1
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Liepuoniute I, Shan JR, Houk KN, Garcia-Garibay MA. Computational Study of Ground-State Destabilization Effects and Dipole-Dipole Interaction Energies in Amphidynamic Crystals. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9-15. [PMID: 38069823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Ground-state destabilization is a promising strategy to modulate rotational barriers in amphidynamic crystals. Density functional theory studies of polar phenylenes installed as rotators in pillared paddle-wheel metal organic frameworks were performed to investigate the effects of ground-state destabilization on their rotational dynamics. We found that as the steric size of phenylene substituents increases, the ground-state destabilization effect is also increased. Specifically, a significant destabilization of the ground-state energy occurred as the size of the substituents increased, with values ranging from 2 to 11.7 kcal/mol. An evaluation of the effects of substituents on dipole-dipole interaction energies and rotational barriers suggests that it should be possible to engineer amphidynamic crystals where the dipole-dipole interaction energy becomes comparable to the rotational barriers. Notably, while pure dipole-dipole interaction energies reached values ranging from 0.6 to 2.4 kcal/mol, the inclusion of electronic and steric effects can alter dipolar orientations to significantly greater values. We propose that careful selection of polar substituents with different sizes may help create temperature-responsive materials with switchable collective polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Liepuoniute
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jing-Ran Shan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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2
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Ando R, Sato-Tomita A, Ito H, Jin M. Giant Crystalline Molecular Rotors that Operate in the Solid State. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309694. [PMID: 37652896 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular motion in the solid state is typically precluded by the highly dense environment, and only molecules with a limited range of sizes show such dynamics. Here, we demonstrate the solid-state rotational motion of two giant molecules, i.e., triptycene and pentiptycene, by encapsulating a bulky N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) Au(I) complex in the crystalline media. To date, triptycene is the largest molecule (surface area: 245 Å2 ; volume: 219 Å3 ) for which rotation has been reported in the solid state, with the largest rotational diameter among reported solid-state molecular rotors (9.5 Å). However, the pentiptycene rotator that is the subject of this study (surface area: 392 Å2 ; volume: 361 Å3 ; rotational diameter: 13.0 Å) surpasses this record. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of both the developed rotors revealed that these possess sufficient free volume around the rotator. The molecular motion in the solid state was confirmed using variable-temperature solid-state 2 H spin-echo NMR studies. The triptycene rotor exhibited three-fold rotation, while temperature-dependent changes of the rotational angle were observed for the pentiptycene rotor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rempei Ando
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Frontier Chemistry Center (FCC), Department of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Ayana Sato-Tomita
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi-ken, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hajime Ito
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Frontier Chemistry Center (FCC), Department of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Mingoo Jin
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
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3
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Gunaga SS, Bryce DL. Modulation of Rotational Dynamics in Halogen-Bonded Cocrystalline Solids. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19005-19017. [PMID: 37586107 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic processes are responsible for the functionality of a range of materials, biomolecules, and catalysts. We report a detailed systematic study of the modulation of methyl rotational dynamics via the direct and the indirect influence of noncovalent halogen bonds. For this purpose, a novel series of cocrystalline architectures featuring halogen bonds (XB) to tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is designed and prepared using gas-phase, solution, and solid-state mechanochemical methods. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals the capacity of molecular bromine as well as weak chloro-XB donors to act as robust directional structure-directing elements. Methyl rotational barriers (Ea) measured using variable-temperature deuterium solid-state NMR range from 3.75 ± 0.04 kJ mol-1 in 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene·TMP to 7.08 ± 0.15 kJ mol-1 in 1,4-dichlorotetrafluorobenzene·TMP. Ea data for a larger series of TMP cocrystals featuring chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-XB donors are shown to be governed by a combination of steric and electronic factors. The average number of carbon-carbon close contacts to the methyl group is found to be a key steric metric capable of rationalizing the observed trends within each of the Cl, Br, and I series. Differences between each series are accounted for by considering the strength of the σ-hole on the XB donor. One possible route to modulating dynamics is therefore via designer cocrystals of variable stoichiometry, maintaining the core chemical features of interest between a given donor and acceptor while simultaneously modifying the number of carbon close contacts affecting dynamics. These principles may provide design opportunities to modulate more complex geared or cascade dynamics involving larger functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha S Gunaga
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, and Nexus for Quantum Technologies, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - David L Bryce
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, and Nexus for Quantum Technologies, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
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4
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Schnabel J, Schulz A, Lunkenheimer P, Volkmer D. Benzothiadiazole-based rotation and possible antipolar order in carboxylate-based metal-organic frameworks. Commun Chem 2023; 6:161. [PMID: 37516750 PMCID: PMC10387106 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
By modifying organic ligands of metal-organic framework with dipolar units, they turn suitable for various applications, e.g., in the field of sensor systems or switching of gas permeation. Dipolar linkers in the organic ligand are capable to rotate in certain temperature and frequency ranges. The copper-bearing paddlewheel shaped metal-organic frameworks ZJNU-40 and JLU-Liu30 possess such a polarizable dipole moment due to their benzothiadiazole moiety in the organic ligands. Here, we investigate the molecular rotor behavior of benzothiadiazole units of the two carboxylate-based MOFs by dielectric spectroscopy and computational simulation. Our dielectric results provide clear evidence for significant reorientational relaxation dynamics of these rotors, revealing various characteristics of glasslike freezing upon cooling. The calculated rotational energy barriers are consistent with experimentally determined barriers for single-dipole dynamics. Moreover, for JLU-Liu30 we find hints at antipolar ordering below about 300 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schnabel
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, University of Augsburg, Institute of Physics, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Schulz
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Institute of Physics, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Peter Lunkenheimer
- Experimental Physics V, Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, Institute of Physics, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Volkmer
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, University of Augsburg, Institute of Physics, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 86159, Augsburg, Germany.
