibrational mode study. J Mol Model 2020; 26:281. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04519-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Kraka E, Zou W, Tao Y. Decoding chemical information from vibrational spectroscopy data: Local vibrational mode theory. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elfi Kraka
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
| | - Wenli Zou
- Institute of Modern Physics Northwest University and Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Theoretical Physics Frontiers, Xi'an Shaanxi PR China
| | - Yunwen Tao
- Department of Chemistry Southern Methodist University Dallas Texas USA
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20
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Kraka E, Freindorf M. Characterizing the Metal–Ligand Bond Strength via Vibrational Spectroscopy: The Metal–Ligand Electronic Parameter (MLEP). TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Fan Q, Martin-Jimenez D, Werner S, Ebeling D, Koehler T, Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J, Hieringer W, Schirmeisen A, Gottfried JM. On-Surface Synthesis and Characterization of a Cycloarene: C108 Graphene Ring. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:894-899. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qitang Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Martin-Jimenez
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Simon Werner
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Ebeling
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Tabea Koehler
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Vollgraff
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hieringer
- Theoretical Chemistry and Computer-Chemistry-Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Schirmeisen
- Institute of Applied Physics (IAP) and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - J. Michael Gottfried
- Department of Chemistry and Material Sciences Center (WZMW), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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22
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Fan Q, Martin-Jimenez D, Ebeling D, Krug CK, Brechmann L, Kohlmeyer C, Hilt G, Hieringer W, Schirmeisen A, Gottfried JM. Nanoribbons with Nonalternant Topology from Fusion of Polyazulene: Carbon Allotropes beyond Graphene. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17713-17720. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qitang Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | | | | | - Claudio K. Krug
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Lea Brechmann
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
| | - Corinna Kohlmeyer
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hilt
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hieringer
- Theoretical Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | | | - J. Michael Gottfried
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, Marburg 35032, Germany
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23
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Aysin RR, Bukalov SS, Leites LA, Lalov AV, Tsys KV, Piskunov AV. Aromaticity Suppression by Intermolecular Coordination. Optical Spectra and Electronic Structure of Heavy Carbene Analogues with an Amidophenolate Backbone. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. R. Aysin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - S. S. Bukalov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - L. A. Leites
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Vavilova 28, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - A. V. Lalov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - K. V. Tsys
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - A. V. Piskunov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
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24
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Lyu S, Beiranvand N, Freindorf M, Kraka E. Interplay of Ring Puckering and Hydrogen Bonding in Deoxyribonucleosides. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7087-7103. [PMID: 31323178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Cremer-Pople ring puckering analysis and the Konkoli-Cremer local mode analysis supported by the topological analysis of the electron density were applied for the first comprehensive analysis of the interplay between deoxyribose ring puckering and intramolecular H-bonding in 2'-deoxycytidine, 2'-deoxyadenosine, 2'-deoxythymidine, and 2'-deoxyguanosine. We mapped for each deoxyribonucleoside the complete conformational energy surface and the corresponding pseudorotation path. We found only incomplete pseudorotation cycles, caused by ring inversion, which we coined as pseudolibration paths. On each pseudolibration path a global and a local minimum separated by a transition state were identified. The investigation of H-bond free deoxyribonucleoside analogs revealed that removal of the H-bond does not restore the full conformational flexibility of the sugar ring. Our work showed that ring puckering predominantly determines the conformational energy; the larger the puckering amplitude, the lower the conformational energy. In contrast no direct correlation between conformational energy and H-bond strength was found. The longest and weakest H-bonds are located in the local minimum region, whereas the shortest and strongest H-bonds are located outside the global and local minimum regions at the turning points of the pseudolibration paths, i.e., H-bonding determines the shape and length of the pseudolibration paths. In addition to the H-bond strength, we evaluated the covalent/electrostatic character of the H-bonds applying the Cremer-Kraka criterion of covalent bonding. H-bonding in the puric bases has a more covalent