1
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Golden DL, Flynn KM, Aikonen S, Hanneman CM, Kalyani D, Krska SW, Paton RS, Stahl SS. Radical Chlorination of Non-Resonant Heterobenzylic C-H Bonds and High-Throughput Diversification of Heterocycles. Chem 2024; 10:1593-1605. [PMID: 39108591 PMCID: PMC11299866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Site-selective functionalization of the heterobenzylic C(sp3)-H bonds of pyridines and related heteroaromatic compounds presents challenges associated with the basic nitrogen atom and the variable reactivity among different positions on the heteroaromatic ring. Methods for functionalization of 2- and 4-alkylpyridines are increasingly available through polar pathways that leverage resonance stabilization of charge build-up at these positions. In contrast, functionalization of 3-alkylpyridines is largely inaccessible. Here, we report a photochemically promoted method for chlorination of non-resonant heterobenzylic C(sp3)-H sites in 3-alkylpyridines and related alkylheteroaromatics. Density functional theory calculations show that the optimal reactivity reflects a balance between the energetics of the two radical-chain propagation steps, with the preferred reagent consisting of an N-chlorosulfonamide. The operationally simple chlorination protocol enables access to heterobenzylic chlorides which serve as versatile intermediates in C-H cross-coupling reactions between heteroaromatic building blocks and diverse oxidatively sensitive nucleophiles using high-throughput experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung L. Golden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present address: Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 556 Morris Avenue, Summit, New Jersey 07901, United States
| | - Kaitlyn M. Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present address: Drug Substance Development Chemistry, GSK, 1250 Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Santeri Aikonen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- Present address: In Silico Discovery, Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Christopher M. Hanneman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dipannita Kalyani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Ave., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Lead contact
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2
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Zubkov MO, Dilman AD. Radical reactions enabled by polyfluoroaryl fragments: photocatalysis and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4741-4785. [PMID: 38536104 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00889d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Polyfluoroarenes have been known for a long time, but they are most often used as fluorinated building blocks for the synthesis of aromatic compounds. At the same time, due to peculiar fluorine effect, they have unique properties that provide applications in various fields ranging from synthesis to materials science. This review summarizes advances in the radical chemistry of polyfluoroarenes, which have become possible mainly with the advent of photocatalysis. Transformations of the fluorinated ring via the C-F bond activation, as well as use of fluoroaryl fragments as activating groups and hydrogen atom transfer agents are discussed. The ability of fluoroarenes to serve as catalysts is also considred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail O Zubkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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3
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Neidhart EK, Hua M, Peng Z, Kearney LT, Bhat V, Vashahi F, Alexanian EJ, Sheiko SS, Wang C, Helms BA, Leibfarth FA. C-H Functionalization of Polyolefins to Access Reprocessable Polyolefin Thermosets. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27450-27458. [PMID: 38079611 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Upcycling plastic waste into reprocessable materials with performance-advantaged properties would contribute to the development of a circular plastics economy. Here, we modify branched polyolefins and postconsumer polyethylene through a versatile C-H functionalization approach using thiosulfonates as a privileged radical group transfer functionality. Cross-linking the functionalized polyolefins with polytopic amines provided dynamically cross-linked polyolefin networks enabled by associative bond exchange of diketoenamine functionality. A combination of resonant soft X-ray scattering and grazing incidence X-ray scattering revealed hierarchical phase morphology in which diketoenamine-rich microdomains phase-separate within amorphous regions between polyolefin crystallites. The combination of dynamic covalent cross-links and microphase separation results in useful and improved mechanical properties, including a ∼4.5-fold increase in toughness, a reduction in creep deformation at temperatures relevant to use, and high-temperature structural stability compared to the parent polyolefin. The dynamic nature of diketoenamine cross-links provides stress relaxation at elevated temperatures, which enabled iterative reprocessing of the dynamic covalent polymer network with little cycle-to-cycle property fade. The ability to convert polyolefin waste into a reprocessable thermoformable material with attractive thermomechanical properties provides additional optionality for upcycling to enable future circularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza K Neidhart
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Mutian Hua
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zhengxing Peng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Logan T Kearney
- Chemical Science Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Vittal Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Foad Vashahi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Erik J Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Sergei S Sheiko
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett A Helms
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Frank A Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
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4
