1
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Tsien J, Hu C, Merchant RR, Qin T. Three-dimensional saturated C(sp 3)-rich bioisosteres for benzene. Nat Rev Chem 2024:10.1038/s41570-024-00623-0. [PMID: 38982260 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00623-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Benzenes, the most ubiquitous structural moiety in marketed small-molecule drugs, are frequently associated with poor 'drug-like' properties, including metabolic instability, and poor aqueous solubility. In an effort to overcome these limitations, recent developments in medicinal chemistry have demonstrated the improved physicochemical profiles of C(sp3)-rich bioisosteric scaffolds relative to arenes. In the past two decades, we have witnessed an exponential increase in synthetic methods for accessing saturated bioisosteres of monosubstituted and para-substituted benzenes. However, until recent discoveries, analogous three-dimensional ortho-substituted and meta-substituted biososteres have remained underexplored, owing to their ring strain and increased s-character hybridization. This Review summarizes the emerging synthetic methodologies to access such saturated motifs and their impact on the application of bioisosteres for ortho-substituted, meta-substituted and multi-substituted benzene rings. It concludes with a perspective on the development of next-generation bioisosteres, including those within novel chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jet Tsien
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rohan R Merchant
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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2
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Zhang K, Tian S, Li W, Yang X, Duan XH, Guo LN, Li P. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Formal [2π+2σ] Cycloaddition of Bicyclobutanes with Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones: Access to Quinoxaline-Fused Aza-Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:5482-5487. [PMID: 38913035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of quinoxaline-fused aza-bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes bearing multiple quaternary carbon centers via the intermolecular [2π+2σ] cycloaddition of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes and quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, facilitated by Lewis acid catalysis, is presented. This reaction is carried out under mild conditions and exhibits a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shanghui Tian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wenke Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage, Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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3
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He C, Ba X, Shunatona HP, Edwards JT, Li YX, Keller TM, Sommer RD, Zapf CW, Mortensen DS. Discovery of an Azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane Piperazinium Salt and Its Application in Medicinal Chemistry via a Rearrangement. Org Lett 2024; 26:5318-5322. [PMID: 38888237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein we report the discovery of an azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane piperazinium methanesulfonate salt from an unexpected rearrangement reaction in the preparation of ligand-directed degraders (LDDs). This bench-stable compound was found to be a versatile electrophile in a ring-opening reaction with various types of nucleophiles. Its utility as a versatile medicinal chemistry building block is further demonstrated in the synthesis of an LDD compound targeting degradation of the androgen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi He
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaochu Ba
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hunter P Shunatona
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacob T Edwards
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Yi-Xin Li
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Taylor M Keller
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Roger D Sommer
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Christoph W Zapf
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Deborah S Mortensen
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite 100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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4
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Dutta S, Lu YL, Erchinger JE, Shao H, Studer E, Schäfer F, Wang H, Rana D, Daniliuc CG, Houk KN, Glorius F. Double Strain-Release [2π+2σ]-Photocycloaddition. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5232-5241. [PMID: 38350439 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
In pursuit of potent pharmaceutical candidates and to further improve their chemical traits, small ring systems can serve as a potential starting point. Small ring units have the additional merit of loaded strain at their core, making them suitable reactants as they can capitalize on this intrinsic driving force. With the introduction of cyclobutenone as a strained precursor to ketene, the photocycloaddition with another strained unit, bicyclo[1.1.0]butane (BCB), enables the reactivity of both π-units in the transient ketene. This double strain-release driven [2π+2σ]-photocycloaddition promotes the synthesis of diverse heterobicyclo[2.1.1]hexane units, a pharmaceutically relevant bioisostere. The effective reactivity under catalyst-free conditions with a high functional group tolerance defines its synthetic utility. Experimental mechanistic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the [2π+2σ]-photocycloaddition takes place via a triplet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Yi-Lin Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Johannes E Erchinger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Huiling Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Emanuel Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Schäfer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Huamin Wang
