1
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Hess KM, Leach IF, Wijtenhorst L, Lee H, Klein JEMN. Valence Tautomerism Induced Proton Coupled Electron Transfer:X-H Bond Oxidation with a Dinuclear Au(II) Hydroxide Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318916. [PMID: 38324462 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We report the preparation and characterization of the dinuclear AuII hydroxide complex AuII 2(L)2(OH)2 (L=N,N'-bis (2,6-dimethyl) phenylformamidinate) and study its reactivity towards weak X-H bonds. Through the interplay of kinetic analysis and computational studies, we demonstrate that the oxidation of cyclohexadiene follows a concerted proton-coupled electron transfer (cPCET) mechanism, a rare type of reactivity for Au complexes. We find that the Au-Au σ-bond undergoes polarization in the PCET event leading to an adjustment of oxidation levels for both Au centers prior to C(sp3)-H bond cleavage. We thus describe the oxidation event as a valence tautomerism-induced PCET where the basicity of one reduced Au-OH unit provides a proton acceptor and the second more oxidized Au center serves as an electron acceptor. The coordination of these events allows for unprecedented radical-type reactivity by a closed shell AuII complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher M Hess
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Isaac F Leach
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Wijtenhorst
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hangyul Lee
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes E M N Klein
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Wang K, Bao X. Computational Insights into the Photoinduced Dimeric Gold-Catalyzed Divergent Dechloroalkylation of gem-Dichloroalkanes with Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7679-7689. [PMID: 38448393 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The employment of dinuclear Au(I) catalysts in photomediated modern organic transformations has attracted significant attention over the past decade, which commonly demonstrates unique catalytic performance compared with the corresponding mononuclear gold complexes. Nevertheless, detailed mechanisms of dinuclear gold catalysis remain ambiguous, and further mechanistic understanding is highly desirable. Herein, computational studies were carried out to gain mechanistic insights into the photoinduced dinuclear gold-catalyzed divergent dechloroalkylation of gem-dichloroalkanes. Computational results suggest that a proton transfer from the additive, Hantzsch ester (HE), to the base, guanidine, could lead to an ionic pair complex, which is ready to undergo excitation under blue light irradiation to result in the corresponding triplet excited state. Then, the excited complex might undergo oxidative quenching with the dinuclear gold photocatalyst [AuI-AuI]2+, via a single-electron-transfer (SET) step to afford an unusual [Au1/2-Au1/2]+ dinuclear species. The corresponding mononuclear gold catalyst, [AuI]+, however, is not ready to enable the analogous step to give a [Au0] species, which might account for the unique characteristics of dinuclear gold catalysis. Subsequently, the formed [Au1/2-Au1/2]+ intermediate could trigger a Cl-atom transfer from dichloromethane in an inner-sphere manner to furnish a critical chloromethyl radical. Next, the resulting chloromethyl radical could attack the alkenyl moiety of substrates to generate the corresponding alkyl radicals. Then, three possible mechanistic pathways were explored to rationalize the substrate-dependent divergent transformations in this protocol. The main factors responsible for the diversified transformations were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Wang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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3
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Ma C, Li X, Chen X, He X, Zhang ST, Jiang YQ, Yu B. Photocatalytic Umpolung Strategy for the Synthesis of α-Amino Phosphine Oxides and Deuterated Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:8016-8021. [PMID: 37903293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Direct, economical, and green synthesis of deuterated α-amino phosphine oxides remains an elusive challenge in synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report a visible-light-driven umpolung strategy for synthesizing deuterated α-amino phosphine oxides from isocyanide using 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene as the photocatalyst and D2O as the deuterium source. Moreover, the streamlined and sustainable methodology can be applied in the modification of amino acids, natural products, and drugs. The strong antiproliferative activity of the desired products indicates that the method could provide a novel privileged scaffold for antitumor drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiya Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xing He
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shu-Ting Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yu-Qin Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Henan Engineering Research Centre of Chiral Hydroxyl Pharmaceutical, Henan Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Green Catalysis Centre, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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4
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Damai M, Guzzardi N, Lewis V, Rao ZX, Sykes D, Patel B. Crafting mono- and novel bis-methylated pyrroloquinoxaline derivatives from a shared precursor and its application in the total synthesis of marinoquinoline A. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29561-29567. [PMID: 37822662 PMCID: PMC10562898 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of mono- and novel bis-methylated pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalines through the addition of unstable methyl radicals to aryl isocyanides is described contingent upon the reaction conditions employed. The strategy has been effectively employed in the total synthesis of the natural product marinoquinoline A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Damai
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
| | - Norman Guzzardi
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
| | - Viliyana Lewis
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
| | - Zenobia X Rao
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
| | - Daniel Sykes
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
| | - Bhaven Patel
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University 166-220 Holloway Road London N7 8DB UK
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5