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Nanjo T, Matsumoto A, Oshita T, Takemoto Y. Synthesis of Chlorinated Oligopeptides via γ- and δ-Selective Hydrogen Atom Transfer Enabled by the N-Chloropeptide Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19067-19075. [PMID: 37594470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of a chlorine atom could potentially endow peptide derivatives with notable bioactivity and applicability. However, despite considerable recent progress in C(sp3)-H functionalization chemistry, a general method for the site-selective chlorination of inert aliphatic C-H bonds in peptides still remains elusive. Herein, we report a site-selective C(sp3)-H chlorination of oligopeptides based on an N-chloropeptide strategy. N-chloropeptides, which are easily prepared from the corresponding native oligopeptides, are smoothly degraded in the presence of an appropriate copper catalyst, and a subsequent 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer affords γ- or δ-chlorinated peptides in excellent yield. A wide variety of amino acid residues can thus be site-selectively chlorinated in a predictable manner. This method hence enables the efficient synthesis of otherwise less accessible, chlorine-containing peptide fragments of natural peptides. We moreover demonstrate here the successful estimation of the stereochemistry of the chlorinated carbon atom in aquimarin A. Furthermore, we reveal that side-chain-chlorinated peptides can serve as highly useful substructures with a fine balance between stability and reactivity, which renders them promising targets for synthetic and medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nanjo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ayaka Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takuma Oshita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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5
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Ruos ME, Kinney RG, Ring OT, Doyle AG. A General Photocatalytic Strategy for Nucleophilic Amination of Primary and Secondary Benzylic C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18487-18496. [PMID: 37565772 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a visible-light photoredox-catalyzed method that enables nucleophilic amination of primary and secondary benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds. A novel amidyl radical precursor and organic photocatalyst operate in tandem to transform primary and secondary benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds into carbocations via sequential hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and oxidative radical-polar crossover. The resulting carbocation can be intercepted by a variety of N-centered nucleophiles, including nitriles (Ritter reaction), amides, carbamates, sulfonamides, and azoles, for the construction of pharmaceutically relevant C(sp3)-N bonds under unified reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies indicate that HAT is amidyl radical-mediated and that the photocatalyst operates via a reductive quenching pathway. These findings establish a mild, metal-free, and modular protocol for the rapid diversification of C(sp3)-H bonds to a library of aminated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Ruos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - R Garrison Kinney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Oliver T Ring
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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7
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Constantinou CT, Gkizis PL, Lagopanagiotopoulou OTG, Skolia E, Nikitas NF, Triandafillidi I, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Aminochlorination of Alkenes without the Use of an External Catalyst. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301268. [PMID: 37254681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The niche field of photochemistry offers opportunities that are not found in "traditional" ground state chemical pathways. Aminochlorinated derivatives are an interesting family of 1,2-difunctionalised compounds that provide access to a variety of natural products and pharmaceutical active substances. A practical, catalyst-free chloroamination protocol is described herein, providing access to intermediates of great importance, utilising mild and photochemical reaction conditions (370 nm), where N-chlorosulfonamides are used as both nitrogen and chlorine sources. A wide variety of olefins, decorated with a plethora of functional groups, was tested providing excellent results (28 examples, 18-88 % yield). Mechanistic studies (UV-Vis, control experiments and quantum yield measurement) were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos T Constantinou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Thomais G Lagopanagiotopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Panepistimiopolis, Athens, Greece
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8
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Ren H, Zhang P, Xu J, Ma W, Tu D, Lu CS, Yan H. Direct B-H Functionalization of Icosahedral Carboranes via Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7638-7647. [PMID: 36946888 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and selective functionalization of icosahedral carboranes (C2B10H12) at the boron vertexes is a long-standing challenge owing to the presence of 10 inert B-H bonds in a similar chemical environment. Herein, we report a new reaction paradigm for direct B-H functionalization of icosahedral carboranes via B-H homolysis enabled by a nitrogen-centered radical-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) strategy. Both the HAT process of the carborane B-H bond and the resulting boron-centered carboranyl radical intermediate have been confirmed experimentally. The reaction occurs at the most electron-rich boron vertex with the lowest B-H bond dissociation energy (BDE). Using this strategy, diverse carborane derivatization, including thiolation, selenation, alkynylation, alkenylation, cyanation, and halogenation, have been achieved in satisfactory yields under a photoinitiated condition in a metal-free and redox-neutral fashion. Moreover, the synthetic utility of the current protocol was also demonstrated by both the scale-up reaction and the construction of carborane-based functional molecules. Therefore, this methodology opens a radical pathway to carborane functionalization, which is distinct from the B-H heterolytic mechanism in the traditional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Deshuang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chang-Sheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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9