character whereas in the pyrimidic bases the H-bond character is more electrostatic. We investigated how the mutual orientation of the CH2OH group and the base influences H-bond formation via two geometrical parameters describing the rotation of the substituents perpendicular to the sugar ring and their tilting relative to the ring center. According to our results, rotation is more important for H-bond formation. In addition we assessed the influence of the H-bond acceptor, the lone pair (N, respectively O), via the delocalization energy. We found larger delocalization energies corresponding to stronger H-bonds for the puric bases. The global minimum conformation of 2'-deoxyguanosine has the strongest H-bond of all conformers investigated in this work with a bond strength of 0.436 which is even stronger than the H-bond in the water dimer (0.360). The application of our new analysis to DNA deoxyribonucleotides and to unnatural base pairs, which have recently drawn a lot of attention, is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Lyu
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry , Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Ave , Dallas , Texas 75275-0314 , United States
| | - Nassim Beiranvand
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry , Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Ave , Dallas , Texas 75275-0314 , United States
| | - Marek Freindorf
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry , Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Ave , Dallas , Texas 75275-0314 , United States
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry , Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Ave , Dallas , Texas 75275-0314 , United States
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25
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Kupka T, Gajda Ł, Stobiński L, Kołodziej Ł, Mnich A, Buczek A, Broda MA. Local aromaticity mapping in the vicinity of planar and nonplanar molecules. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:359-372. [PMID: 31034627 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report on nucleus-independent magnetic shielding (NICS) scans over the centers of six- and five-membered rings in selected metal phthalocyanines (MPc) and fullerene C60 for more accurate characterization of local aromaticity in these compounds. Detailed tests were conducted on model aromatic molecules including benzene, pyrrole, indole, isoindole, and carbazole and subsequently applied to H2 Pc, ZnPc, Al(OH)Pc, and CuPc. Similar behavior of three selected magnetic probes, Bq, 3 He, and 7 Li+ , approaching perpendicularly the ring centers, was observed. For better visualization of shielding zone over the centers of aromatic rings, we introduced a simple mathematical procedure: the first and second derivatives of scan curves with respect to magnetic probe position enabled their additional examination. It allowed an easier localization of curve minimum and discrimination between areas in space varying by the magnetic field magnitude and to illustrate local aromaticity of two different kinds of rings in MPc with better resolution. Our results supported earlier reports on very low aromaticity indexes of pyrrole ring incorporated into MPc and significant aromaticity of the central macrocycle. No direct dependence between harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity and NICS was observed. Instead, a correlation between position of scan curve minimum and its magnitude were observed. In addition, the NICS values and 3 He chemical shifts in the middle of neutral C60 and C606- anion agreed well with the reported experimental NMR values for He@C60 and He@C606- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Teobald Kupka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gajda
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Leszek Stobiński
- Faculty of Process and Chemical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 1, Waryńskiego Street, 00-645, Warsaw, Poland
- nanoMAT Ltd., Waryńskiego 1 (FL. 4, RM. 401), 00-645, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Adrianna Mnich
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Aneta Buczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
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26
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Abstract
The intrinsic bonding nature of λ 3 -iodanes was investigated to determine where its hypervalent bonds fit along the spectrum between halogen bonding and covalent bonding. Density functional theory with an augmented Dunning valence triple zeta basis set ( ω B97X-D/aug-cc-pVTZ) coupled with vibrational spectroscopy was utilized to study a diverse set of 34 hypervalent iodine compounds. This level of theory was rationalized by comparing computational and experimental data for a small set of closely-related and well-studied iodine molecules and by a comparison with CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ results for a subset of the investigated iodine compounds. Axial bonds in λ 3 -iodanes fit between the three-center four-electron bond, as observed for the trihalide species IF 2 − and the covalent FI molecule. The equatorial bonds in λ 3 -iodanes are of a covalent nature. We explored how the equatorial ligand and axial substituents affect the chemical properties of λ 3 -iodanes by analyzing natural bond orbital charges, local vibrational modes, the covalent/electrostatic character, and the three-center four-electron bonding character. In summary, our results show for the first time that there is a smooth transition between halogen bonding → 3c–4e bonding in trihalides → 3c–4e bonding in hypervalent iodine compounds → covalent bonding, opening a manifold of new avenues for the design of hypervalent iodine compounds with specific properties.
