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Kim G, Kang SE, Kim DH, Won JI, Ku Y, Son J, Lee JK, Jung BJ. Dissolution Behavior of Fluoroalkylated Diazonaphthoquinone and Its Blends with Fluorinated Copolymers under UV Irradiation. Molecules 2023; 28:6784. [PMID: 37836627 PMCID: PMC10574127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reports on the synthesis of materials containing both a fluoroalkyl group and a diazonaphthoquinone (DNQ) moiety as well as the fabrication of negative- and positive-tone stencil patterns. Additionally, the photoreaction mechanism that contributes to the pattern formation process is discussed, and the application of these materials is explored in the pixel-formation process in organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. Fluoroalkylated diazonaphthoquinone (RF2D1) was synthesized using chemically binding a DNQ unit, which can be converted into carboxylic acid derivatives having stronger polarity, with two fluorinated alkyl chains. The purified compound is found to be soluble in a nonpolar fluorous solvent and can be uniformly coated as a thin film. When the thin film of RF2D1 is exposed to 365 nm UV light, its solubility in a fluorous solvent decreases due to the Wolff rearrangement and subsequent hydrolysis of a ketene moiety. In contrast, when a mixture of RF2D1 and a hydrophobic, fluorinated copolymer is tested for the patterning process, the copolymer delays the conversion of the ketene intermediate to carboxylic acid, resulting in the dissolution of the exposed areas in the fluorous solvent. Finally, the applicability of these materials in micropatterning is demonstrated by adopting them in the orthogonal photolithography process to create pixels of OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayoung Kim
- Program in Environment and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (G.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Sae-Eun Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (S.-E.K.); (J.-I.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Doo Hong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jong-In Won
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (S.-E.K.); (J.-I.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Yejin Ku
- Program in Environment and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (G.K.); (Y.K.)
| | - Jongchan Son
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (S.-E.K.); (J.-I.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Jin-Kyun Lee
- Program in Environment and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (G.K.); (Y.K.)
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea; (S.-E.K.); (J.-I.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Byung Jun Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea;
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2
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Hafeez S, Ooi HW, Suylen D, Duimel H, Hackeng TM, van Blitterswijk C, Baker MB. Desymmetrization via Activated Esters Enables Rapid Synthesis of Multifunctional Benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamides and Creation of Supramolecular Hydrogelators. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4057-4070. [PMID: 35196454 PMCID: PMC8915260 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular materials based on the self-assembly of benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) offer an approach to mimic fibrous self-assembled proteins found in numerous natural systems. Yet, synthetic methods to rapidly build complexity, scalability, and multifunctionality into BTA-based materials are needed. The diversity of BTA structures is often hampered by the limited flexibility of existing desymmetrization routes and the purification of multifunctional BTAs. To alleviate this bottleneck, we have developed a desymmetrization method based on activated ester coupling of a symmetric synthon. We created a small library of activated ester synthons and found that a pentafluorophenol benzene triester (BTE) enabled effective desymmetrization and creation of multifunctional BTAs in good yield with high reaction fidelity. This new methodology enabled the rapid synthesis of a small library of BTA monomers with hydrophobic and/or orthogonal reactive handles and could be extended to create polymeric BTA hydrogelators. These BTA hydrogelators self-assembled in water to create fiber and fibrous sheet-like structures as observed by cryo-TEM, and the identity of the BTA conjugated can tune the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. These hydrogelators display high cytocompatibility for chondrocytes, indicating potential for the use of these systems in 3D cell culture and tissue engineering applications. This newly developed synthetic strategy facilitates the simple and rapid creation of chemically diverse BTA supramolecular polymers, and the newly developed and scalable hydrogels can unlock exploration of BTA based materials in a wider variety of tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Hafeez
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Huey Wen Ooi
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Suylen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Duimel
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew B Baker
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
A growing theme in chemistry is the joining of multiple organic molecular building blocks to create functional molecules. Diverse derivatizable structures—here termed “scaffolds” comprised of “hubs”—provide the foundation for systematic covalent organization of a rich variety of building blocks. This review encompasses 30 tri- or tetra-armed molecular hubs (e.g., triazine, lysine, arenes, dyes) that are used directly or in combination to give linear, cyclic, or branched scaffolds. Each scaffold is categorized by graph theory into one of 31 trees to express the molecular connectivity and overall architecture. Rational chemistry with exacting numbers of derivatizable sites is emphasized. The incorporation of water-solubilization motifs, robust or self-immolative linkers, enzymatically cleavable groups and functional appendages affords immense (and often late-stage) diversification of the scaffolds. Altogether, 107 target molecules are reviewed along with 19 syntheses to illustrate the distinctive chemistries for creating and derivatizing scaffolds. The review covers the history of the field up through 2020, briefly touching on statistically derivatized carriers employed in immunology as counterpoints to the rationally assembled and derivatized scaffolds here, although most citations are from the past two decades. The scaffolds are used widely in fields ranging from pure chemistry to artificial photosynthesis and biomedical sciences.