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5
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Krause S, Milić JV. Functional dynamics in framework materials. Commun Chem 2023; 6:151. [PMID: 37452112 PMCID: PMC10349092 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00945-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic crystalline materials have emerged as a unique category of condensed phase matter that combines crystalline lattice with components that display dynamic behavior in the solid state. This has involved a range of materials incorporating dynamic functional units in the form of stimuli-responsive molecular switches and machines, among others. In particular, it has been possible by relying on framework materials, such as porous molecular frameworks and other hybrid organic-inorganic systems that demonstrated potential for serving as scaffolds for dynamic molecular functions. As functional dynamics increase the level of complexity, the associated phenomena are often overlooked and need to be explored. In this perspective, we discuss a selection of recent developments of dynamic solid-state materials across material classes, outlining opportunities and fundamental and methodological challenges for their advancement toward innovative functionality and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Krause
- Max Planck Institute for Solid-State Research, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jovana V Milić
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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6
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Estrada AL, Wang L, Hess G, Hampel F, Gladysz JA. Square-Planar and Octahedral Gyroscope-Like Metal Complexes Consisting of Dipolar Rotators Encased in Dibridgehead Di(triaryl)phosphine Stators: Syntheses, Structures, Dynamic Properties, and Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:17012-17025. [PMID: 36264646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For a variety of purposes, it is of interest to embed metals in cagelike trans-spanning di(triaryl)phosphine ligands. Toward this end, a combination of P(p-C6H4O(CH2)mCH═CH2)3 [3; m = 4 (a), 5 (b), 6 (c), and 7 (d)], [Rh(COD)(μ-Cl)]2, and CO gives square-planar trans-Rh(CO)(Cl)[P(p-C6H4O(CH2)mCH═CH2)3]2 (4a-4d). Reactions of 4b-4d with Grubbs' catalyst (first generation) and then H2 (catalyst PtO2) yield the title compounds trans-Rh(CO)(Cl)[P(p-C6H4O(CH2)nO-p-C6H4)3P] (n = 2m + 2, 6b-6d; 26-41% from 4b-4d). Two are crystallographically characterized. The Cl-Rh-CO moieties rapidly rotate on the NMR time scale at -120 °C, per the ample clearance provided by the (CH2)n segments. Steric interactions with the PC6H4O linkages are analyzed. LiC≡CAr displaces the chloride ligand from 6b to give RhC≡CAr adducts (Ar = C6H5/p-C6H4CH3, 7b/8b). The ArC≡C-Rh-CO rotator of 7b rapidly rotates on the NMR time scale (-70 °C), but with 8b, the longer p-CH3C6H4C≡C group is confined between two (CH2)12 bridges, even at 120 °C. Reactions of Re(CO)5(X) and 3c (140 °C) give octahedral mer,trans-Re(CO)3(X)[P(p-C6H4O(CH2)6CH═CH2)3]2 (X = Cl/Br), and metathesis/hydrogenation sequences yield mer,trans-Re(CO)3(X)[P(p-C6H4O(CH2)14O-p-C6H4)3P]. Reactions of 6c and 6d and excess PMe3 give the free diphosphines P(p-C6H4O(CH2)nO-p-C6H4)3P (14c and 14d, 83-75%). The addition of 14d to [Rh(CO)2(μ-Cl)]2 reconstitutes 6d (87%). Both in,in and out,out isomers of 14c and 14d are possible, but low-temperature NMR spectra show one set of signals, consistent with rapid homeomorphic isomerizations that turn the molecules inside out. Thermolyses (C6D5Br, 140 °C) effect phosphorus inversion to give in,out isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Estrada
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Leyong Wang
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Gisela Hess
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - John A Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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7
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Saura-Sanmartin A, Pastor A, Martinez-Cuezva A, Cutillas-Font G, Alajarin M, Berna J. Mechanically interlocked molecules in metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4949-4976. [PMID: 35612363 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00167e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have great potential in the development of molecular machinery due to their intercomponent dynamics. The incorporation of these molecules in a condensed phase makes it possible to take advantage of the control of the motion of the components at the macroscopic level. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are postulated as ideal supports for intertwined molecules. This review covers the chemistry of the mechanical bond incorporated into metal-organic frameworks from the seminal studies to the latest published advances. We first describe some fundamental concepts of MIMs and MOFs. Next, we summarize the advances in the incorporation of rotaxanes and catenanes inside MOF matrices. Finally, we conclude by showing the study of the rotaxane dynamics in MOFs and the operation of some stimuli-responsive MIMs within MOFs. In addition to emphasising some selected examples, we offer a critical opinion on the state of the art of this research field, remarking the key points on which the future of these systems should be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Aurelia Pastor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Cutillas-Font
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
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8
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Li W, Liu D, Hu W, Liu Q, Du Z, He C, Zhang W, Chen X. A Crystalline Supramolecular Rotor Functioned by Dual Ultrasmall Polar Rotators. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 China
| | - De‐Xuan Liu
- School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Wei‐Yu Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Qing‐Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Zi‐Yi Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Chun‐Ting He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Wei‐Xiong Zhang
- School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Xiao‐Ming Chen