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Lee H, He T, Cook SP. Iron-Catalyzed, Directed Benzylic Borylation. Org Lett 2023; 25:1-4. [PMID: 36550075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an iron-catalyzed benzylic C-H borylation reaction. The reaction targets primary and secondary C(sp3)-H bonds to deliver high-value boronic esters under mild conditions with short (7-8 min) reaction times. Functional groups are well tolerated, and complete site selectivity is observed in the presence of multiple benzylic C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Tiancheng He
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Silas P Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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10
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Kim C, Jeong J, Vellakkaran M, Hong S. Photocatalytic Decarboxylative Pyridylation of Carboxylic Acids Using In Situ-Generated Amidyl Radicals as Oxidants. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changha Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinwook Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Mari Vellakkaran
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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11
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Chen H, Zhou Y, Lei P, Wang H, Yan Q, Properzi R, Wang W, Jing L, Chen F. Visible-light-driven intramolecular xanthylation of remote unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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12
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Min S, Park B, Nedsaengtip J, Hyeok Hong S. Mechanochemical Direct Fluorination of Unactivated C(
sp
3
)−H Bonds. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sehye Min
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Beomsoon Park
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jantakan Nedsaengtip
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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13
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Galeotti M, Salamone M, Bietti M. Electronic control over site-selectivity in hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based C(sp 3)-H functionalization promoted by electrophilic reagents. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2171-2223. [PMID: 35229835 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds represents one of the most investigated approaches to develop new synthetic methodology. Among the available strategies for intermolecular C-H bond functionalization, increasing attention has been devoted to hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) based procedures promoted by radical or radical-like reagents, that offer the opportunity to introduce a large variety of atoms and groups in place of hydrogen under mild conditions. Because of the large number of aliphatic C-H bonds displayed by organic molecules, in these processes control over site-selectivity represents a crucial issue, and the associated factors have been discussed. In this review article, attention will be devoted to the role of electronic effects on C(sp3)-H bond functionalization site-selectivity. Through an analysis of the recent literature, a detailed description of the HAT reagents employed in these processes, the associated mechanistic features and the selectivity patterns observed in the functionalization of substrates of increasing structural complexity will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1 I-00133 Rome, Italy.
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14
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Fazekas TJ, Alty JW, Neidhart EK, Miller AS, Leibfarth FA, Alexanian EJ. Diversification of aliphatic C-H bonds in small molecules and polyolefins through radical chain transfer. Science 2022; 375:545-550. [PMID: 35113718 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to selectively introduce diverse functionality onto hydrocarbons is of substantial value in the synthesis of both small molecules and polymers. Herein, we report an approach to aliphatic carbon-hydrogen bond diversification using radical chain transfer featuring an easily prepared O-alkenylhydroxamate reagent, which upon mild heating facilitates a range of challenging or previously undeveloped aliphatic carbon-hydrogen bond functionalizations of small molecules and polyolefins. This broad reaction platform enabled the functionalization of postconsumer polyolefins in infrastructure used to process plastic waste. Furthermore, the chemoselective placement of ionic functionality onto a branched polyolefin using carbon-hydrogen bond functionalization upcycled the material from a thermoplastic into a tough elastomer with the tensile properties of high-value polyolefin ionomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Fazekas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jill W Alty
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eliza K Neidhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Austin S Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Frank A Leibfarth
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erik J Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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15