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4
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Pronoitis C, Hua G, Hakkarainen M, Odelius K. Biobased Polyamide Thermosets: From a Facile One-Step Synthesis to Strong and Flexible Materials. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pronoitis
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Geng Hua
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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A theoretical investigation on the aminolysis of pyromellitic and 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydrides. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kubo T, Swartz JL, Scheutz GM, Sumerlin BS. Synthesis of Multifunctional Homopolymers through Using Thiazolidine Chemistry and Post-Polymerization Modification. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800590. [PMID: 30368966 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional homopolymers, defined here as polymers that contain multiple reactive functional groups per repeat unit, are versatile scaffolds for preparing complex macromolecules via post-polymerization modification. However, there are limited methods for preparing multifunctional homopolymers that contain more than one nucleophilic site per repeat unit. Herein, a strategy to synthesize a multifunctional homopolymer using thiazolidine chemistry is demonstrated. Controlled radical polymerization of a thiazolidine-containing acrylamido monomer allows for the synthesis of a polymer with pendent latent nucleophiles. Ring-opening of the thiazolidine affords a homopolymer with two side-chain reactive sites, an amine and a thiol. One-pot functionalization via disulfide formation and acyl substitution is performed to introduce two distinct groups in each repeat unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kubo
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jeremy L Swartz
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Georg M Scheutz
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Berrocal JA, Baker MB, Baldini L, Casnati A, Di Stefano S. Inherently chiral cone-calix[4]arenes via a subsequent upper rim ring-closing/opening methodology. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7255-7264. [PMID: 30259046 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01813h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Access to chiral calix[4]arenes can unlock novel supramolecular architectures for enantioselective catalysis and molecular recognition. However, accessibility to these structures has been significantly hindered so far. We report herein the synthesis and characterization of di- and trifunctionalized cone-calix[4]arenes featuring a lactone moiety spanning the distal positions at the upper rim. The lactones force the whole skeleton to assume pinched-cone conformations. The ring-closure is favored by the high conformational flexibility of the calixarene scaffold. The new lactones are remarkably stable in the solid state, while a quick hydrolysis to restore the parent carboxylic acids occurs in solution under acidic/basic conditions. Slow aminolyses of lactones 2-3 yield inherently chiral products featuring three different functionalities at the upper rim, at room temperature. The subsequent ring-closing/opening methodology presented here highlights the versatility of these lactones as powerful synthons for the preparation of a variety of threefold upper rim functionalized, inherently chiral calix[4]arenes fixed in the cone structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Augusto Berrocal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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8
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Hua G, Odelius K. Exploiting Ring-Opening Aminolysis-Condensation as a Polymerization Pathway to Structurally Diverse Biobased Polyamides. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1573-1581. [PMID: 29584417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A pathway to biobased polyamides (PAs) via ring-opening aminolysis-condensation (ROAC) under benign conditions with diverse structure was designed. Ethylene brassylate (EB), a plant oil-derived cyclic dilactone, was used in combination with an array of diamines of diverse chemical structure, and ring-opening of the cyclic dilactone EB was revealed as a driving force for the reaction. The ROAC reactions were adjusted, and reaction conditions of 100 °C under atmospheric pressure using 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) as a catalyst for 24 h were optimal. The structures of the polyamides were confirmed by mass spectroscopy, FTIR, and NMR, and the PAs had viscosity average molecular weights ( Mη) of ∼5-8 kDa. Glassy or semicrystalline PAs with glass transition temperatures between 48 and 55 °C, melting temperatures of 120-200 °C for the semicrystalline PAs, and thermal stabilities above 400 °C were obtained and were comparable to the existing PAs with similar structures. As a proof-of-concept of their usage, one of the PAs was shown to form fibers by electrospinning and films by melt pressing. Compared to conventional methods for PA synthesis, the ROAC route portrayed a reaction temperature at least 60-80 °C lower, could be readily carried out without a low-pressure environment, and eliminated the use of solvents and toxic chemicals. Together with the plant oil-derived monomer (EB), the ROAC route provided a sustainable alternative to design biobased PAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Hua
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , SE-100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
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9
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Kubo T, Easterling CP, Olson RA, Sumerlin BS. Synthesis of multifunctional homopolymers via sequential post-polymerization reactions. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review highlights recent developments in the synthesis of multifunctional homopolymers, i.e., homopolymers with multiple pendent functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kubo
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Charles P. Easterling
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Rebecca A. Olson
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
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10
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Blasco E, Sims MB, Goldmann AS, Sumerlin BS, Barner-Kowollik C. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Polymer Functionalization. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Blasco
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie
und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr.
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael B. Sims
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Anja S. Goldmann
- School of Chemistry,
Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie
und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr.
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry,
Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie
und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr.
18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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11
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Adrian Figg C, Bartley AN, Kubo T, Tucker BS, Castellano RK, Sumerlin BS. Mild and efficient synthesis of ω,ω-heterodifunctionalized polymers and polymer bioconjugates. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00225d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Semi-telechelic ω,ω-heterodifunctional polymers and polymer bioconjugates are synthesized under mild conditions using benzotrifuranone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Adrian Figg
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Ashton N. Bartley
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Tomohiro Kubo
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Bryan S. Tucker
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Ronald K. Castellano
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory
- Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
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