- School of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China
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9
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Kaletová E, Santos Hurtado C, Císařová I, Teat SJ, Kaleta J. Triptycene-Based Molecular Rods for Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayers. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200023. [PMID: 35195369 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein we introduce fully modular synthesis leading to three representative examples of rigid molecular rods that are intended to form sturdy monolayers on various surfaces. These molecules contain two triptycene units that are designed to interlock into a compact "double-decker" structure. Two of the three final products provided suitable crystals for X-ray diffraction (analyzed on synchrotron), allowing deeper insight into packing in the 3-D crystal lattice. The acidity of all three compounds were determined by capillary electrophoresis, and the pKa values ranged between 2.06-2.53. All three rigid rods easily formed Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers (LBMs) on the water-air interfaces, with the area per molecule equal to 55-59 Å2 /molecule, suggesting tight intermolecular packing. The thickness of all three films reached ∼19 Å after transfer to a gold (111) surface, meaning that individual molecules are tilted maximally 38° from the axis perpendicular to the surface. The structure of one of these films on a gold (111) surface was visualized by AFM. These geometrically unique molecules represent promising platforms with a wide scope of applicability in the supramolecular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kaletová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Carina Santos Hurtado
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 12840, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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10
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Estrada AL, Wang L, Bhuvanesh N, Hampel F, Gladysz JA. Syntheses, Structures, Reactivities, and Dynamic Properties of Gyroscope-like Complexes Consisting of Rh(CO)(X) or Rh(CO)2(I) Rotators and Cage-like Trans Aliphatic Dibridgehead Diphosphine Stators. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Estrada
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Leyong Wang
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Frank Hampel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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11
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Payne DT, Labuta J, Futera Z, Březina V, Hanyková L, Chahal MK, Hill JP. Molecular rotor based on an oxidized resorcinarene. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01479j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rate of rotation of substituents in a molecular single stator-double rotor based on an oxidized resorcinarene with unsaturated hemiquinonoid groups at its meso positions (i.e., a fuchsonarene) has been controlled according to solvent polarity and acidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Payne
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- International Center for Young Scientists, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jan Labuta
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Zdeněk Futera
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Březina
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hanyková
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Mandeep K. Chahal
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P. Hill
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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12
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Jellen MJ, Jiang X, Benders S, Adams A, Garcia-Garibay MA. Slip/Stick Viscosity Models of Nanoconfined Liquids: Solvent-Dependent Rotation in Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1780-1790. [PMID: 34878273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Artificial molecular machines are expected to operate in environments where viscous forces impact molecules significantly. With that, it is well-known that solvent behaviors dramatically change upon confinement into limited spaces as compared to bulk solvents. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of an amphidynamic metal-organic framework with pillars consisting of 2H-labeled dialkynyltriptycene and dialkynylphenylene barrierless rotators that operate as NMR sensors for solvent viscosity. Using line-shape analysis of quadrupolar spin echo spectra we showed that solvents such as dimethylformamide, diethylformamide, 2-octanone, bromobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, and benzonitrile slow down their Brownian rotational motion (103-106 s-1) to values consistent with confined viscosity values (ca. 100-103 pa s) that are up to 10000 greater than those in the bulk. Magic angle spinning assisted 1H T2 measurements of included solvents revealed relaxation times of approximately 100-1000 ms over the explored temperature ranges, and MAS-assisted 1H T1 measurements of included solvents suggested a much lower activation energy for rotational dynamics as compared to those measured by the rotating pillars using 2H measurements. Finally, translational diffusion measurements of DMF using pulsed-field gradient methods revealed intermediate dynamics for the translational motion of the solvent molecules in MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Jellen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles California 90095-1569 United States
| | - Xing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles California 90095-1569 United States
| | - Stefan Benders
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alina Adams
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles California 90095-1569 United States
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13