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Gonzalez MI, Gygi D, Qin Y, Zhu Q, Johnson EJ, Chen YS, Nocera DG. Taming the Chlorine Radical: Enforcing Steric Control over Chlorine-Radical-Mediated C-H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1464-1472. [PMID: 35020391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine radicals readily activate C-H bonds, but the high reactivity of these intermediates precludes their use in regioselective C-H functionalization reactions. We demonstrate that the secondary coordination sphere of a metal complex can confine photoeliminated chlorine radicals and afford steric control over their reactivity. Specifically, a series of iron(III) chloride pyridinediimine complexes exhibit activity for photochemical C(sp3)-H chlorination and bromination with selectivity for primary and secondary C-H bonds, overriding thermodynamic preference for weaker tertiary C-H bonds. Transient absorption spectroscopy reveals that Cl· remains confined through formation of a Cl·|arene complex with aromatic groups on the pyridinediimine ligand. Furthermore, photocrystallography confirms that this selectivity arises from the generation of Cl· within the steric environment defined by the iron secondary coordination sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel I Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - David Gygi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yangzhong Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Qilei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, The University of Chicago, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Daniel G Nocera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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16
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Liu L, Guo K, Tian Y, Yang C, Gu Q, Li Z, Ye L, Liu X. Copper‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Enantioselective Radical Oxidative C(sp
3
)−H/C(sp)−H Cross‐Coupling with Rationally Designed Oxazoline‐Derived N,N,P(O)‐Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Kai‐Xin Guo
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Yu Tian
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Chang‐Jiang Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Qiang‐Shuai Gu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Zhong‐Liang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xin‐Yuan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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17
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Liu L, Guo KX, Tian Y, Yang CJ, Gu QS, Li ZL, Ye L, Liu XY. Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Enantioselective Radical Oxidative C(sp 3 )-H/C(sp)-H Cross-Coupling with Rationally Designed Oxazoline-Derived N,N,P(O)-Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26710-26717. [PMID: 34606167 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular asymmetric radical oxidative C(sp3 )-C(sp) cross-coupling of C(sp3 )-H bonds with readily available terminal alkynes is a promising method to forge chiral C(sp3 )-C(sp) bonds because of the high atom and step economy, but remains underexplored. Here, we report a copper-catalyzed asymmetric C(sp3 )-C(sp) cross-coupling of (hetero)benzylic and (cyclic)allylic C-H bonds with terminal alkynes that occurs with high to excellent enantioselectivity. Critical to the success is the rational design of chiral oxazoline-derived N,N,P(O)-ligands that not only tolerate the strong oxidative conditions which are requisite for intermolecular hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) processes but also induce the challenging enantiocontrol. Direct access to a range of synthetically useful chiral benzylic alkynes and 1,4-enynes, high site-selectivity among similar C(sp3 )-H bonds, and facile synthesis of enantioenriched medicinally relevant compounds make this approach very attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kai-Xin Guo
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Tian
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Yang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiang-Shuai Gu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhong-Liang Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liu Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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18
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Zhu Y, Yu W. Photoinduced C(sp 3)-H chlorination of amides with tetrabutyl ammonium chloride. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10228-10232. [PMID: 34806744 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02081a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new protocol was developed for the site-selective C(sp3)-H chlorination of amides with tetrabutyl ammonium chloride as the chlorinating agent. The reaction features a tandem sequence that involves a (diacetoxyiodo)benzene-mediated and chloride anion-involved N-H chlorination followed by photoinitiated chlorine atom transfer. A wide variety of carboxamides and sulfonamides were chlorinated at the δ-position by using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. O'Neil
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - John F. Bower
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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20
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Liang L, Guo G, Li C, Wang SL, Wang YH, Guo HM, Niu HY. Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Alkynylation and Allylation of Unactivated C(sp 3)-H Bonds via Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2021; 23:8575-8579. [PMID: 34669414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe Cu-catalyzed intermolecular alkynylation and allylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds with singly occupied molecular orbital-philes (SOMO-philes) via hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Employing N-fluoro-sulfonamide as a HAT reagent, a set of substituted alkene and alkyne compounds were synthesized in high yields with good regioselectivity and functional-group compatibility. Late-stage functionalization of natural products and drug molecules is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Ge Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Song-Lin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Yue-Hui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453007, China
| | - Hong-Ying Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan Province 453003, China
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21