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27
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Correlation between molecular acidity (pKa) and vibrational spectroscopy. J Mol Model 2019; 25:48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-3928-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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28
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Lampkin BJ, Nguyen YH, Karadakov PB, VanVeller B. Demonstration of Baird's rule complementarity in the singlet state with implications for excited-state intramolecular proton transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:11608-11614. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02050k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Greater aromaticity in the ground state leads to greater antiaromaticity in the excited state (and vice versa) which helps rationalize previously unexplained behavior of ESIPT fluorophores.
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Oh J, Sung YM, Hong Y, Kim D. Spectroscopic Diagnosis of Excited-State Aromaticity: Capturing Electronic Structures and Conformations upon Aromaticity Reversal. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1349-1358. [PMID: 29508985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aromaticity, the special energetic stability derived from cyclic [4 n + 2]π-conjugated electronic structures, has been the topic of intense interest in chemistry because it plays a critical role in rationalizing molecular stability, reactivity, and physical/chemical properties. Recently, the pioneering work by Colin Baird on aromaticity reversal, postulating that aromatic (antiaromatic) character in the ground state reverses to antiaromatic (aromatic) character in the lowest excited triplet state, has attracted much scientific attention. The completely reversed aromaticity in the excited state provides direct insight into understanding the photophysical/chemical properties of photoactive materials. In turn, the application of aromatic molecules to photoactive materials has led to numerous studies revealing this aromaticity reversal. However, most studies of excited-state aromaticity have been based on the theoretical point of view. The experimental evaluation of aromaticity in the excited state is still challenging and strenuous because the assessment of (anti)aromaticity with conventional magnetic, energetic, and geometric indices is difficult in the excited state, which practically restricts the extension and application of the concept of excited-state aromaticity. Time-resolved optical spectroscopies can provide a new and alternative avenue to evaluate excited-state aromaticity experimentally while observing changes in the molecular features in the excited states. Time-resolved optical spectroscopies take advantage of ultrafast laser pulses to achieve high time resolution, making them suitable for monitoring ultrafast changes in the excited states of molecular systems. This can provide valuable information for understanding the aromaticity reversal. This Account presents recent breakthroughs in the experimental assessment of excited-state aromaticity and the verification of aromaticity reversal with time-resolved optical spectroscopic measurements. To scrutinize this intriguing and challenging scientific issue, expanded porphyrins have been utilized as the ideal testing platform for investigating aromaticity because they show distinct aromatic and antiaromatic characters with aromaticity-specific spectroscopic features. Expanded porphyrins exhibit perfect aromatic and antiaromatic congener pairs having the same molecular framework but different numbers of π electrons, which facilitates the study of the pure effect of aromaticity by comparative analyses. On the basis of the characteristics of expanded porphyrins, time-resolved electronic and vibrational absorption spectroscopies capture the changes in electronic structure and molecular conformations driven by the change in aromaticity and provide clear evidence for aromaticity reversal in the excited states. The approaches described in this Account pave the way for the development of new and alternative experimental indices for the evaluation of excited-state aromaticity, which will enable overarching and fundamental comprehension of the role of (anti)aromaticity in the stability, dynamics, and reactivity in the excited states with possible implications for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juwon Oh
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Young Mo Sung
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Gershoni-Poranne R. Piecing it Together: An Additivity Scheme for Aromaticity using NICS-XY
Scans. Chemistry 2018; 24:4165-4172. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie; ETH Zurich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2 Zurich 8093 Switzerland
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31
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Yun BX, Kerim A. A study on the aromaticity and ring currents of dithienopyridines and dithienobenzene. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633618500062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The global aromaticity of dithienopyridine and dithienobenzene isomers was investigated using the topological resonance energy (TRE) and percentage topological resonance energy (%TRE) methods. The effect of variations in the positions of sulfur and nitrogen atoms on [Formula: see text]-electron delocalization is analyzed. The local aromaticity of these isomers is described based on the bond resonance energy (BRE) and circuit resonance energy (CRE) methods. Our BRE and CRE results show that structure of the central six-membered rings has a strong effect on global aromaticity. The aromaticity of these dithienopyridine isomers is enhanced when a complete pyridine unit exists in their middle ring structure, while the aromaticity of the dithienobenzene isomers is enhanced when a complete benzene unit exists in their middle ring structure. For dithienopyridines, our results obtained using the TRE method correlate well with the Bird aromaticity index as reported in the literature. Our ring-current results show that all these compounds are diatropic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Xiao Yun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Ablikim Kerim
