1
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Kehoe RA, Lowry A, Light ME, Jones DJ, Byrne PA, McGlacken GP. Regioselective Partial Hydrogenation and Deuteration of Tetracyclic (Hetero)aromatic Systems Using a Simple Heterogeneous Catalyst. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400102. [PMID: 38214926 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of added '3-dimensionality' through late-stage functionalisation of extended (hetero)aromatic systems is a powerful synthetic approach. The abundance of starting materials and cross-coupling methodologies to access the precursors allows for highly diverse products. Subsequent selective partial reduction can alter the core structure in a manner of interest to medicinal chemists. Herein, we describe the precise, partial reduction of multicyclic heteroaromatic systems using a simple heterogeneous catalyst. The approach can be extended to introduce deuterium (again at late-stage). Excellent yields can be obtained using simple reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta A Kehoe
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Robert Kane Building, Western Road, Cork
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick, Limerick
| | - Amy Lowry
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Robert Kane Building, Western Road, Cork
| | - Mark E Light
- Department of Chemistry, University of, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Jones
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph-Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A Byrne
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick, Limerick
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gerard P McGlacken
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork, Robert Kane Building, Western Road, Cork
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), University of Limerick, Limerick
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2
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Fatykhov RF, Khalymbadzha IA, Sharapov AD, Potapova AP, Mochulskaya NN, Tsmokalyuk AN, Ivoilova AV, Mozharovskaia PN, Santra S, Chupakhin ON. MnO 2-Mediated Oxidative Cyclization of "Formal" Schiff's Bases: Easy Access to Diverse Naphthofuro-Annulated Triazines. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27207105. [PMID: 36296698 PMCID: PMC9611995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A different type of MnO2-induced oxidative cyclization of dihydrotriazines has been developed. These dihydrotriazines are considered as a "formal" Schiff's base. This method provided easy access to naphthofuro-fused triazine via the C-C/C-O oxidative coupling reaction. The reaction sequence comprised the nucleophilic addition of 2-naphthol or phenol to 1,2,4-triazine, followed by oxidative cyclization. The scope and limitations of this novel coupling reaction have been investigated. Further application of the synthesized compound has been demonstrated by synthesizing carbazole-substituted benzofuro-fused triazines. The scalability of the reaction was demonstrated at a 40 mmol load. The mechanistic study strongly suggests that this reaction proceeds through the formation of an O-coordinated manganese complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramil F. Fatykhov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Igor A. Khalymbadzha
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya Str., 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ainur D. Sharapov
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia P. Potapova
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Nataliya N. Mochulskaya
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Anton N. Tsmokalyuk
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra V. Ivoilova
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Polina N. Mozharovskaia
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sougata Santra
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Oleg N. Chupakhin
- Department of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Str., 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 22 S. Kovalevskaya Str., 620990 Ekaterinburg, Russia
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3
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Xiao F, Yang G, Yao L, Mao G, Deng G. Fe‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction for the Synthesis of 2,3'‐Biquinolines. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Li M, Zhang R, Gao Q, Jiang H, Lei M, Wu W. Divergent Synthesis of Fused Tetracyclic Heterocycles from Diarylalkynes Enabled by the Selective Insertion of Isocyanide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208203. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Institute of Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 10019 China
| | - Qiushan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
| | - Ming Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Institute of Computational Chemistry College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 10019 China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China
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5
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Li M, Zhang R, Gao Q, Jiang H, Lei M, Wu W. Divergent Synthesis of Fused Tetracyclic Heterocycles from Diarylalkynes Enabled by the Selective Insertion of Isocyanide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Qiushan Gao
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Ming Lei
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wanqing Wu