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Mao R, Bera S, Turla AC, Hu X. Copper-Catalyzed Intermolecular Functionalization of Unactivated C(sp 3)-H Bonds and Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14667-14675. [PMID: 34463489 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds and aliphatic carboxylic acids enables the efficient synthesis of high value-added organic compounds from readily available starting materials. Although methods involving hydrogen atom transfer have been developed for such functionalization, these methods either work for only activated C(sp3)-H bonds or bring in a narrow set of functional groups. Here we describe a Cu-catalyzed process for the diverse functionalization of both unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds and aliphatic carboxylic acids. The process is enabled by the trapping of alkyl radicals generated through hydrogen atom abstraction by arylsulfonyl-based SOMO-philes, which introduces a large array of C, N, S, Se, and halide-based functional groups. The chemoselectivity can be switched from C-H functionalization to decarboxylative functionalization by matching the bond dissociation energy of the hydrogen atom transfer reagent with that of the target C-H or O-H bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Mao
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Srikrishna Bera
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Aurélya Christelle Turla
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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22
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Saito M, Kawamata Y, Meanwell M, Navratil R, Chiodi D, Carlson E, Hu P, Chen L, Udyavara S, Kingston C, Tanwar M, Tyagi S, McKillican BP, Gichinga MG, Schmidt MA, Eastgate MD, Lamberto M, He C, Tang T, Malapit CA, Sigman MS, Minteer SD, Neurock M, Baran PS. N-Ammonium Ylide Mediators for Electrochemical C-H Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7859-7867. [PMID: 33983721 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The site-specific oxidation of strong C(sp3)-H bonds is of uncontested utility in organic synthesis. From simplifying access to metabolites and late-stage diversification of lead compounds to truncating retrosynthetic plans, there is a growing need for new reagents and methods for achieving such a transformation in both academic and industrial circles. One main drawback of current chemical reagents is the lack of diversity with regard to structure and reactivity that prevents a combinatorial approach for rapid screening to be employed. In that regard, directed evolution still holds the greatest promise for achieving complex C-H oxidations in a variety of complex settings. Herein we present a rationally designed platform that provides a step toward this challenge using N-ammonium ylides as electrochemically driven oxidants for site-specific, chemoselective C(sp3)-H oxidation. By taking a first-principles approach guided by computation, these new mediators were identified and rapidly expanded into a library using ubiquitous building blocks and trivial synthesis techniques. The ylide-based approach to C-H oxidation exhibits tunable selectivity that is often exclusive to this class of oxidants and can be applied to real-world problems in the agricultural and pharmaceutical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Saito
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yu Kawamata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael Meanwell
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Rafael Navratil
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ethan Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Pengfei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Longrui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sagar Udyavara
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Cian Kingston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Mayank Tanwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sameer Tyagi
- Product Metabolism and Analytical Science, Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Bruce P McKillican
- Product Metabolism and Analytical Science, Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Moses G Gichinga
- Product Metabolism and Analytical Science, Syngenta Crop Protection, 410 Swing Road, Greensboro, North Carolina 27409, United States
| | - Michael A Schmidt
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin D Eastgate
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Massimiliano Lamberto
- Department of Chemistry & Physics, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey 07740, United States
| | - Chi He
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tianhua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Christian A Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew Neurock
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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23
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O'Neil LG, Bower JF. Electrophilic Aminating Agents in Total Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25640-25666. [PMID: 33942955 PMCID: PMC9291613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Classical amination methods involve the reaction of a nitrogen nucleophile with an electrophilic carbon center; however, in recent years, umpoled strategies have gained traction where the nitrogen source acts as an electrophile. A wide range of electrophilic aminating agents are now available, and these underpin a range of powerful C−N bond‐forming processes. In this Review, we highlight the strategic use of electrophilic aminating agents in total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G O'Neil
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - John F Bower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
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24
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Fawcett A, Keller MJ, Herrera Z, Hartwig JF. Site Selective Chlorination of C(sp 3 )-H Bonds Suitable for Late-Stage Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8276-8283. [PMID: 33480134 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