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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32
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Gershoni-Poranne R, Rahalkar AP, Stanger A. The predictive power of aromaticity: quantitative correlation between aromaticity and ionization potentials and HOMO–LUMO gaps in oligomers of benzene, pyrrole, furan, and thiophene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:14808-14817. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02162g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aromaticity of oligomers predicts their HOMO–LUMO gaps and ionization potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anuja P. Rahalkar
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 32000
- Israel
| | - Amnon Stanger
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 32000
- Israel
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33
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Firouzi R, Shafie H, Tohidnia H. Characterization of Local Aromaticity in Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons Based on Anisotropy of π-Electron Density. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rohoullah Firouzi
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran; P.O. Box 14968-13151 Tehran Iran
| | - Hoda Shafie
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran; P.O. Box 14968-13151 Tehran Iran
| | - Hassan Tohidnia
- Department of Physical Chemistry; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran; P.O. Box 14968-13151 Tehran Iran
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Oliveira V, Cremer D, Kraka E. The Many Facets of Chalcogen Bonding: Described by Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6845-6862. [PMID: 28782954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b06479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A diverse set of 100 chalcogen-bonded complexes comprising neutral, cationic, anionic, divalent, and double bonded chalcogens has been investigated using ωB97X-D/aug-cc-pVTZ to determine geometries, binding energies, electron and energy density distributions, difference density distributions, vibrational frequencies, local stretching force constants, and associated bond strength orders. The accuracy of ωB97X-D was accessed by CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations of a subset of 12 complexes and by the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ //ωB97X-D binding energies of 95 complexes. Most of the weak chalcogen bonds can be rationalized on the basis of electrostatic contributions, but as the bond becomes stronger, covalent contributions can assume a primary role in the strength and geometry of the complexes. Covalency in chalcogen bonds involves the charge transfer from a lone pair orbital of a Lewis base into the σ* orbital of a divalent chalcogen or a π* orbital of a double bonded chalcogen. We describe for the first time a symmetric chalcogen-bonded homodimer stabilized by a charge transfer from a lone pair orbital into a π* orbital. New polymeric materials based on chalcogen bonds should take advantage of the extra stabilization granted by multiple chalcogen bonds, as is shown for 1,2,5-telluradiazole dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytor Oliveira
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Dieter Cremer
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Ave, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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D2BIA-flexible, not (explicitly) arbitrary and reference/structurally invariant-a very effective and improved version of the D3BIA aromaticity index. J Mol Model 2017; 23:253. [PMID: 28785890 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Although there are a multitude of aromaticity indexes, only a few have a widespread usage. All famous aromaticity indexes are limited: HOMA and FLU are reference-dependent; ELF is π-bond-dependent; PDI is structurally dependent and NICS is ring size dependent. These limitations stimulate the continuous search for better (i.e., having no dependency), more flexible (i.e., applied to any aromatic system) and more effective (i.e., with excellent correlations with other indexes) aromaticity indexes. The D3BIA was our first topological aromaticity index. It is flexible, reference-independent and effective for planar and caged aromatic molecules. However, one of its terms, the degree of degeneracy (δ), is arbitrary and difficult to carry out for new users. Thus, in this work, we show that D2BIA-an improved version of D3BIA-is a good candidate to be used widely, since it retains the strong points of D3BIA while avoiding its weak point. In particular cases where all studied systems have δ = 1 (e.g., for acenes), then D2BIA equals D3BIA. For our recent study with acenes, D3BIA (and, as a consequence, D2BIA) has (have) an excellent correlation with FLU according to the MP3 method. In this work, by using DFT calculations for a series involving several six-membered and five-membered heteroaromatic rings, only D2BIA and NICS have very good correlation. All other well known aromaticity indexes used in this work (FLU, HOMA and ELF) gave poor correlations. As to homoaromatic systems, only D2BIA vs NICS and D2BIA vs FLU plots have excellent correlations. HOMA has the worst results in this series. Thus, D2BIA proved to be flexible and effective for the analysis of heteroaromatic rings of different sizes and for caged homoaromatic systems. Moreover, D2BIA has better correlations than D3BIA for planar aromatic systems, and same correlations for caged-homoaromatic systems. Graphical abstract D2BIA-an effective and improved version of the D3BIA aromaticity index.
