1
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Frenklach A, Amlani H, Kozuch S. Quantum Tunneling Instability in Pericyclic Reactions: The Cheletropic, Coarctate, and Ene Cases. Org Lett 2024; 26:5157-5161. [PMID: 38847371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Some retro-pericyclic reactions, as a result of their high exothermicity and short trajectories, are the perfect ground for heavy atom tunneling molecular decompositions, also known as "quantum tunneling instability" (QTI). Considering this effect, in our first installment [Frenklach, A.; Amlani, H.; Kozuch, S. Quantum Tunneling Instability in Pericyclic Reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146 (17), 11823-11834, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00608], we computed several retro-Diels-Alder reactions, predicting that many studied reactants cannot be isolated. Herein, we will explore the QTI of retro-cheletropic, coarctate, and ene exemplars, where again we hypothesize the impossibility to detect their reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Frenklach
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel
| | - Hila Amlani
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel
| | - Sebastian Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 841051, Israel
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2
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Li B, Ruffoni A, Leonori D. A Photochemical Strategy for ortho-Aminophenol Synthesis via Dearomative-Rearomative Coupling Between Aryl Azides and Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310540. [PMID: 37926921 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
ortho-Aminophenols are aromatic derivatives featuring vicinal N- and O-based functionalities commonly found in the structures of many high-value materials. These molecules are generally prepared using multistep strategies that follow the rules of electrophilic aromatic substitution (SE Ar) chemistry. Despite their high fidelity, such approaches cannot target substrates featuring a "contra-SE Ar" arrangement of N- and O-groups. Here we report an alternative strategy for the preparation of such ortho-aminophenols using aryl azides as the precursors. The process utilizes low-energy photoexcitation to trigger the decomposition of aryl azides into singlet nitrenes that undergo a dearomative-rearomative sequence. This allows the incorporation of alcoholic nucleophiles into a seven-membered ring azepine intermediate via temporary disruption of aromaticity, followed by electrophile-induced re-aromatization. The net retrosynthetic logic is that the alcohol displaces the azide, which, in turn, moves to its ortho position and furthermore is converted into an amide. The synthetic value and complementarity of this strategy has been demonstrated by the coupling of aryl azides with complex, drug-like alcohols and phenols as well as amines, thiols and thiophenols, which provides a general platform for the fast and selective heterofunctionalization of aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alessandro Ruffoni
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniele Leonori
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Zhang Y, Tan J, Chen Y. Visible-light-induced protein labeling in live cells with aryl azides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2413-2420. [PMID: 36744609 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06987c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chemical labeling of proteins in live cells helps to probe their native functions in biological systems. Aryl azides are chemically inert under physiological conditions, but they are activated by certain external stimuli. Recently, photocatalytic live-cell applications of aryl azides by visible light irradiation have become a burgeoning new field in chemical biology. In this Feature Article, we focus on the recent progress of protein labeling in live cells with aryl azides induced by visible-light irradiation. Light irradiation activates aryl azides to generate highly reactive intermediates, which enables protein labeling for protein functionalization, crosslinking, and profiling. The activation mechanism of aryl azides by light irradiation is categorized as photolysis, energy-transfer, and electron-transfer. The extracellular and intracellular protein labeling applications in live cells with aryl azides induced by visible light are discussed, including recent advances in red-light-induced extracellular protein labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Jiawei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China.
| | - Yiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry Centre of Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China. .,School of Physical Science and Technology ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, P. R. China.,School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, P. R. China
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4
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Tran Q, Sengupta A, Houk KN. Probative Evidence and Quantitative Energetics for the Unimolecular Mechanism of the 1,5-Sigmatropic Hydrogen Shift of Cyclopentadiene. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14995-15000. [PMID: 36318665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While the 1,5-sigmatropic hydrogen shift in cyclopentadiene is generally thought to be a unimolecular pericyclic reaction, Yamabe proposed a more complex bimolecular mechanism proceeding through the exo dimer of cyclopentadiene. DFT computations by Yamabe were claimed to show that the bimolecular mechanism was kinetically more favorable than the unimolecular mechanism. Reinvestigation of the unimolecular concerted mechanism and Yamabe's bimolecular mechanism with ωB97X-D and DLPNO-CCSD(T) calculations demonstrates a 25 kcal/mol preference for the unimolecular mechanism relative to the bimolecular mechanism. While Yamabe's calculations were performed with the less accurate B3LYP functional, the incorrect conclusion was the result of a different error discovered here. We have also computed corrections for tunneling that result in computed activation barriers within 1.5 kcal/mol of the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Arkajyoti Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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5
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Nunes CM, Roque JP, Doddipatla S, Wood SA, McMahon RJ, Fausto R. Simultaneous Tunneling Control in Conformer-Specific Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20866-20874. [PMID: 36321916 PMCID: PMC9776521 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We present here a new example of chemical reactivity governed by quantum tunneling, which also highlights the limitations of the classical theories. The syn and anti conformers of a triplet 2-formylphenylnitrene, generated in a nitrogen matrix, were found to spontaneously rearrange to the corresponding 2,1-benzisoxazole and imino-ketene, respectively. The kinetics of both transformations were measured at 10 and 20 K and found to be temperature-independent, providing clear evidence of concomitant tunneling reactions (heavy-atom and H-atom). Computations confirm the existence of these tunneling reaction pathways. Although the energy barrier between the nitrene conformers is lower than any of the observed reactions, no conformational interconversion was observed. These results demonstrate an unprecedented case of simultaneous tunneling control in conformer-specific reactions of the same chemical species. The product outcome is impossible to be rationalized by the conventional kinetic or thermodynamic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio M. Nunes
- University
of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal,
| | - José P.