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Russo C, Brunelli F, Cesare Tron G, Giustiniano M. Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reactions Promoted by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203150. [PMID: 36458647 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions claim a one century-old history of flourishing developments. On the other hand, the enormous impact of recent progresses in visible light photocatalysis has boosted the identification of new straightforward and green approaches to both new and known chemical entities. In this context, the application of visible light photocatalytic conditions to multicomponent processes has been promoting key stimulating advancements. Spanning from radical-polar crossover pathways, to photoinduced and self-catalyzed transformations, to reactions involving the generation of imidoyl radical species, the present literature analysis would provide a general and critical overview about the potentialities and challenges of exploiting isocyanides in visible light photocatalytic multicomponent reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Brunelli
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giustiniano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
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6
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Pei C, Yang Z, Koenigs RM. Photochemical palladium-catalyzed methylation and alkylation reactions in cascade reactions of isonitriles. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Kshirsagar N, Sonawane R, Pathan S, Kamble G, Pal Singh G. A Review on Synthetic Approaches of Phenanthridine. LETT ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178618666210218211424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
The phenanthridine family is widely found in medicinal chemistry and material science because
of the biological activity and its presence in a variety of significant natural products and synthetic
dye stuffs. The phenanthridine has many clinical applications, for e.g., being used as an anticancer agent,
possessing antibacterial, antiprotozoal, pharmaceutical, and optoelectronic properties. Many methods
have been reported for the synthesis of phenanthridine and phenanthridine alkaloids, such as Pd catalyzed
C-C bond formation, a reaction involving C-H activation, radical, microwave-assisted, transition
metal-catalyzed, one-pot cascade, benzyne mediated, photochemical, hypervalent iodine promoted methods,
etc. Here, we have summarized the literature data from 2014 to the present concerning novel or
improved synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sultan Pathan
- Department of Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles
University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ganesh Kamble
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka University, ISIR 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki,
Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Girdhar Pal Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles
University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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8
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Juliá F, Constantin T, Leonori D. Applications of Halogen-Atom Transfer (XAT) for the Generation of Carbon Radicals in Synthetic Photochemistry and Photocatalysis. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2292-2352. [PMID: 34882396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The halogen-atom transfer (XAT) is one of the most important and applied processes for the generation of carbon radicals in synthetic chemistry. In this review, we summarize and highlight the most important aspects associated with XAT and the impact it has had on photochemistry and photocatalysis. The organization of the material starts with the analysis of the most important mechanistic aspects and then follows a subdivision based on the nature of the reagents used in the halogen abstraction. This review aims to provide a general overview of the fundamental concepts and main agents involved in XAT processes with the objective of offering a tool to understand and facilitate the development of new synthetic radical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Juliá
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Timothée Constantin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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9
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Witzel S, Hoffmann M, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Dreuw A, Hashmi ASK. A Radical Chain: Mononuclear “Gold Only” Photocatalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Witzel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Marvin Hoffmann
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen (IWR) Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 205A 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen (IWR) Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 205A 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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10
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Jia X, Zhang Z, Gevorgyan V. Three-Component Visible-Light-Induced Palladium-Catalyzed 1,2-Alkyl Carbamoylation/Cyanation of Alkenes. ACS Catal 2021; 11:13217-13222. [PMID: 35450399 PMCID: PMC9017990 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A mild visible-light-induced Pd-catalyzed one-pot three-component alkyl-carbamoylation and cyanation of alkenes was developed. This general transformation, which proceeds via the in situ formation of a reactive ketenimine intermediate, allows for a rapid construction of a broad range of valuable amides and nitriles from readily available alkenes, alkyl iodides, and isocyanides. An efficient synthesis of tetrazole and amidine via this approach was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqing Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080-3021, United States
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11
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Correia JTM, Santos MS, Pissinati EF, da Silva GP, Paixão MW. Recent Advances on Photoinduced Cascade Strategies for the Synthesis of N-Heterocycles. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2666-2687. [PMID: 34288377 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, visible-light photocatalysis has proved to be a powerful tool for the construction of N-heterocyclic frameworks, important constituents of natural products, insecticides, pharmacologically relevant therapeutic agents and catalysts. This account highlights recent developments and established methods towards the photocatalytic cascades for preparation of different classes of N-heterocycles, giving emphasis on our contribution to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Tiago M Correia
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil -, 13565-905
| | - Marilia S Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil -, 13565-905
| | - Emanuele F Pissinati
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil -, 13565-905
| | - Gustavo P da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil -, 13565-905
| | - Márcio W Paixão
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235 - SP-310 - São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil -, 13565-905
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12