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Yu R, Xu S, Wang MH, Yang T, Cui ZH. Metallocene: multi-layered molecular rotors. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14156-14162. [PMID: 34549756 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The electronic and structural prerequisites for a multi-layered molecular rotor have been demonstrated herein in terms of nine 18-valence-electron metallocene sandwich complexes. First, the lack of strong covalent bonds between layers is a key issue to obtain a barrier-free rotation of one layer relative to other layers, where the considerable energetic but unidirectional (such as electrostatic interactions) interactions are needed between layers to keep the structural integrity against fragment separation and structural distortion in a rotation process. Second, one or more layers should possess continuous and delocalized π electron clouds to provide a driving force for the barrier-free rotation. More importantly, besides a negligible rotation barrier, the reasonable rotational period associated with the ultra-soft rotation mode is a critical point for the observability of dynamical behavior in multi-layered molecular rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
| | - Song Xu
- Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Meng-Hui Wang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zhong-Hua Cui
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China. .,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, China
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14
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Gonzalez-Nelson A, Mula S, Šimėnas M, Balčiu Nas S, Altenhof AR, Vojvodin CS, Canossa S, Banys JR, Schurko RW, Coudert FX, van der Veen MA. Emergence of Coupled Rotor Dynamics in Metal-Organic Frameworks via Tuned Steric Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12053-12062. [PMID: 34324323 PMCID: PMC8361432 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The organic components
in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)
are unique: they are embedded in a crystalline lattice, yet, as they
are separated from each other by tunable free space, a large variety
of dynamic behavior can emerge. These rotational dynamics of the organic
linkers are especially important due to their influence over properties
such as gas adsorption and kinetics of guest release. To fully exploit
linker rotation, such as in the form of molecular machines, it is
necessary to engineer correlated linker dynamics to achieve their
cooperative functional motion. Here, we show that for MIL-53, a topology
with closely spaced rotors, the phenylene functionalization allows
researchers to tune the rotors’ steric environment, shifting
linker rotation from completely static to rapid motions at frequencies
above 100 MHz. For steric interactions that start to inhibit independent
rotor motion, we identify for the first time the emergence of coupled
rotation modes in linker dynamics. These findings pave the way for
function-specific engineering of gear-like cooperative motion in MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Gonzalez-Nelson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.,DPI, P.O.Box 92, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Srinidhi Mula
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mantas Šimėnas
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Adam R Altenhof
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Cameron S Vojvodin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Stefano Canossa
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ju Ras Banys
- Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Robert W Schurko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - François-Xavier Coudert
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Monique A van der Veen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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15
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Molaaghaei T, Kalateh K, Najafpour J, Ahmadi R. Theoretical investigation of the structural and electronic properties of molecular machine based on phenylene and trityl. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sajce.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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16
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Liu Z, Wang Y, Garcia-Garibay MA. Rotational Dynamics of an Amphidynamic Zirconium Metal-Organic Framework Determined by Dielectric Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5644-5648. [PMID: 34110837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A zirconium metal-organic framework with a difluorophenylene rotator bearing a permanent electric dipole of ∼3.2 D was synthesized, and its rotational motion was analyzed by temperature- and frequency-dependent broadband dielectric spectroscopy. While solid-state NMR confirms fast rotation qualitatively, the dissipation factors measured between 113 and 153 K suggested an activation energy Ea = 2.6 kcal/mol, but deviations from a single Debye relaxation suggested a dynamic process that cannot be accounted for by a well-defined potential with a single activation barrier. The dynamic heterogeneity of the dipolar rotor was confirmed by analysis in terms of a Cole-Cole relaxation, which suggested a mean barrier of ∼1.9 kcal/mol, with a heterogeneity that decreases as temperature increases. Based on the single-crystal structure, we propose that the kinetic heterogeneity results from a temperature-dependent potential where rotation motion is mediated by the escape of the rotator from an energy well created by a double Ph-H···F-Ph hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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17