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Debanjan Rana
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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5
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Chang YC, Salome C, Fessard T, Brown MK. Synthesis of 2-Azanorbornanes via Strain-Release Formal Cycloadditions Initiated by Energy Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314700. [PMID: 37963812 PMCID: PMC10760907 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Rigid bicycles are becoming more popular in the pharmaceutical industry because they allow for expansion to new and unique chemical spaces. This work describes a new strategy to construct 2-azanorbornanes, which can act as rigid piperidine/pyrrolidine scaffolds with well-defined exit vectors. To achieve the synthesis of 2-azanorbornanes, new strain-release reagent, azahousane, is introduced along with its photosensitized strain-release formal cycloaddition with alkenes. Furthermore, new reactivity between a housane and an imine is disclosed. Both strategies lead to various substituted 2-azanorbornanes with good selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Che Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
| | - Christophe Salome
- SpiroChem AG, Rosental area, WRO-1047-3, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Fessard
- SpiroChem AG, Rosental area, WRO-1047-3, Mattenstrasse 22, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA
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6
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Kirichok AA, Tkachuk H, Kozyriev Y, Shablykin O, Datsenko O, Granat D, Yegorova T, Bas YP, Semirenko V, Pishel I, Kubyshkin V, Lesyk D, Klymenko-Ulianov O, Mykhailiuk PK. 1-Azaspiro[3.3]heptane as a Bioisostere of Piperidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202311583. [PMID: 37819253 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
1-Azaspiro[3.3]heptanes were synthesized, characterized, and validated biologically as bioisosteres of piperidine. The key synthesis step was thermal [2+2] cycloaddition between endocyclic alkenes and the Graf isocyanate, ClO2 S-NCO, to give spirocyclic β-lactams. Reduction of the β-lactam ring with alane produced 1-azaspiro[3.3]heptanes. Incorporation of this core into the anesthetic drug bupivacaine instead of the piperidine fragment resulted in a new patent-free analogue with high activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Kirichok
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry, Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Yevhenii Kozyriev
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Faculty of Chemistry, 72 Gagarina Ave., 49010, Dnipro, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Shablykin
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of the NAS of Ukraine, Akademika Kukharya 1, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Dmitry Granat
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Tetyana Yegorova
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry, Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuliya P Bas
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry, Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Iryna Pishel
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Dmytro Lesyk
- Bienta, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd, Winston Churchill Str. 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry, Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
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7
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Dibchak D, Snisarenko M, Mishuk A, Shablykin O, Bortnichuk L, Klymenko-Ulianov O, Kheylik Y, Sadkova IV, Rzepa HS, Mykhailiuk PK. General Synthesis of 3-Azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes and Evaluation of Their Properties as Saturated Isosteres. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304246. [PMID: 37232421 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A general approach to 3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptanes by reduction of spirocyclic oxetanyl nitriles was developed. The mechanism, scope, and scalability of this transformation were studied. The core was incorporated into the structure of the antihistamine drug Rupatidine instead of the pyridine ring, which led to a dramatic improvement in physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artem Mishuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 60, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Shablykin
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 60, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Akademika Kukharya, 1, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | | - Henry S Rzepa
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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8
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Shire B, Anderson EA. Conquering the Synthesis and Functionalization of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes. JACS AU 2023; 3:1539-1553. [PMID: 37388694 PMCID: PMC10301682 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) have become established as attractive bioisosteres for para-substituted benzene rings in drug design. Conferring various beneficial properties compared with their aromatic "parents," BCPs featuring a wide array of bridgehead substituents can now be accessed by an equivalent variety of methods. In this perspective, we discuss the evolution of this field and focus on the most enabling and general methods for BCPs synthesis, considering both scope and limitation. Recent breakthroughs on the synthesis of bridge-substituted BCPs are described, as well as methodologies for postsynthesis functionalization. We further explore new challenges and directions for the field, such as the emergence of other rigid small ring hydrocarbons and heterocycles possessing unique substituent exit vectors.