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Li Y, Oliveira V, Tang C, Cremer D, Liu C, Ma J. The Peculiar Role of the Au 3 Unit in Au m Clusters: σ-Aromaticity of the Au 5Zn + Ion. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:5793-5803. [PMID: 28448130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability of small Aum (m = 4-7) clusters is investigated by analyzing their energetic, geometric, vibrational, magnetic, and electron density properties. Gold clusters can be constructed from stable cyclic 3-center-2-electron (3c-2e) Au3+ units (3-rings) with σ-aromaticity. The stabilization requires a flow of negative charge from internal 3-rings with electron-deficient bonding to peripheral 3-ring units with stronger Au-Au bonds. The valence-isoelectronic clusters Au6 and Au5Zn+ have similar electronic properties: Au5Zn+ is a strongly σ-aromatic molecule. An understanding of the structure of Aum clusters is obtained by deriving a Clar's Rule equivalent for polycyclic gold clusters: The structure with the larger number of rings with dominant 3c-2e character and a smaller degree of 3c-3e character occupies the global minimum of the Aum potential energy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanle Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Vytor Oliveira
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Chunmei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Dieter Cremer
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University , 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, People's Republic of China
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38
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Aysin RR, Bukalov SS, Leites LA, Zabula AV. Optical spectra, electronic structure and aromaticity of benzannulated N-heterocyclic carbene and its analogues of the type C6H4(NR)2E: (E = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb). Dalton Trans 2017; 46:8774-8781. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00356k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aromaticity of carbene analogues of the type C6H4(NR)2E: (E = C–Pb) has been established by Raman, UV-vis, ISE, NICS and ACID methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat R. Aysin
- Scientific and Technical Center on Raman Spectroscopy
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | - Sergey S. Bukalov
- Scientific and Technical Center on Raman Spectroscopy
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | - Larissa A. Leites
- Scientific and Technical Center on Raman Spectroscopy
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
| | - Alexander V. Zabula
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pennsylvania
- Philadelphia
- USA
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39
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Baryshnikov GV, Valiev RR, Minaev BF, Ågren H. Substituent-sensitive fluorescence of sequentially N-alkylated tetrabenzotetraaza[8]circulenes. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj01599b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We explore the use of substituent-sensitive balance between fluorescence and non-radiative decay as a tool for optical tuning of N-butylated tetrabenzotetraaza[8]circulenes for organic light emitting diode applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb V. Baryshnikov
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology
- School of Biotechnology
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- 10691 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Rashid R. Valiev
- Tomsk State University
- Tomsk
- Russia
- Tomsk Polytechnic University
- Tomsk
| | - Boris F. Minaev
- Department of Chemistry and Nanomaterials Science
- Bogdan Khmelnitsky National University
- Cherkasy
- Ukraine
- Tomsk State University
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology
- School of Biotechnology
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- 10691 Stockholm
- Sweden
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