C(sp3 )-Cl bonds are present in numerous biologically active small molecules, and an ideal route for their preparation is by the chlorination of a C(sp3 )-H bond. However, most current methods for the chlorination of C(sp3 )-H bonds are insufficiently site selective and tolerant of functional groups to be applicable to the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules. We report a method for the highly selective chlorination of tertiary and benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds to produce the corresponding chlorides, generally in high yields. The reaction occurs with a mixture of an azidoiodinane, which generates a selective H-atom abstractor under mild conditions, and a readily-accessible and inexpensive copper(II) chloride complex, which efficiently transfers a chlorine atom. The reaction's exceptional functional group tolerance is demonstrated by the chlorination of >30 diversely functionalized substrates and the late-stage chlorination of a dozen derivatives of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fawcett
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - M Josephine Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zachary Herrera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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25
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Fawcett A, Keller MJ, Herrera Z, Hartwig JF. Site Selective Chlorination of C(sp
3
)−H Bonds Suitable for Late‐Stage Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fawcett
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - M. Josephine Keller
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Zachary Herrera
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - John F. Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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26
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McMillan AJ, Sieńkowska M, Di Lorenzo P, Gransbury GK, Chilton NF, Salamone M, Ruffoni A, Bietti M, Leonori D. Practical and Selective sp 3 C-H Bond Chlorination via Aminium Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7132-7139. [PMID: 33458924 PMCID: PMC8048631 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of chlorine atoms into organic molecules is fundamental to the manufacture of industrial chemicals, the elaboration of advanced synthetic intermediates and also the fine-tuning of physicochemical and biological properties of drugs, agrochemicals and polymers. We report here a general and practical photochemical strategy enabling the site-selective chlorination of sp3 C-H bonds. This process exploits the ability of protonated N-chloroamines to serve as aminium radical precursors and also radical chlorinating agents. Upon photochemical initiation, an efficient radical-chain propagation is established allowing the functionalization of a broad range of substrates due to the large number of compatible functionalities. The ability to synergistically maximize both polar and steric effects in the H-atom transfer transition state through appropriate selection of the aminium radical has provided the highest known selectivity in radical sp3 C-H chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martyna Sieńkowska
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Piero Di Lorenzo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Gemma K. Gransbury
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Nicholas F. Chilton
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità “Tor Vergata”Via della Ricerca Scientifica00133RomeItaly
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie ChimicheUniversità “Tor Vergata”Via della Ricerca Scientifica00133RomeItaly
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK
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27
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McMillan AJ, Sieńkowska M, Di Lorenzo P, Gransbury GK, Chilton NF, Salamone M, Ruffoni A, Bietti M, Leonori D. Practical and Selective sp
3
C−H Bond Chlorination via Aminium Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J. McMillan
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Martyna Sieńkowska
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Piero Di Lorenzo
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Gemma K. Gransbury
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Nicholas F. Chilton
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche Università “Tor Vergata” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche Università “Tor Vergata” Via della Ricerca Scientifica 00133 Rome Italy
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Department of Chemistry University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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28
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Shkunnikova S, Zipse H, Šakić D. Role of substituents in the Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction. A quantum-chemical case study on nicotine synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:854-865. [PMID: 33406192 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02187c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag (HLF) reaction can be successfully used to synthesize saturated heterocyclic nitrogen-containing nature-derived pharmaceuticals such as nicotine and its derivatives. In this study the rate-determining hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) step in nicotine synthesis has been analyzed using quantum chemical methods. Through quantification of substituent effects in the HAT step of the reaction on both nitrogen and carbon atoms, optimized synthetic strategies are outlined for the racemic as well as the stereoselective synthesis of nicotine. This latter process can be achieved using common nitrogen protecting groups, such as Ac, TFAc, and Boc. The said protecting groups show superior nitrogen radical activation as compared to the commonly used Tosyl group. Computational results indicate that the 1,5-HAT step is in this case likely to work even for the reaction with primary unactivated carbon centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Shkunnikova
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department of Chemistry, LMU München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Davor Šakić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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29