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9
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Wright BA, Matviitsuk A, Black MJ, García-Reynaga P, Hanna LE, Herrmann AT, Ameriks MK, Sarpong R, Lebold TP. Skeletal Editing Approach to Bridge-Functionalized Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes from Azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10960-10966. [PMID: 37145091 PMCID: PMC10281541 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (aza-BCHs) and bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) have emerged as attractive classes of sp3-rich cores for replacing flat, aromatic groups with metabolically resistant, three-dimensional frameworks in drug scaffolds. Strategies to directly convert, or "scaffold hop", between these bioisosteric subclasses through single-atom skeletal editing would enable efficient interpolation within this valuable chemical space. Herein, we describe a strategy to "scaffold hop" between aza-BCH and BCP cores through a nitrogen-deleting skeletal edit. Photochemical [2+2] cycloadditions, used to prepare multifunctionalized aza-BCH frameworks, are coupled with a subsequent deamination step to afford bridge-functionalized BCPs, for which few synthetic solutions currently exist. The modular sequence provides access to various privileged bridged bicycles of pharmaceutical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Michael J Black
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Luke E Hanna
- Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Aaron T Herrmann
- Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael K Ameriks
- Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Terry P Lebold
- Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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10
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Yu IF, Manske JL, Diéguez-Vázquez A, Misale A, Pashenko AE, Mykhailiuk PK, Ryabukhin SV, Volochnyuk DM, Hartwig JF. Catalytic undirected borylation of tertiary C-H bonds in bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes and bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. Nat Chem 2023; 15:685-693. [PMID: 36973434 PMCID: PMC10684141 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic borylations of sp3 C-H bonds occur with high selectivities for primary C-H bonds or secondary C-H bonds that are activated by nearby electron-withdrawing substituents. Catalytic borylation at tertiary C-H bonds has not been observed. Here we describe a broadly applicable method for the synthesis of boron-substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes and (hetero)bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes by an iridium-catalysed borylation of the bridgehead tertiary C-H bond. This reaction is highly selective for the formation of bridgehead boronic esters and is compatible with a broad range of functional groups (>35 examples). The method is applicable to the late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals containing this substructure and the synthesis of novel bicyclic building blocks. Kinetic and computational studies suggest that C-H bond cleavage occurs with a modest barrier and that the turnover-limiting step of this reaction is an isomerization that occurs prior to reductive elimination that forms the C-B bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac F Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jenna L Manske
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Alexander E Pashenko
- The Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- The Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V Ryabukhin
- The Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M Volochnyuk
- The Institute of High Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine.
- Enamine Ltd, Kyiv, Ukraine.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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11
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Bychek R, Mykhailiuk PK. A Practical and Scalable Approach to Fluoro-Substituted Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205103. [PMID: 35638404 PMCID: PMC9401599 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
After more than 20 years of trials, a practical scalable approach to fluoro‐substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (F‐BCPs) has been developed. The physicochemical properties of the F‐BCPs have been studied, and the core was incorporated into the structure of the anti‐inflammatory drug Flurbiprofen in place of the fluorophenyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bychek
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 60, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
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12
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Dhake K, Woelk KJ, Becica J, Un A, Jenny SE, Leitch DC. Beyond Bioisosteres: Divergent Synthesis of Azabicyclohexanes and Cyclobutenyl Amines from Bicyclobutanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204719. [PMID: 35442565 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of two divergent and complementary Lewis acid catalyzed additions of bicyclobutanes to imines is described. Microscale high-throughput experimentation was integral to the discovery and optimization of both reactions. N-arylimines undergo formal (3+2) cycloaddition with bicyclobutanes to yield azabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes in a single step; in contrast, N-alkylimines undergo an addition/elimination sequence to generate cyclobutenyl methanamine products with high diastereoselectivity. These new products contain a variety of synthetic handles for further elaboration, including many functional groups relevant to pharmaceutical synthesis. The divergent reactivity observed is attributed to differences in basicity and nucleophilicity of the nitrogen atom in a common carbocation intermediate, leading to either nucleophilic attack (N-aryl) or E1 elimination (N-alkyl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Dhake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Kyla J Woelk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Joseph Becica
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Andy Un
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sarah E Jenny
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - David C Leitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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13