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Photogenerated electrophilic radicals for the umpolung of enolate chemistry. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Talukdar V, Vijayan A, Kumar Katari N, Radhakrishnan KV, Das P. Recent Trends in the Synthesis and Mechanistic Implications of Phenanthridines. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad 826004 India
| | - Ajesh Vijayan
- Department of Chemistry CHRIST (Deemed to be University) Hosur road Bengaluru 560029 India
| | | | - K. V. Radhakrishnan
- CSIR – National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram 695019 India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad 826004 India
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Witzel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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15
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Abstract
This review summarizes the recent achievements of dinuclear gold-catalyzed redox coupling, asymmetric catalysis and photocatalysis. The dinuclear gold catalysts show a better catalytic performance than the mononuclear gold catalysts in certain cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Cheng-Long Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Chuan-Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Weipeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
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16
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Cannalire R, Amato J, Summa V, Novellino E, Tron GC, Giustiniano M. Visible-Light Photocatalytic Functionalization of Isocyanides for the Synthesis of Secondary Amides and Ketene Aminals. J Org Chem 2020; 85:14077-14086. [PMID: 33074674 PMCID: PMC8015228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new visible light-induced photocatalytic protocol enabling the formation of secondary amides from electron-poor organic bromides and isocyanides was developed. In addition, the in situ interception of ketenimine intermediates with nitrogen nucleophiles such as amines, hydrazines, and TMSN3 afforded, in a one-pot two-step procedure, valuable scaffolds such as ketene aminals, pyrazolones, and tetrazoles. Mechanistic evidence confirmed a radical pathway where isocyanides acted as radical geminal acceptors generating key imidoyl radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico
II, via D. Montesano
49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Jussara Amato
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico
II, via D. Montesano
49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Summa
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico
II, via D. Montesano
49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico
II, via D. Montesano
49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Department
of Drug Science, University of Piemonte
Orientale, Largo Donegani
2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giustiniano
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico
II, via D. Montesano
49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
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17
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Sharma S, Pandey AP, Sharma A. Photocatalytical and Photochemical Generation of Imidoyl Radicals: Synthetic Applications. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sharma
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 India
| | - Amar Prakash Pandey
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 India
- Govt. PG College, Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh 472001 India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 India
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18
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Crespi S, Fagnoni M. Generation of Alkyl Radicals: From the Tyranny of Tin to the Photon Democracy. Chem Rev 2020; 120:9790-9833. [PMID: 32786419 PMCID: PMC8009483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl radicals are key intermediates in organic synthesis. Their classic generation from alkyl halides has a severe drawback due to the employment of toxic tin hydrides to the point that "flight from the tyranny of tin" in radical processes was considered for a long time an unavoidable issue. This review summarizes the main alternative approaches for the generation of unstabilized alkyl radicals, using photons as traceless promoters. The recent development in photochemical and photocatalyzed processes enabled the discovery of a plethora of new alkyl radical precursors, opening the world of radical chemistry to a broader community, thus allowing a new era of photon democracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, Center for Systems
Chemistry University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen
Lab, Department of Chemistry, V. Le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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19
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Liu J, Lu L, Wood D, Lin S. New Redox Strategies in Organic Synthesis by Means of Electrochemistry and Photochemistry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1317-1340. [PMID: 32875074 PMCID: PMC7453421 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As the breadth of radical chemistry grows, new means to promote and regulate single-electron redox activities play increasingly important roles in driving modern synthetic innovation. In this regard, photochemistry and electrochemistry-both considered as niche fields for decades-have seen an explosive renewal of interest in recent years and gradually have become a cornerstone of organic chemistry. In this Outlook article, we examine the current state-of-the-art in the areas of electrochemistry and photochemistry, as well as the nascent area of electrophotochemistry. These techniques employ external stimuli to activate organic molecules and imbue privileged control of reaction progress and selectivity that is challenging to traditional chemical methods. Thus, they provide alternative entries to known and new reactive intermediates and enable distinct synthetic strategies that were previously unimaginable. Of the many hallmarks, electro- and photochemistry are often classified as "green" technologies, promoting organic reactions under mild conditions without the necessity for potent and wasteful oxidants and reductants. This Outlook reviews the most recent growth of these fields with special emphasis on conceptual advances that have given rise to enhanced accessibility to the tools of the modern chemical trade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York 14853, United States
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20