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Ma ZY, Li M, Guo LN, Liu L, Wang D, Duan XH. Sulfonamide as Photoinduced Hydrogen-Atom Transfer Catalyst for Regioselective Alkylation of C(sp 3)-H Bonds Adjacent to Heteroatoms. Org Lett 2020; 23:474-479. [PMID: 33373258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on the DFT calculations, the sulfonamide was explored as an efficient hydrogen-atom transfer catalyst for the C(sp3)-H alkylation. The combination of a metal-free photoredox catalyst and a sulfonamide catalyst enables highly regioselective alkylation of the C-H bonds adjacent to heteroatoms, which features broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility. Remarkably, the sulfonamide catalyst was also applicable to the C(sp3)-C(sp3) couplings through the merger of photoredox, nickel, and HAT catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Li-Na Guo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Le Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Duan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Material Chemistry and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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30
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Zhu Y, Shi J, Yu W. Photoinduced Site-Selective C(sp3)–H Chlorination of Aliphatic Amides. Org Lett 2020; 22:8899-8903. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Jingcheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
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31
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Ellman JA, Ackermann L, Shi BF. The Breadth and Depth of C-H Functionalization. J Org Chem 2020; 84:12701-12704. [PMID: 31623443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut fuer Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie , Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
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32
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Na CG, Ravelli D, Alexanian EJ. Direct Decarboxylative Functionalization of Carboxylic Acids via O-H Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:44-49. [PMID: 31877036 PMCID: PMC7147874 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Decarboxylative functionalization via hydrogen atom transfer offers an attractive alternative to standard redox approaches to this important class of transformations. Herein, we report a direct decarboxylative functionalization of aliphatic carboxylic acids using N-xanthylamides. The unique reactivity of amidyl radicals in hydrogen atom transfer enables decarboxylative xanthylation under redox-neutral conditions. This platform provides expedient access to a range of derivatives through subsequent elaboration of the xanthate group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G. Na
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Davide Ravelli
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Erik J. Alexanian
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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33
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Motati DR, Uredi D, Burra AG, Bowen JP, Fronczek FR, Smith CR, Watkins EB. Differential formation of nitrogen-centered radicals leading to unprecedented, regioselective bromination of N,N′-(1,2-phenylene)bisamides and 2-amidophenols. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01508f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient, site-selective, visible light-accelerated, remote C–H halogenation of unsymmetrical aromatic bisamides/amidoesters has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damoder Reddy Motati
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Molecular Discovery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Union University
- Jackson
| | - Dilipkumar Uredi
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Molecular Discovery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Union University
- Jackson
| | - Amarender Goud Burra
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Molecular Discovery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Union University
- Jackson
| | - J. Phillip Bowen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Mercer University
- Atlanta
- USA
| | | | - Clint R. Smith
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Molecular Discovery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Union University
- Jackson
| | - E. Blake Watkins
- Center for Pharmacometrics and Molecular Discovery
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- College of Pharmacy
- Union University
- Jackson
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34
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Short MA, Blackburn JM, Roizen JL. Modifying Positional Selectivity in C-H Functionalization Reactions with Nitrogen-Centered Radicals: Generalizable Approaches to 1,6-Hydrogen-Atom Transfer Processes. Synlett 2020; 31:102-116. [PMID: 33986583 PMCID: PMC8115226 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1691501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-centered radicals are powerful reaction intermediates owing in part to their ability to guide position-selective C(sp3)-H functionalization reactions. Typically, these reactive species dictate the site of functionalization by preferentially engaging in 1,5-hydrogen-atom transfer (1,5-HAT) processes. Broadly relevant approaches to alter the site-selectivity of HAT pathways would be valuable because they could be paired with a variety of tactics to install diverse functional groups. Yet, until recently, there have been no generalizable strategies to modify the position-selectivity observed in these HAT processes. This Synpacts article reviews transformations in which nitrogen-centered radicals preferentially react through 1,6-HAT pathways. Specific attention will be focused on strategies that employ alcohol- and amine-anchored sulfamate esters and sulfamides as templates to achieve otherwise rare γ-selective functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Short
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0354, USA
| | - J. Miles Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0354, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Roizen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Box 90346, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0354, USA
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