- South China University of Technology School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering No. 381, Wushan Road, Tianhe Strict, 510640 Guangzhou CHINA
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6
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Zhang ML, Zhang XL, Guo RL, Wang MY, Zhao BY, Yang JH, Jia Q, Wang YQ. Switchable, Reagent-Controlled C(sp 3)-H Selective Iodination and Acetoxylation of 8-Methylquinolines. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5730-5743. [PMID: 35471034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient Pd-catalyzed C(sp3)-H selective iodination of 8-methylquinolines is reported herein for the first time. Because of the versatility of organic iodides, the method offers a facile access to various C8-substituted quinolines. By slightly switching the reaction conditions, an efficient C(sp3)-H acetoxylation of 8-methylquinolines has also been enabled. Both approaches feature mild reaction conditions, good tolerance of functional groups, and a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Meng-Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Yin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Hui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization of Coal and Green Chemical Engineering, Yinchuan 750021, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Foreign Languages, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, P. R. China
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7
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Alguacil A, Scalambra F, Romerosa A. Insights into the κ-P,N Coordination of 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane and Derivatives: κ-P,N-Heterometallic Complexes and a 15N Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Survey. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5779-5791. [PMID: 35378037 PMCID: PMC9019812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Complexes {[(PTA)2CpRu-μ-CN-1κC:2κ2N-RuCp(PTA)2-ZnCl3]}·2DMSO (13) {[ZnCl2(H2O)]-(PTA-1κP:2κ2N)(PTA)CpRu-μ-CN-1κC:2κ2N-RuCp(PTA)(PTA-1κP:2κ2N)-[ZnCl2(H2O)]}Cl (14), [RuCp(HdmoPTA)(PPh3)(PTA)](CF3SO3)2 (20), [RuCp(HdmoPTA)(HPTA)(PPh3)](CF3SO3)3 (21), and [RuCp(dmoPTA)(PPh3)(PTA)](CF3SO3) (22) were obtained
and characterized, and their crystal structure together with that
of the previously published complex 18 is reported. The
behavior of the 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane (PTA)
and 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (dmoPTA)
ligands against protonation and κN-coordination
is discussed, on the basis of 15N nuclear magnetic resonance
data collected on 22 different compounds, including PTA (1), HdmoPTA (7H), and some common derivatives as free
ligands (2–6 and 8), along with mono-
and polymetallic complexes containing PTA and/or HdmoPTA (9–22). 15N detection via 1H–15N heteronuclear multiple bond correlation allowed the construction
of a small library of 15N chemical shifts that shed light
on important features regarding κN-coordination
in PTA and its derivatives. To shed light
on the behavior of the triazaphosphines 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane
(PTA) and 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane
(dmoPTA) upon κN coordination and N protonation, the 15N chemical shifts of 22 compounds, including PTA and a representative
variety of its derivatives, piano-stool complexes, were collected
by 1H−15N heteronuclear multiple bond
correlation nuclear magnetic resonance. New heterometallic complexes
containing PTA were also synthesized and fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Alguacil
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Franco Scalambra
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio Romerosa
- Área de Química Inorgánica-CIESOL, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
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8
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Mackey K, Jones DJ, Pardo LM, McGlacken GP. Quinoline Ligands Improve the Classic Direct C−H Functionalisation/Intramolecular Cyclisation of Diaryl Ethers to Dibenzofurans. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Mackey
- School of Chemistry University College Cork T12 YN60 Cork Ireland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF) University College Cork T12 YN60 Cork Ireland
| | - David J. Jones
- School of Chemistry University College Cork T12 YN60 Cork Ireland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF) University College Cork T12 YN60 Cork Ireland
| | - Leticia M. Pardo
- School of Chemistry University College Cork T12 YN60 Cork Ireland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF) University College Cork T12 YN60 Cork Ireland
| | - Gerard P. McGlacken
- School of Chemistry University College Cork T12 YN60 Cork Ireland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF) University College Cork T12 YN60 Cork Ireland
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9
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Gerosa GG, Schwengers SA, Maji R, De CK, List B. Homologisierung der Fischer‐Indol‐Synthese: Chinoline via Homo‐Diaza‐Cope‐Umlagerung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajat Maji
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Chandra Kanta De
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
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10