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Schmidbaur H, Raubenheimer HG. Excimer and Exciplex Formation in Gold(I) Complexes Preconditioned by Aurophilic Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14748-14771. [PMID: 32022383 PMCID: PMC7496071 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Excimers and exciplexes are defined as assemblies of atoms or molecules A/A' where interatomic/intermolecular bonding appears only in excited states such as [A2 ]* (for excimers) and [AA']* (for exciplexes). Their formation has become widely known because of their role in gas-phase laser technologies, but their significance in general chemistry terms has been given little attention. Recent investigations in gold chemistry have opened up a new field of excimer and exciplex chemistry that relies largely on the preorganization of gold(I) compounds (electronic configuration AuI (5d10 )) through aurophilic contacts. In the corresponding excimers, a new type of Au⋅⋅⋅Au bonding arises, with bond energies and lengths approaching those of ground-state Au-Au bonds between metal atoms in the Au0 (5d10 6s1 ) and AuII (5d9 ) configurations. Excimer formation gives rise to a broad range of photophysical effects, for which some of the relaxation dynamics have recently been clarified. Excimers have also been shown to play an important role in photoredox binuclear gold catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Schmidbaur
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Helgard G. Raubenheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceUniversity of StellenboschPrivate Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
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21
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Liu Y, Zhou B, Li Q, Jin H. Nickel-Catalyzed Multicomponent Coupling Reaction of Alkyl Halides, Isocyanides and H2O: An Expedient Way to Access Alkyl Amides. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We herein describe a Ni-catalyzed multicomponent coupling reaction of alkyl halides, isocyanides, and H2O to access alkyl amides. Bench-stable NiCl2(dppp) is competent to initiate this transformation under mild reaction conditions, thus allowing easy operation and adding practical value. Substrate scope studies revealed a broad functional group tolerance and generality of primary and secondary alkyl halides in this protocol. A plausible catalytic cycle via a SET process is proposed based on preliminary experiments and previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkui Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology
| | - Bingwei Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology
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22
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Del Tito A, Abdulla HO, Ravelli D, Protti S, Fagnoni M. Photocatalyzed syntheses of phenanthrenes and their aza-analogues. A review. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1476-1488. [PMID: 32647549 PMCID: PMC7323630 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenanthrenes and their aza-analogues have important applications in materials science and in medicine. Aim of this review is to collect recent reports describing their synthesis, which make use of radical cyclizations promoted by a visible light-triggered photocatalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Del Tito
- Photogreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Havall Othman Abdulla
- Photogreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Davide Ravelli
- Photogreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- Photogreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- Photogreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Schmidbaur H, Raubenheimer HG. Excimer‐ und Exciplex‐Bildung in durch aurophile Wechselwirkungen präkonditionierten Gold(I)‐ Komplexen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Schmidbaur
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Helgard G. Raubenheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 Südafrika
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24
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A. C. A. Bayrakdar T, Scattolin T, Ma X, Nolan SP. Dinuclear gold(i) complexes: from bonding to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:7044-7100. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00438c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have seen a veritable explosion in the use of gold(i) complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and phosphine (PR3) ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Xinyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry
- Ghent University
- Ghent
- Belgium
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25
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Kim S, Toste FD. Mechanism of Photoredox-Initiated C-C and C-N Bond Formation by Arylation of IPrAu(I)-CF 3 and IPrAu(I)-Succinimide. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4308-4315. [PMID: 30653314 PMCID: PMC6446566 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the photoredox-initiated gold-mediated C(sp2)-CF3 and C(sp2)-N coupling reactions. By adopting gold as a platform for probing metallaphotoredox catalysis, we demonstrate that cationic gold(III) complexes are the key intermediates of the C-C and C-N coupling reactions. The high-valent gold(III) intermediates are accessed by virtue of photoredox catalysis through a radical chain process. In addition, the bond-forming step of the coupling reactions is the reductive elimination from cationic gold(III) intermediates, which is supported by isolation and crystallographic characterization of key Au(III) intermediates.
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Ye S, Xiang T, Li X, Wu J. Metal-catalyzed radical-type transformation of unactivated alkyl halides with C–C bond formation under photoinduced conditions. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00272c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the metal-catalyzed radical-type transformation of unactivated alkyl halides with C–C bond formation under photoinduced conditions are summarized. Usually, a broad reaction scope is observed including tertiary, secondary, and primary alkyl halides, with good functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqing Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
| | - Tianyi Xiang
- College of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University of Science and Technology
- Xiangtan 411201
- China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies
- Taizhou University
- Taizhou 318000
- China
- Department of Chemistry
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27
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Zidan M, Rohe S, McCallum T, Barriault L. Recent advances in mono and binuclear gold photoredox catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy01765d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this minireview, recent developments in the field of photoredox catalysis and the applications of mono and binuclear Au(i) complexes in organic transformations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zidan
- Centre for Catalysis
- Research and Innovation Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - S. Rohe
- Centre for Catalysis
- Research and Innovation Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - T. McCallum
- Centre for Catalysis
- Research and Innovation Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - L. Barriault
- Centre for Catalysis
- Research and Innovation Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- K1N 6N5 Canada
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