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Feng Y, Ovalle M, Seale JSW, Lee CK, Kim DJ, Astumian RD, Stoddart JF. Molecular Pumps and Motors. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5569-5591. [PMID: 33830744 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pumps and motors are essential components of the world as we know it. From the complex proteins that sustain our cells, to the mechanical marvels that power industries, much we take for granted is only possible because of pumps and motors. Although molecular pumps and motors have supported life for eons, it is only recently that chemists have made progress toward designing and building artificial forms of the microscopic machinery present in nature. The advent of artificial molecular machines has granted scientists an unprecedented level of control over the relative motion of components of molecules through the development of kinetically controlled, away-from-thermodynamic equilibrium chemistry. We outline the history of pumps and motors, focusing specifically on the innovations that enable the design and synthesis of the artificial molecular machines central to this Perspective. A key insight connecting biomolecular and artificial molecular machines is that the physical motions by which these machines carry out their function are unambiguously in mechanical equilibrium at every instant. The operation of molecular motors and pumps can be described by trajectory thermodynamics, a theory based on the work of Onsager, which is grounded on the firm foundation of the principle of microscopic reversibility. Free energy derived from thermodynamically non-equilibrium reactions kinetically favors some reaction pathways over others. By designing molecules with kinetic asymmetry, one can engineer potential landscapes to harness external energy to drive the formation and maintenance of geometries of component parts of molecules away-from-equilibrium, that would be impossible to achieve by standard synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Marco Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James S W Seale
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher K Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - R Dean Astumian
- Department of Physics, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
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18
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Ehnbom A, Gladysz JA. Gyroscopes and the Chemical Literature, 2002–2020: Approaches to a Nascent Family of Molecular Devices. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3701-3750. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ehnbom
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - John A. Gladysz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, PO Box 30012, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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19
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Dipolar order in an amphidynamic crystalline metal-organic framework through reorienting linkers. Nat Chem 2021; 13:278-283. [PMID: 33589783 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amphidynamic crystals, which possess crystallinity and support dynamic behaviours, are very well suited to the exploration of emergent phenomena that result from the coupling on the dynamic moieties. Here, dipolar rotors have been embedded in a crystalline metal-organic framework. The material consists of Zn(II) nodes and two types of ditopic bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-based linkers-one that coordinates to the Zn clusters through two 1,4-aza moieties, and a difluoro-functionalized derivative (the dipolar rotor) that coordinates through linked 1,4-dicarboxylate groups instead. Upon cooling, these linkers collectively order as a result of correlated dipole-dipole interactions. Variable-temperature, frequency-dependent dielectric measurements revealed a transition temperature Tc = 100 K, when a rapidly rotating, dipole-disordered, paraelectric phase transformed into an ordered, antiferroelectric one in which the dipole moments of the rotating linkers largely cancelled each other. Monte Carlo simulations on a two-dimensional rotary lattice showed a ground state with an Ising symmetry and the effects of dipole-lattice and dipole-dipole interactions.
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20
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Jin M, Ando R, Jellen MJ, Garcia-Garibay MA, Ito H. Encapsulating N-Heterocyclic Carbene Binuclear Transition-Metal Complexes as a New Platform for Molecular Rotation in Crystalline Solid-State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1144-1153. [PMID: 33382245 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In crystalline solids, molecules generally have limited mobility due to their densely packed environment. However, structural information at the molecular level may be used to design amphidynamic crystals with rotating elements linked to rigid, lattice-forming parts, which may lead to molecular rotary motions and changes in conformation that determine the physical properties of the solid-state materials. Here, we report a novel design of emissive crystalline molecular rotors with a central pyrazine rotator connected by implanted transition metals (Cu or Au) to a readily accessible enclosure formed by two N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) in discrete binuclear complexes. The activation energies for the rotation could be tuned by changing the implanted metal. Exchanging Cu to Au resulted in an ∼4.0 kcal/mol reduction in the rotational energy barrier as a result of lower steric demand by elongation of the axle with the noble metal, and a stronger electronic stabilization in the rotational transition state by enhancement of the d-π* interactions between the metal centers and the pyrazine rotator. The Cu(I) rotor complex showed a greater electronic delocalization than the Au(I) rotor complex, causing a red-shifted solid-state emission. Molecular rotation-induced emission quenching was observed in both crystals. The enclosing NHC rotors are easy to prepare, and their rotational motion should be less dependent on packing structures, which are often crucial for many previously documented amphidynamic molecular crystals. The platform from the encapsulating NHC cationic metal complexes and the metal-centered rotation-axis provide a promising scaffold for a novel design of crystalline molecular rotors, including manipulation of rotary dynamics and solid-state emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingoo Jin
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center (FCC), Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Rempei Ando
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center (FCC), Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Marcus J Jellen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Hajime Ito
- Division of Applied Chemistry and Frontier Chemistry Center (FCC), Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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21