L. Roque
- University
of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Srinivas Doddipatla
- University
of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Samuel A. Wood
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Robert J. McMahon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Rui Fausto
- University
of Coimbra, CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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6
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Schleif T. Transformations of Strained Three-Membered Rings a Common, Yet Overlooked, Motif in Heavy-Atom Tunneling Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201775. [PMID: 35762788 PMCID: PMC9804509 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum mechanical tunneling has long been recognized as an important phenomenon when considering transformations dominated by a lightweight hydrogen atom. Tunneling of heavier atoms like carbon, initially dismissed as negligible, has seen a quickly increasing number of computationally predicted and/or experimentally confirmed examples over the last decade, thus highlighting its importance for a wide variety of reactions. However, no common structural motif has been pointed out within these seemingly unconnected examples, strongly limiting the predictability of the impact of heavy-atom tunneling on a given reaction. This Concept article will provide this perspective and showcase how the recognition of the formation and cleavage of three-membered rings as common motif can inform the prediction of and research into heavy-atom tunneling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schleif
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum44780BochumGermany,Present address: Sterling Chemistry LaboratoryYale UniversityNew HavenCT 06520USA
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7
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Schleif T, Prado Merini M, Henkel S, Sander W. Solvation Effects on Quantum Tunneling Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2180-2190. [PMID: 35730754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A decisive factor for obtaining high yields and selectivities in organic synthesis is the choice of the proper solvent. Solvent selection is often guided by the intuitive understanding of transition state-solvent interactions. However, quantum-mechanical tunneling can significantly contribute to chemical reactions, circumventing the transition state and thus depriving chemists of their intuitive handle on the reaction kinetics. In this Account, we aim to provide rationales for the effects of solvation on tunneling reactions derived from experiments performed in cryogenic matrices.The tunneling reactions analyzed here cover a broad range of prototypical organic transformations that are subject to strong solvation effects. Examples are the hydrogen tunneling probability for the cis-trans isomerization of formic acid which is strongly reduced upon formation of hydrogen-bonded complexes and the [1,2]H-shift in methylhydroxycarbene where a change in product selectivity is predicted upon interaction with hydrogen bond acceptors.Not only hydrogen but also heavy atom tunneling can exhibit strong solvent effects. The direction of the nearly degenerate valence tautomerization between benzene oxide and oxepin was found to reverse upon formation of a halogen or hydrogen bond with ICF3 or H2O. But even in the absence of strong noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen or halogen bonding, solvation can have a decisive effect on tunneling as evidenced by the Cope rearrangement of semibullvalenes via heavy-atom tunneling. Can quantum tunneling be catalyzed? The acceleration of the ring expansion of 1H-bicyclo[3.1.0.]-hexa-3,5-dien-2-one by complexation with Lewis acids provides a proof-of-concept for tunneling catalysis.Two concepts are central for the explanation and prediction of solvation effects on tunneling phenomena: a simple approach expands the Born-Oppenheimer approximation by separating nuclear degrees of freedom into intra- and intermolecular degrees. Intermolecular movements represent the slowest motions within molecular aggregates, thus effectively freezing the position of the solvent in relation to the reactant during the tunneling process. Another useful approach is to treat reactants and products by separate single-well potentials, where the intersection represents the transition state. Thus, stabilization of the reactants via solvation should result in an increase in barrier heights and widths which in turn lowers tunneling probabilities. These simple models can predict trends in tunneling kinetics and provide a rational basis for controlling tunneling reactions via solvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schleif
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Melania Prado Merini
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Henkel
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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8
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Fausto R, Ildiz GO, Nunes CM. IR-induced and tunneling reactions in cryogenic matrices: the (incomplete) story of a successful endeavor. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2853-2872. [PMID: 35302145 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01026c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, IR-induced and tunneling-driven reactions observed in cryogenic matrices are described in a historical perspective, the entangling of the two types of processes being highlighted. The story of this still ongoing fascinating scientific endeavor is presented here following closely our own involvement in the field for more than 30 years, and thus focuses mostly on our work. It is, because of this reason, also an incomplete story. Nevertheless, it considers a large range of examples, from very selective IR-induced conformational isomerizations to IR-induced bond-breaking/bond-forming reactions and successful observations of rare heavy atom tunneling processes. As a whole, this article provides a rather general overview of the major progress achieved in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fausto