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Bychek R, Mykhailiuk PK. A Practical and Scalable Approach to Fluoro‐Substituted Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Bychek
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 60 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
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14
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Dhake K, Woelk KJ, Becica J, Un A, Jenny SE, Leitch DC. Beyond Bioisosteres: Divergent Synthesis of Azabicyclohexanes and Cyclobutenyl Amines from Bicyclobutanes**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Dhake
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Kyla J. Woelk
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Joseph Becica
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Andy Un
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Sarah E. Jenny
- Department of Chemistry Temple University 1901N. Broad St Philadelphia PA 19122 USA
| | - David C. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd. Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
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15
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Kleinmans R, Pinkert T, Dutta S, Paulisch TO, Keum H, Daniliuc CG, Glorius F. Intermolecular [2π+2σ]-photocycloaddition enabled by triplet energy transfer. Nature 2022; 605:477-482. [PMID: 35314833 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04636-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For more than one century, photochemical [2+2]-cycloadditions have been used by synthetic chemists to make cyclobutanes, four-membered carbon-based rings. In this reaction, typically two olefin subunits (two π-electrons per olefin) cyclize to form two new C-C σ-bonds. Although the development of photochemical [2+2]-cycloadditions has made enormous progress within the last century, research has been focused on such [2π+2π]-systems, in which two π-bonds are converted into two new σ-bonds1,2. Here we report an intermolecular [2+2]-photocycloaddition that uses bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes as 2σ-electron reactants3-7. This strain-release-driven [2π+2σ]-photocycloaddition reaction was realized by visible-light-mediated triplet energy transfer catalysis8,9. A simple, modular and diastereoselective synthesis of bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes from heterocyclic olefin coupling partners, namely coumarins, flavones and indoles, is disclosed. Given the increasing importance of bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes as bioisosteres-groups that convey similar biological properties to those they replace-in pharmaceutical research and considering their limited access10,11, there remains a need for new synthetic methodologies. Applying this strategy enabled us to extend the intermolecular [2+2]-photocycloadditions to σ-bonds and provides previously inaccessible structural motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Kleinmans
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Pinkert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Subhabrata Dutta
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Tiffany O Paulisch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hyeyun Keum
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany.
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16
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Homon AA, Hryshchuk OV, Mykhailenko OV, Vashchenko BV, Melnykov KP, Michurin OM, Daniliuc CG, Gerus II, Kovtunenko VO, Kondratov IS, Grygorenko OO. 4‐(Di‐/Trifluoromethyl)‐2‐heterabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes: Advanced Fluorinated Phenyl Isosteres and Proline analogues. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. Homon
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net) Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry & Petrochemistry NAS of Ukraine Murmanska Street 1 Kyiv 02660 Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr V. Hryshchuk
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net) Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Olha V. Mykhailenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net) Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Bohdan V. Vashchenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net) Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Kostiantyn P. Melnykov
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net) Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Oleg M. Michurin
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net) Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstr. 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Igor I. Gerus
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry & Petrochemistry NAS of Ukraine Murmanska Street 1 Kyiv 02660 Ukraine
| | | | - Ivan S. Kondratov
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net) Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry & Petrochemistry NAS of Ukraine Murmanska Street 1 Kyiv 02660 Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net) Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
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18
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Grygorenko OO. Enamine Ltd.: The Science and Business of Organic Chemistry and Beyond. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr O. Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
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19
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Transfer of photochemistry from UV to visible: An expedient access to a bridged pyrrolidine. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Ripenko V, Vysochyn D, Klymov I, Zhersh S, Mykhailiuk PK. Large-Scale Synthesis and Modifications of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-dicarboxylic Acid (BCP). J Org Chem 2021; 86:14061-14068. [PMID: 34166594 PMCID: PMC8524415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In flow photochemical addition of propellane to
diacetyl allowed construction of the bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) core
in a 1 kg scale within 1 day. Haloform reaction of the formed diketone
in batch afforded bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid in a
multigram amount. Representative gram scale transformations of the