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Navarro-Huerta A, Jellen MJ, Arcudia J, Teat SJ, Toscano RA, Merino G, Rodríguez-Molina B. Tailoring the cavities of hydrogen-bonded amphidynamic crystals using weak contacts: towards faster molecular machines. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2181-2188. [PMID: 34163983 PMCID: PMC8179257 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05899h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the use of C–H⋯F–C contacts in the solid-state from the stator towards the rotator to fine-tune their internal motion, by constructing a set of interactions that generate close-fitting cavities in three supramolecular rotors 1–3I. The crystal structures of these rotors, determined by synchrotron radiation experiments at different temperatures, show the presence of such C–H⋯F–C contacts between extended carbazole stators featuring fluorinated phenyl rings and the 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) rotator. According to the 2H NMR results, using deuterated samples, and periodic density functional theory computations, the rotators experience fast angular displacements (preferentially 120° jumps) due to their low rotational activation energies (Ea = 0.8–2.0 kcal mol−1). The higher rotational barrier for 1 (2.0 kcal mol−1) is associated with a larger number of weak C–H⋯F–C contacts generated by the stators. This strategy offers the possibility to explore the correlation among weak intermolecular forces, cavity shape, and internal dynamics, which has strong implications in the design of future fine-tuned amphidynamic crystals. This work describes the use of C–H⋯F–C contacts in the solid-state from the stator towards the rotator to fine-tune their internal motion, by constructing a set of interactions that generate close-fitting cavities in three supramolecular rotors 1–3I.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Navarro-Huerta
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Marcus J Jellen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles California 90095 USA
| | - Jessica Arcudia
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex Mérida 97310 Yucatán Mexico
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720-8229 USA
| | - Rubén A Toscano
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex Mérida 97310 Yucatán Mexico
| | - Braulio Rodríguez-Molina
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
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22
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Cheng SC, Wang CH, Lin YC, Tsuchido Y, Suzaki Y, Sei Y, Kuo TS, Horie M. Photoinduced Mechanical Motions of Pseudorotaxane Crystals Composed of Azobenzene and Ferrocenyl Groups on an Axle and a Crown Ether Ring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:50002-50010. [PMID: 33089689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the design and characterization of photoresponsive dynamic pseudorotaxane crystals composed of azobenzene and ferrocenyl groups in an ammonium cation axle component threaded through dibenzo[24]crown-8 ether rings. Pseudorotaxanes provide flexibility for cis and trans isomerization of azobenzene groups in a crystal state, enabling reversible bending motions under alternating 360 and 445 nm laser irradiation. For such bending motions, strained azobenzene structures were essential; these motifs were obtained by increasing the bulkiness of the substituents on the axle and ring molecules. In addition, the crystals showed photosalient effects, such as jumping motions, under 445 nm laser irradiation. These motions were assisted by the photoabsorption of the ferrocenyl group, which converted 445 nm laser light into heat. The maximum lifting weight accompanied by the photoinduced mechanical motion of a particular crystal was estimated to be 9600 times the crystal weight. These pseudorotaxane crystals exhibit promising features for applications in micro-nanometer-sized miniature mechanical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chi Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsien Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chia Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yoshitaka Tsuchido
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuji Suzaki
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Sei
- Open Facility Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ting-Shen Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Normal University, No. 88, Section 4, Tingzhou Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Masaki Horie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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23
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Liepuoniute I, Jellen MJ, Garcia-Garibay MA. Correlated motion and mechanical gearing in amphidynamic crystalline molecular machines. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12994-13007. [PMID: 34094484 PMCID: PMC8163207 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04495d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we highlight the recent efforts towards the development of molecular gears with an emphasis on building molecular gears in the solid state and the role that molecular gearing and correlated motions may play in the function of crystalline molecular machines. We discuss current molecular and crystal engineering strategies, challenges associated with engineering correlated motion in crystals, and outline experimental and theoretical tools to explore gearing dynamics while highlighting key advances made to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Liepuoniute
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Marcus J Jellen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Miguel A Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095-1569 USA
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24
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Jellen MJ, Ayodele MJ, Cantu A, Forbes MDE, Garcia-Garibay MA. 2D Arrays of Organic Qubit Candidates Embedded into a Pillared-Paddlewheel Metal–Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18513-18521. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J. Jellen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Mayokun J. Ayodele
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403-0001, United States
| | - Annabelle Cantu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Malcolm D. E. Forbes
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403-0001, United States
| | - Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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25
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Sun J, Iwata T, Shindo M. Synthesis of 9-Hydroxytriptycenes Bearing a Functionalized Substituent at the C-10 Position through a Triple Cycloaddition Reaction of Ynolates Derived from 2,6-Di-tert-butylphenyl Esters. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Takayuki Iwata
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Shindo
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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26
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Krause S, Feringa BL. Towards artificial molecular factories from framework-embedded molecular machines. Nat Rev Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Saura-Sanmartin A, Martinez-Cuezva A, Bautista D, Marzari MRB, Martins MAP, Alajarin M, Berna J. Copper-Linked Rotaxanes for the Building of Photoresponsive Metal Organic Frameworks with Controlled Cargo Delivery. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13442-13449. [PMID: 32646211 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared a photoresponsive metal-organic framework by using an amide-based [2]rotaxane as linker and copper(II) ions as metal nodes. The interlocked linker was obtained by the hydrogen bond-directed approach employing a fumaramide thread as template of the macrocyclic component, this latter incorporating two carboxyl groups. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the metal-organic framework, prepared under solvothermal conditions, showed the formation of stacked 2D rhombohedral grids forming channels decorated with the interlocked alkenyl threads. A series of metal-organic frameworks differing in the E/Z olefin ratio were prepared either by the previous isomerization of the linker or by postirradiation of the reticulated materials. By dynamic solid state 2H NMR measurements, using deuterium-labeled materials, we proved that the geometry of the olefinic axis of the interlocked struts determined the obtention of materials with different independent local dynamics as a result of the strength of the intercomponent noncovalent interactions. Moreover, the usefulness of these novel copper-rotaxane materials as molecular dosing containers has also been assayed by the diffusion and photorelease of p-benzoquinone, evaluated in different solvents and temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia E-30100, Spain
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia E-30100, Spain
| | - Delia Bautista
- Seccion Universitaria de Instrumentacion Cientifica (SUIC), Area Científica y Tecnica de Investigacion (ACTI), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia E-30100, Spain
| | - Mara R B Marzari
- Nucleo de Quimica de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria-RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Marcos A P Martins
- Nucleo de Quimica de Heterociclos (NUQUIMHE), Departamento de Quimica, Universidad Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria-RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia E-30100, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Facultad de Quimica, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, Murcia E-30100, Spain
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28
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Vargas-Romero K, Martínez-Torres FC, Aguilar-Granda A, Pérez-Estrada S, Flores-Alamo M, Rodríguez-Molina B, Iglesias-Arteaga MA. Synthesis and Solid-State Dynamics of a Crystalline Steroid Molecular Rotor without the Alkyne Axle: Steroid Dimers Based on a 1,4-Di(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)benzene Moiety. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8501-8509. [PMID: 32475112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two diastereomeric crystalline steroid dimers were obtained by acid-catalyzed double acetalization of (20S)-5α-pregnan-3β,16β,20-triol 3-monoacetate with terephtalaldehyde. These compounds were characterized by NMR in solution, MS, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and variable-temperature solid-state NMR by 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS). While the phenylene rotator in the SR diastereomer remains static even at 373 K, the RR isomer shows a slow rotational process of the phenylene ring at temperatures above room temperature and thus may be considered the first crystalline steroid molecular rotor without the alkyne axle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Vargas-Romero
- Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fátima C Martínez-Torres
- Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Andrés Aguilar-Granda
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Salvador Pérez-Estrada
- Área Académica de Quı́mica, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo CP 42076, Mexico
| | - Marcos Flores-Alamo
- Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Braulio Rodríguez-Molina
- Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito Exterior, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Martín A Iglesias-Arteaga
- Facultad de Quı́mica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
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29
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Howe ME, Barbour NA, Garcia RV, Garcia-Garibay MA. Fluorescence Anisotropy Decay of Molecular Rotors with Acene Rotators in Viscous Solution. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6872-6877. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Howe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Nicole A. Barbour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Ronnie V. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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30
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Ding X, Unruh DK, Groeneman RH, Hutchins KM. Controlling thermal expansion within mixed cocrystals by tuning molecular motion capability. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7701-7707. [PMID: 32953037 PMCID: PMC7480503 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02795b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal expansion behavior is tuned by incorporating motion-capable or -incapable molecules into organic solids.