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Gulce O Ildiz
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal. .,Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, 34158 Bakirkoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cláudio M Nunes
- CQC-IMS, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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9
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Lohmiller T, Sarkar SK, Tatchen J, Henkel S, Schleif T, Savitsky A, Sanchez-Garcia E, Sander W. Sequential Hydrogen Tunneling in o-Tolylmethylene. Chemistry 2021; 27:17873-17879. [PMID: 34346532 PMCID: PMC9293181 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
o‐Tolylmethylene 1 is a metastable triplet carbene that rearranges to o‐xylylene 2 even at temperatures as low as 2.7 K via [1,4] H atom tunneling. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopical techniques were used to identify two conformers of 1 (anti and syn) in noble gas matrices and in frozen organic solutions. Conformer‐specific kinetic measurements revealed that the rate constants for the rearrangements of the anti and syn conformers of 1 are very similar. However, the orbital alignment in the syn conformer is less favorable for the hydrogen transfer reaction than the orbital configuration in the anti conformer. Our spectroscopic and quantum chemical investigations indicate that anti1 and syn1 rapidly interconvert via efficient quantum tunneling forming a rotational pre‐equilibrium. The subsequent second tunneling reaction, the [1,4] H migration from anti1 to 2, is rate‐limiting for the formation of 2. We here present an efficient strategy for the study of such tunneling equilibria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lohmiller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,EPR4Energy Joint Lab, Abteilung Spins in der Energieumwandlung und Quanteninformatik, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sujan K Sarkar
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,present address: The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jörg Tatchen
- Computational Biochemistry, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Henkel
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,present address: Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tim Schleif
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anton Savitsky
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,present address: Experimentelle Physik 3, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Computational Biochemistry, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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10
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M Nunes C, Pereira NAM, Viegas LP, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Fausto R. Inducing molecular reactions by selective vibrational excitation of a remote antenna with near-infrared light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9570-9573. [PMID: 34546241 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03574f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate here that selective vibrational excitation of a moiety, remotely attached in relation to the molecular reaction site, might offer a generalized strategy for inducing bond-breaking/bond-forming reactions with exquisite precision. As a proof-of-principle, the electrocyclic ring-expansion of a benzazirine to a ketenimine was induced, in a cryogenic matrix, by near-IR light tuned at the overtone stretching frequency of its OH remote antenna. This accomplishment paves the way for harnessing IR vibrational excitation as a tool to guide a variety of molecular structure manipulations in an exceptional highly-selective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio M Nunes
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nelson A M Pereira
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Luís P Viegas
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | - Rui Fausto
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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11
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Roque JPL, Nunes CM, Viegas LP, Pereira NAM, Pinho E Melo TMVD, Schreiner PR, Fausto R. Switching on H-Tunneling through Conformational Control. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8266-8271. [PMID: 34048232 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
H-tunneling is a ubiquitous phenomenon, relevant to fields from biochemistry to materials science, but harnessing it for mastering the manipulation of chemical structures still remains nearly illusory. Here, we demonstrate how to switch on H-tunneling by conformational control using external radiation. This is outlined with a triplet 2-hydroxyphenylnitrene generated in an N2 matrix at 10 K by UV-irradiation of an azide precursor. The anti-orientation of the nitrene's OH moiety was converted to syn by selective vibrational excitation at the 2ν(OH) frequency, thereby moving the H atom closer to the vicinal nitrene center. This triggers spontaneous H-tunneling to a singlet 6-imino-2,4-cyclohexadienone. Computations reveal that such fast H-tunneling occurs through crossing the triplet-to-singlet potential energy surfaces. Our experimental realization provides an exciting novel strategy to attain control over tunneling, opening new avenues for directing chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José P L Roque
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M Nunes
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís P Viegas
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nelson A M Pereira