diacid were also performed to obtain various BCP-containing building
blocks—alcohols, acids, amines, trifluoroborates, amino acids, etc.—for medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Ripenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Ivan Klymov
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Serhii Zhersh
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
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22
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Savych VI, Mykhalchuk VL, Melnychuk PV, Isakov AO, Savchuk T, Timoshenko VM, Siry SA, Pavlenko SO, Kovalenko DV, Hryshchuk OV, Reznik VA, Chalyk BA, Yarmolchuk VS, Rusanov EB, Mykhailiuk PK. Bicyclic Pyrrolidines for Medicinal Chemistry via [3 + 2]-Cycloaddition. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13289-13309. [PMID: 34428062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A general approach to bicyclic fused pyrrolidines via [3 + 2]-cycloaddition between nonstabilized azomethyne ylide and endocyclic electron-deficient alkenes was elaborated. "Push-pull" alkenes and CF3-alkenes did not react with the azomethyne ylide under the previously reported conditions, and we developed a superior protocol (LiF, 140 °C, no solvent). Among obtained products were medchem-relevant bicyclic sulfones, monofluoro-, difluoro-, and trifluoromethyl-substituted pyrrolidines. This approach not only allowed preparation of novel molecules but also significantly simplified synthesis of the existing ones (e.g., sofinicline).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Savych
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | | | - Pavlo V Melnychuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | - Andrii O Isakov
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | - Taras Savchuk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | - Vadim M Timoshenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska St. 5, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy A Siry
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska St. 5, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy O Pavlenko
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | | | | | - Vitalii A Reznik
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net
| | - Bohdan A Chalyk
- Enamine Ltd.; Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine, www.enamine.net.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska St. 5, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Eduard B Rusanov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska St. 5, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
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23
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Elliott LD, Booker-Milburn KI, Lennox AJJ. Daisy-Chaining Photo- and Thermal Chemistry: Multistep Continuous Flow Synthesis of Visible-Light-Mediated Photochemistry with a High-Temperature Cascade Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
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24
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Abstract
In the past decade, the field of organic synthesis has witnessed tremendous advancements in the areas of photoredox catalysis, electrochemistry, C-H activation, reductive coupling and flow chemistry. While these methods and technologies offer many strategic advantages in streamlining syntheses, their application on the process scale is complicated by several factors. In this Review, we discuss the challenges that arise when these reaction classes and/or flow chemistry technology are taken from a research laboratory operating at the milligram scale to a reactor capable of producing kilograms of product. We discuss how these challenges have been overcome through chemical and engineering solutions. Specifically, this Review will highlight key examples that have led to the production of multi-hundred-gram to kilogram quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates and will provide insight on the scaling-up process to those developing new technologies and reactions.
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25
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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26
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Shcherbakova V, Dibchak D, Snisarenko M, Skalenko Y, Denisenko AV, Kuznetsova AS, Mykhailiuk PK. Bicyclic Piperidines via [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition. J Org Chem 2021; 86:2200-2209. [PMID: 33211487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy to fused bicyclic piperidines-building blocks for medicinal chemistry-is developed. The key step was an intramolecular [2 + 2]-photocyclization. The photochemical step was performed on a gram scale. Crystallographic analysis of the obtained compounds revealed that they occupy a novel chemical space and can be considered as elongated analogues of 3-substituted piperidines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yevhen Skalenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.,V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry NAS of Ukraine, Murmanska 1, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | | | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
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27
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Cox B, Duffy J, Zdorichenko V, Bellanger C, Hurcum J, Laleu B, Booker-Milburn KI, Elliott LD, Robertson-Ralph M, Swain CJ, Bishop SJ, Hallyburton I, Anderson M. Escaping from Flatland: Antimalarial Activity of sp 3-Rich Bridged Pyrrolidine Derivatives. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2497-2503. [PMID: 33335673 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We utilized synthetic photochemistry to generate novel sp3-rich scaffolds and report the design, synthesis, and biological testing of a diverse series of amides based on the 1-(amino-methyl)-2-benzyl-2-aza-bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane scaffold. Preliminary antimalarial screening of the library provided promising compounds with activity in the 1-5 μM range with an enhanced hit rate. Further evaluation (solubility, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK), and toxicity) of a selected compound (9) suggested that this series represents an excellent opportunity for further optimization with the framework offering multiple opportunities for the addition of uniquely vectorally positioned extra functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cox