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Gerosa GG, Schwengers SA, Maji R, De CK, List B. Homologation of the Fischer Indolization: A Quinoline Synthesis via Homo-Diaza-Cope Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20485-20488. [PMID: 32621795 PMCID: PMC7693176 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We disclose a new Brønsted acid promoted quinoline synthesis, proceeding via homo-diaza-Cope rearrangement of N-aryl-N'-cyclopropyl hydrazines. Our strategy can be considered a homologation of Fischer's classical indole synthesis and delivers 6-membered N-heterocycles, including previously inaccessible pyridine derivatives. This approach can also be used as a pyridannulation methodology toward constructing polycyclic polyheteroaromatics. A computational analysis has been employed to probe plausible activation modes and to interrogate the role of the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rajat Maji
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Chandra Kanta De
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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11
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Parmar D, Kumar R, Kumar R, Sharma U. Ru(II)-Catalyzed Chemoselective C(sp3)–H Monoarylation of 8-Methyl Quinolines with Arylboronic Acids. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11844-11855. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Parmar
- Chemical Technology Division and AcSIR, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division and AcSIR, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division and AcSIR, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Chemical Technology Division and AcSIR, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur 176061, India
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12
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Sheehy KJ, Bateman LM, Flosbach NT, Breugst M, Byrne PA. Competition between N and O: use of diazine N-oxides as a test case for the Marcus theory rationale for ambident reactivity. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9630-9647. [PMID: 34094230 PMCID: PMC8162281 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02834g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The preferred site of alkylation of diazine N-oxides by representative hard and soft alkylating agents was established conclusively using the 1H-15N HMBC NMR technique in combination with other NMR spectroscopic methods. Alkylation of pyrazine N-oxides (1 and 2) occurs preferentially on nitrogen regardless of the alkylating agent employed, while O-methylation of pyrimidine N-oxide (3) is favoured in its reaction with MeOTf. As these outcomes cannot be explained in the context of the hard/soft acid/base (HSAB) principle, we have instead turned to Marcus theory to rationalise these results. Marcus intrinsic barriers (ΔG ‡ 0) and Δr G° values were calculated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPPD/SMD//M06-2X-D3/6-311+G(d,p)/SMD level of theory for methylation reactions of 1 and 3 by MeI and MeOTf, and used to derive Gibbs energies of activation (ΔG ‡) for the processes of N- and O-methylation, respectively. These values, as well as those derived directly from the DFT calculations, closely reproduce the observed experimental N- vs. O-alkylation selectivities for methylation reactions of 1 and 3, indicating that Marcus theory can be used in a semi-quantitative manner to understand how the activation barriers for these reactions are constructed. It was found that N-alkylation of 1 is favoured due to the dominant contribution of Δr G° to the activation barrier in this case, while O-alkylation of 3 is favoured due to the dominant contribution of the intrinsic barrier (ΔG ‡ 0) for this process. These results are of profound significance in understanding the outcomes of reactions of ambident reactants in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Sheehy
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork College Road Cork Ireland
| | - Lorraine M Bateman
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork College Road Cork Ireland
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork College Road Ireland
- SSPC (Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre) Cork Ireland
| | - Niko T Flosbach
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Martin Breugst
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Peter A Byrne
- School of Chemistry, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, University College Cork College Road Cork Ireland
- SSPC (Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre) Cork Ireland
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13
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Sheehy KJ, Bateman LM, Flosbach NT, Breugst M, Byrne PA. Identification of N‐ or O‐Alkylation of Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles and
N
‐Oxides Using
1
H–
15
N HMBC NMR Spectroscopy. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Sheehy
- School of Chemistry Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility University College Cork Kane Building T12 K8AF Cork Ireland
| | - Lorraine M. Bateman
- School of Chemistry Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility University College Cork Kane Building T12 K8AF Cork Ireland
- School of Pharmacy University College Cork Cork Ireland
- SSPC (Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre) Cork Ireland
| | - Niko T. Flosbach
- Department für Chemie Universität zu Köln Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Martin Breugst
- Department für Chemie Universität zu Köln Greinstraße 4 50939 Köln Germany
| | - Peter A. Byrne
- School of Chemistry Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility University College Cork Kane Building T12 K8AF Cork Ireland
- SSPC (Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre) Cork Ireland
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