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rui Fausto
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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12
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Viegas LP, M. Nunes C, Fausto R. Spin-forbidden heavy-atom tunneling in the ring-closure of triplet cyclopentane-1,3-diyl. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5797-5803. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The putative spin-forbidden heavy-atom tunneling process for the ring closure of cyclopentane-1,3-diyl at cryogenic temperatures is confirmed with calculations employing the weak-coupling formulation of nonadiabatic transition state theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís P. Viegas
- University of Coimbra
- CQC
- Department of Chemistry
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Cláudio M. Nunes
- University of Coimbra
- CQC
- Department of Chemistry
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
| | - Rui Fausto
- University of Coimbra
- CQC
- Department of Chemistry
- 3004-535 Coimbra
- Portugal
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13
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Nunes CM, Viegas LP, Wood SA, Roque JPL, McMahon RJ, Fausto R. Heavy‐Atom Tunneling Through Crossing Potential Energy Surfaces: Cyclization of a Triplet 2‐Formylarylnitrene to a Singlet 2,1‐Benzisoxazole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio M. Nunes
- University of Coimbra CQC Department of Chemistry 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Luís P. Viegas
- University of Coimbra CQC Department of Chemistry 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Samuel A. Wood
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706-1322 USA
| | - José P. L. Roque
- University of Coimbra CQC Department of Chemistry 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Robert J. McMahon
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706-1322 USA
| | - Rui Fausto
- University of Coimbra CQC Department of Chemistry 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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14
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Schleif T, Tatchen J, Rowen JF, Beyer F, Sanchez‐Garcia E, Sander W. Heavy-Atom Tunneling in Semibullvalenes: How Driving Force, Substituents, and Environment Influence the Tunneling Rates. Chemistry 2020; 26:10452-10458. [PMID: 32293763 PMCID: PMC7496793 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Cope rearrangement of selectively deuterated isotopomers of 1,5-dimethylsemibullvalene 2 a and 3,7-dicyano-1,5-dimethylsemibullvalene 2 b were studied in cryogenic matrices. In both semibullvalenes the Cope rearrangement is governed by heavy-atom tunneling. The driving force for the rearrangements is the small difference in the zero-point vibrational energies of the isotopomers. To evaluate the effect of the driving force on the tunneling probability in 2 a and 2 b, two different pairs of isotopomers were studied for each of the semibullvalenes. The reaction rates for the rearrangement of 2 b in cryogenic matrices were found to be smaller than the ones of 2 a under similar conditions, whereas differences in the driving force do not influence the rates. Small curvature tunneling (SCT) calculations suggest that the reduced tunneling rate of 2 b compared to that of 2 a results from a change in the shape of the potential energy barrier. The tunneling probability of the semibullvalenes strongly depends on the matrix environment; however, for 2 a in a qualitatively different way than for 2 b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schleif
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum47780BochumGermany
| | - Jörg Tatchen
- Computational BiochemistryUniversität Duisburg-Essen45117EssenGermany
| | - Julien F. Rowen
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum47780BochumGermany
| | - Frederike Beyer
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum47780BochumGermany
| | | | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie IIRuhr-Universität Bochum47780BochumGermany
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15
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Nunes CM, Viegas LP, Wood SA, Roque JPL, McMahon RJ, Fausto R. Heavy‐Atom Tunneling Through Crossing Potential Energy Surfaces: Cyclization of a Triplet 2‐Formylarylnitrene to a Singlet 2,1‐Benzisoxazole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17622-17627. [PMID: 32558100 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio M. Nunes
- University of Coimbra CQC Department of Chemistry 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Luís P. Viegas
- University of Coimbra CQC Department of Chemistry 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Samuel A. Wood
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706-1322 USA
| | - José P. L. Roque
- University of Coimbra CQC Department of Chemistry 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Robert J. McMahon
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706-1322 USA
| | - Rui Fausto
- University of Coimbra CQC Department of Chemistry 3004-535 Coimbra Portugal
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Castro C, Karney WL. Heavy‐Atom Tunneling in Organic Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8355-8366. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Castro
- Department of Chemistry University of San Francisco 2130 Fulton St. San Francisco CA 94117 USA
| | - William L. Karney
- Department of Chemistry University of San Francisco 2130 Fulton St. San Francisco CA 94117 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Castro
- Department of Chemistry University of San Francisco 2130 Fulton St. San Francisco CA 94117 USA
| | - William L. Karney
- Department of Chemistry University of San Francisco 2130 Fulton St. San Francisco CA 94117 USA
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