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
- Photodiversity Ltd, c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - James Duffy
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, PO Box 1826, 20 Route de Pré-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Victor Zdorichenko
- Photodiversity Ltd, c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Corentin Bellanger
- Photodiversity Ltd, c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Jessica Hurcum
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Benoît Laleu
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, PO Box 1826, 20 Route de Pré-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Kevin I. Booker-Milburn
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Photodiversity Ltd, c/o School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke D. Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Michael Robertson-Ralph
- Photodiversity Ltd, c/o School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | | | - Stephen J. Bishop
- Photodiversity Ltd, c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Irene Hallyburton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infective Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
| | - Mark Anderson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-infective Research, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, U.K
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28
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Arai N, Ohkuma T. Photosensitized Intramolecular [2+2] Cycloaddition of 1 H-Pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridines Enabled by the Assistance of Lewis Acids. J Org Chem 2020; 85:15717-15725. [PMID: 33190476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The [2+2] photocycloaddition of alkenyl-tethered 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives sensitized with 3',4'-dimethoxyacetophenone under irradiation by a high-pressure mercury lamp through Pyrex glass was dramatically accelerated by the addition of Lewis acids, preferably Mg(OTf)2, to give the products stereoselectively in high yields. The reaction without a Lewis acid gave only small amounts of the [2+2] cycloaddition products. Conformational fixation of the substrates by coordination with a Lewis acid was presumed to facilitate the cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Arai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohkuma
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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29
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Wang H, Ren B, Liu Y, Jiang B, Guo Y, Wei M, Luo L, Kuang X, Qiu M, Lv L, Xu H, Qi R, Yan H, Xu D, Wang Z, Huo CX, Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Qin Z, Su D, Tang T, Wang F, Sun X, Feng Y, Peng H, Wang X, Gao Y, Liu Y, Gong W, Yu F, Liu X, Wang L, Zhou C. Discovery of Pamiparib (BGB-290), a Potent and Selective Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Inhibitor in Clinical Development. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15541-15563. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Denisenko A, Garbuz P, Shishkina SV, Voloshchuk NM, Mykhailiuk PK. Saturated Bioisosteres of
ortho
‐Substituted Benzenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Garbuz
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Svetlana V. Shishkina
- “Institute for Single Crystals” National Academy of Science of Ukraine Lenina Ave. 60 61001 Kharkiv Ukraine
| | - Nataliya M. Voloshchuk
- National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine Heroiv Oborony 15 03041 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Pavel K. Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Chemistry Department Volodymyrska 64 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
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31
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Elliott LD, Kayal S, George MW, Booker-Milburn K. Rational Design of Triplet Sensitizers for the Transfer of Excited State Photochemistry from UV to Visible. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14947-14956. [PMID: 32786778 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Time Dependent Density Functional Theory has been used to assist the design and synthesis of a series thioxanthone triplet sensitizers. Calculated energies of the triplet excited state (ET) informed both the type and position of auxochromes placed on the thioxanthone core, enabling fine-tuning of the UV-vis absorptions and associated triplet energies. The calculated results were highly consistent with experimental observation in both the order of the λmax and ET values. The synthesized compounds were then evaluated for their efficacies as triplet sensitizers in a variety of UV and visible light preparative photochemical reactions. The results of this study exceeded expectations; in particular [2 + 2] cycloaddition chemistry that had previously been sensitized in the UV was found to undergo cycloaddition at 455 nm (blue) with a 2- to 9-fold increase in productivity (g/h) relative to input power. This study demonstrates the ability of powerful modern computational methods to aid in the design of successful and productive triplet sensitized photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Surajit Kayal
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park,Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W George
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park,Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Kevin Booker-Milburn
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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32
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Denisenko A, Garbuz P, Shishkina SV, Voloshchuk NM, Mykhailiuk PK. Saturated Bioisosteres of ortho-Substituted Benzenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20515-20521. [PMID: 32662201 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Saturated bioisosteres of ortho-disubstituted benzenes (bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes) were synthesized, characterized and validated. These cores were incorporated into the bioactive compounds Valsartan, Boskalid and Fluxapyroxad instead of the benzene ring. The saturated analogues showed a similar level of antifungal activity compared to that of Boskalid and Fluxapyroxad.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Garbuz