Controlling thermal expansion (TE) behaviors of organic materials is challenging because several mechanisms can govern TE, such as noncovalent interaction strength and structural motions. Here, we report the first demonstration of tuning TE within organic solids by using a mixed cocrystal approach. The mixed cocrystals contain three unique molecules, two of which are present in variable ratios. These two molecules either lack or exhibit the ability to undergo molecular motion in the solid state. Incorporation of higher ratios of motion-capable molecules results in larger, positive TE along the motion direction. Addition of a motion-incapable molecule affords solids that undergo less TE. Fine-tuned TE behavior was attained by systematically controlling the ratio of motion-capable and -incapable molecules in each solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , USA .
| | - Daniel K Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , USA .
| | - Ryan H Groeneman
- Department of Biological Sciences , Webster University , St. Louis , Missouri 63119 , USA
| | - Kristin M Hutchins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Texas Tech University , Lubbock , Texas 79409 , USA .
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31
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Santos Hurtado C, Bastien G, Mašát M, Štoček JR, Dračínský M, Rončević I, Císařová I, Rogers CT, Kaleta J. Regular Two-Dimensional Arrays of Surface-Mounted Molecular Switches: Switching Monitored by UV–vis and NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9337-9351. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Santos Hurtado
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Guillaume Bastien
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Mašát
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Radek Štoček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Rončević
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Charles T. Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jiří Kaleta
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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32
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Fornasari L, Olejniczak A, Rossi F, d'Agostino S, Chierotti MR, Gobetto R, Katrusiak A, Braga D. Solid-State Dynamics and High-Pressure Studies of a Supramolecular Spiral Gear. Chemistry 2020; 26:5061-5069. [PMID: 32039523 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The structures and solid-state dynamics of the supramolecular salts of the general formula [(12-crown-4)2 ⋅DABCOH2 ](X)2 (where DABCO=1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, X=BF4 , ClO4 ) have been investigated as a function of temperature (from 100 to 360 K) and pressure (up to 3.4 GPa), through the combination of variable-temperature and variable-pressure XRD techniques and variable-temperature solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The two salts are isomorphous and crystallize in the enantiomeric space groups P32 21 and P31 21 . All building blocks composing the supramolecular complex display dynamic processes at ambient temperature and pressure. It has been demonstrated that the motion of the crown ethers is maintained on lowering the temperature (down to 100 K) or on increasing the pressure (up to 1.5 GPa) thanks to the correlation between neighboring molecules, which mesh and rotate in a concerted manner similar to spiral gears. Above 1.55 GPa, a collapse-type transition to a lower-symmetry ordered structure, not attainable at a temperature of 100 K, takes place, proving, thus, that the pressure acts as the means to couple and decouple the gears. The relationship between temperature and pressure effects on molecular motion in the solid state has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fornasari
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Olejniczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Federica Rossi
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone d'Agostino
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele R Chierotti
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre, University of Torino, Via Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrzej Katrusiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89b, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dario Braga
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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33
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Brekalo I, Deliz DE, Barbour LJ, Ward MD, Friščić T, Holman KT. Microporosity of a Guanidinium Organodisulfonate Hydrogen‐Bonded Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:1997-2002. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201911861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Brekalo
- Department of ChemistryGeorgetown University (GU) 37th and O Street NW 20057 Washington DC USA
| | - David E. Deliz
- Department of ChemistryGeorgetown University (GU) 37th and O Street NW 20057 Washington DC USA
| | - Leonard J. Barbour
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceUniversity of Stellenbosch Matieland 7600 South Africa
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Molecular Design InstituteDepartment of ChemistryNew York University 100 Washington Square East 10003 New York USA
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - K. Travis Holman
- Department of ChemistryGeorgetown University (GU) 37th and O Street NW 20057 Washington DC USA
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34
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Brekalo I, Deliz DE, Barbour LJ, Ward MD, Friščić T, Holman KT. Microporosity of a Guanidinium Organodisulfonate Hydrogen‐Bonded Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201911861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Brekalo
- Department of ChemistryGeorgetown University (GU) 37th and O Street NW 20057 Washington DC USA
| | - David E. Deliz
- Department of ChemistryGeorgetown University (GU) 37th and O Street NW 20057 Washington DC USA
| | - Leonard J. Barbour
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceUniversity of Stellenbosch Matieland 7600 South Africa
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Molecular Design InstituteDepartment of ChemistryNew York University 100 Washington Square East 10003 New York USA
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of ChemistryMcGill University Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - K. Travis Holman
- Department of ChemistryGeorgetown University (GU) 37th and O Street NW 20057 Washington DC USA
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