- Enamine Ltd, Chervonotkatska 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Svetlana V Shishkina
- "Institute for Single Crystals", National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Lenina Ave. 60, 61001, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Nataliya M Voloshchuk
- National University of Life and Environmental Science of Ukraine, Heroiv Oborony 15, 03041, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd, Chervonotkatska 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Chemistry Department, Volodymyrska 64, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
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33
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Cox B, Zdorichenko V, Cox PB, Booker-Milburn KI, Paumier R, Elliott LD, Robertson-Ralph M, Bloomfield G. Escaping from Flatland: Substituted Bridged Pyrrolidine Fragments with Inherent Three-Dimensional Character. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1185-1190. [PMID: 32550999 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pressure to deliver new medicines to the patient continues to grow along with increases in compound failure rate, thus putting the current R&D model at risk. Analysis has shown that increasing the three-dimensionality of potential drug candidates decreases the risk of failure and improves binding selectivity and frequency. For this reason many workers have taken a new look at the power of photochemistry as a means to generate novel sp3 rich scaffolds for use in drug discovery programs. Here we report the design, synthesis, and computational structural analysis of a series of 2,4-methanoprolines having inherent 3D character (PMI and PBF scores) significantly higher than that of the broader AbbVie Rule of 3 (Ro3) collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cox
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
- Photodiversity Ltd, c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Victor Zdorichenko
- Photodiversity Ltd, c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Philip B. Cox
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-6217, United States
| | - Kevin I. Booker-Milburn
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
- Photodiversity Ltd, c/o School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Romain Paumier
- Photodiversity Ltd, c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Luke D. Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Michael Robertson-Ralph
- Photodiversity Ltd, c/o School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Graham Bloomfield
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
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34
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Levterov VV, Panasyuk Y, Pivnytska VO, Mykhailiuk PK. Water‐Soluble Non‐Classical Benzene Mimetics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pavel K. Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Chemistry Department Volodymyrska 64 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
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35
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Levterov VV, Panasyuk Y, Pivnytska VO, Mykhailiuk PK. Water-Soluble Non-Classical Benzene Mimetics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7161-7167. [PMID: 32060990 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new generation of saturated benzene mimetics, 2-oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes, was developed. These compounds were designed as analogues of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane with an improved water solubility. Crystallographic analysis of 2-oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes revealed that they occupy a novel chemical space, but, at the same time, resemble the motif of meta-disubstituted benzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pavel K Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Chemistry Department, Volodymyrska 64, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
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36
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Leitch JA, Rogova T, Duarte F, Dixon DJ. Dearomative Photocatalytic Construction of Bridged 1,3‐Diazepanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4121-4130. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Tatiana Rogova
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
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37
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Leitch JA, Rogova T, Duarte F, Dixon DJ. Dearomative Photocatalytic Construction of Bridged 1,3‐Diazepanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Tatiana Rogova
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry Chemical Research Laboratory University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
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38
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Di Filippo M, Bracken C, Baumann M. Continuous Flow Photochemistry for the Preparation of Bioactive Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020356. [PMID: 31952244 PMCID: PMC7024297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a remarkable development towards improved and new photochemical transformations in response to greener and more sustainable chemical synthesis needs. Additionally, the availability of modern continuous flow reactors has enabled widespread applications in view of more streamlined and custom designed flow processes. In this focused review article, we wish to evaluate the standing of the field of continuous flow photochemistry with a specific emphasis on the generation of bioactive entities, including natural products, drugs and their precursors. To this end we highlight key developments in this field that have contributed to the progress achieved to date. Dedicated sections present the variety of suitable reactor designs and set-ups available; a short discussion on the relevance of greener and more sustainable approaches; and selected key applications in the area of bioactive structures. A final section outlines remaining challenges and areas that will benefit from further developments in this fast-moving area. It is hoped that this report provides a valuable update on this important field of synthetic chemistry which may fuel developments in the future.
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39
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Cox B, Booker-Milburn KI, Elliott LD, Robertson-Ralph M, Zdorichenko V. Escaping from Flatland: [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition; Conformationally Constrained sp 3-rich Scaffolds for Lead Generation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1512-1517. [PMID: 31749903 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure on researchers to deliver new medicines to the patient continues to grow. Attrition rates in the research and development process present a significant challenge to the viability of the current model of drug discovery. Analysis shows that increasing the three-dimensionality of potential drug candidates decreases the risk of attrition, and it is for this reason many workers have taken a new look at the power of photochemistry, in particular photocycloadditions, as a means to generate novel sp3-rich scaffolds for use in drug discovery programs. The viability of carrying out photochemical reactions on scale is also being addressed by the introduction of new technical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cox
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Kevin I. Booker-Milburn
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Luke D. Elliott
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Michael Robertson-Ralph
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Victor Zdorichenko
- Photodiversity Ltd., c/o School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
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40
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Dibchak D, Shcherbacova V, Denisenko AV, Mykhailiuk PK. Convenient Access to Conformationally Rigid Sultams. Org Lett 2019; 21:8909-8914. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Dibchak
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Department of Chemical Technology, Prosp. Peremohy 37, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valeriya Shcherbacova
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Department of Chemical Technology, Prosp. Peremohy 37, 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Pavel K. Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Chemistry Department, Volodymyrska 64, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
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41
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Wang YY, Bode JW. Olefin Amine (OLA) Reagents for the Synthesis of Bridged Bicyclic and Spirocyclic Saturated N-Heterocycles by Catalytic Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:9739-9745. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yi Wang
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 3, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
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42
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Arai N, Ohkuma T. Stereoselective Construction of Methylenecyclobutane-Fused Indolines through Photosensitized [2+2] Cycloaddition of Allene-Tethered Indole Derivatives. Org Lett 2019; 21:1506-1510. [PMID: 30789275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation of 1-(hexa-4,5-dienoyl)indole derivatives in the presence of an aromatic ketone by a high-pressure mercury lamp through Pyrex glass gave the corresponding cyclized products stereoselectively in high yields. The major part of the products was an all- cis-fused methylenecyclobutane-type compound produced through [2+2] cycloaddition, accompanied by small amounts of alkynes via 1,5-hydrogen transfer of a biradical intermediate. Among a range of aromatic ketones, 3',4'-dimethoxyacetophenone was found to sensitize the substrate quite effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Arai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohkuma
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan.,Frontier Chemistry Center, Faculty of Engineering , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 060-8628 , Japan
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43
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Elliott LD, Booker-Milburn KI. Photochemically Produced Aminocyclobutanes as Masked Dienes in Thermal Electrocyclic Cascade Reactions. Org Lett 2019; 21:1463-1466. [PMID: 30763101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutane products of a triplet sensitized enamide-alkene intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition have been shown to undergo fragmentation under acidic conditions. This lability has been exploited by inducing a complexity-generating thermal electrocyclic cascade sequence involving the in situ formation of a cyclobutene, followed by electrocyclic ring opening, Diels-Alder cycloaddition, and subsequent lactamization. This combination of excited state photochemistry and thermal electrocyclic cascade reactions allows simple planar molecules to be rapidly transformed into sp3-rich scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Elliott
- School of Chemistry , University of Bristol , Cantock's Close , Bristol , BS8 1TS , U.K
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44
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Hutskalova V, Mykhailiuk PK. Pd-Catalyzed directedCH-(hetero)arylation of cyclic α-amino acids: effects of substituents and the ring size. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4342-4349. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00393b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study on the directed Pd-catalyzed (hetero)arylation of 26 substituted cyclic α-amino acids at the C(3)-atom was performed. For the first time, the 7- and 8-membered cyclic amino acids were introduced to C–H activation. 8–Aminoquinoline was used as a directing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Hutskalova
- Enamine Ltd
- Kyiv 02094
- Ukraine
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv
| | - Pavel K. Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd
- Kyiv 02094
- Ukraine
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv
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