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Gibbas B, Kaledin M, Kaledin AL. Quantum Monte Carlo Simulations of the Vibrational Wavefunction of the Aromatic Cyclo[10]carbon Using a Full Dimensional Permutationally Invariant Potential Energy Surface. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5070-5075. [PMID: 38701515 PMCID: PMC11103689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
New experimental measurements [Sun et al., Nature 2023, 623, 972] of the cyclic C10 reveal a cumulenic pentagon-like D5h structure at ∼5 K. However, the long-standing presumption that a large zero-point vibrational energy combined with an extremely flat D5h ↔ D10h ↔ D5h isomerization pathway washes out the pentagonal D5h structure and yields a symmetric D10h decagon remains at odds with the experiment. We resolve this issue with our fitting approach based on a bond-order charge-density matrix expressed in permutationally invariant polynomials. We train the model on τHCTH/cc-pVQZ data morphed to reproduce a relativistic all-electron CCSDT(Q)/CBS D5h-D10h potential energy barrier (benchmarked previously by others). Large scale diffusion Monte Carlo simulations in full dimensionality show that the vibrational ground state of C10 has compositional character of more than 96% D5h, fully reflecting the experimental imaging data. Quantum mechanical variational calculations in 1-D further suggest persistence of the D5h symmetry structure at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
D. Gibbas
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, 370 Paulding Ave NW, Box # 1203, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Martina Kaledin
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Kennesaw
State University, 370 Paulding Ave NW, Box # 1203, Kennesaw, Georgia 30144, United States
| | - Alexey L. Kaledin
- Cherry
L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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2
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Ferrari P, Hansen K, Lacinbala O, Janssens E, Lievens P. Fragmentation channels of non-fullerene cationic carbon clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31118-31124. [PMID: 37947317 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03930g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The unimolecular fragmentation channels of highly excited small cationic carbon clusters have been measured with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer after photofragmentation. The dominant channel is loss of the neutral trimer, for all CN+N = 10-27 clusters except for N = 11, 12 which decay by monomer emission, and C25+ which shows competing loss of C2 and C3. The results permit to quantify the role of the rotational entropy in the competition between monomer and trimer decays with the help of energies calculated with density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Ferrari
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Klavs Hansen
- Center for Joint Quantum Studies and Department of Physics, School of Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Ozan Lacinbala
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ewald Janssens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Lievens
- Quantum Solid-State Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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3
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Marlton SJP, Buntine JT, Watkins P, Liu C, Jacovella U, Carrascosa E, Bull JN, Bieske EJ. Probing Colossal Carbon Rings. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1168-1178. [PMID: 36703560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon aggregates containing between 10 and 30 atoms preferentially arrange themselves as planar rings. To learn more about this exotic allotrope of carbon, electronic spectra are measured for even cyclo[n]carbon radical cations (C14+-C36+) using two-color photodissociation action spectroscopy. To eliminate spectral contributions from other isomers, the target cyclo[n]carbon radical cations are isomer-selected using a drift tube ion mobility spectrometer prior to spectroscopic interrogation. The electronic spectra exhibit sharp transitions spanning the visible and near-infrared spectral regions with the main absorption band shifting progressively to longer wavelength by ≈100 nm for every additional two carbon atoms. This behavior is rationalized with a Hückel theory model describing the energies of the in-plane and out-of-plane π orbitals. Photoexcitation of smaller carbon rings leads preferentially to neutral C3 and C5 loss, whereas rings larger than C24+ tend to also decompose into two smaller rings, which, when possible, have aromatic stability. Generally, the observed charged photofragments correspond to low energy fragment pairs, as predicted by density functional theory calculations (CAM-B3LYP-D3(BJ)/cc-pVDZ). Using action spectroscopy it is confirmed that C14+ and C18+ photofragments from C28+ rings have cyclic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J P Marlton
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia3010
| | - Jack T Buntine
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia3010
| | - Patrick Watkins
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia3010
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia3010
| | - Ugo Jacovella
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405Orsay, France
| | - Eduardo Carrascosa
- Bruker Daltonics GmbH & Co. KG, Fahrenheitstrasse 4, 28359Bremen, Germany
| | - James N Bull
- School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, NorwichNR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Evan J Bieske
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia3010
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Suresh R, Baryshnikov GV, Kuklin AV, Nemkova DI, Saikova SV, Ågren H. Cyclo[18]carbon Formation from C 18Br 6 and C 18(CO) 6 Precursors. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10318-10325. [PMID: 36306526 PMCID: PMC9661529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although cyclo[18]carbon has been isolated experimentally from two precursors, C18Br6 and C18(CO)6, no reaction mechanisms have yet been explored. Herein, we provide insight into the mechanism behind debromination and decarbonylation. Both neutral precursors demonstrate high activation barriers of ∼2.3 eV, while the application of an electric field can lower the barriers by 0.1-0.2 eV. The barrier energy of the anion-radicals is found to be significantly lower for C18Br6 compared to C18(CO)6, confirming a considerably higher yield of cylco[18]carbon when the C18Br6 precursor is used. Elongation of the C-Br bond in the anion-radical confirms its predissociation condition. Natural bonding orbital analysis shows that the stability of C-Br and C-CO bonds in the anion-radicals is lower compared to their neutral species, indicating a possible higher yield. The applied analysis provides crucial details regarding the reaction yield of cyclo[18]carbon and can serve as a general scheme for tuning reaction conditions for other organic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Suresh
- International
Research Center of Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry - IRC SQC, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Glib V. Baryshnikov
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Artem V. Kuklin
- Division
of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box
516, SE-751 20Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Diana I. Nemkova
- International
Research Center of Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry - IRC SQC, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Division
of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Non-ferrous Metals, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Saikova
- Division
of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Non-ferrous Metals, Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny pr., 660041Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division
of X-ray Photon Science, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box
516, SE-751 20Uppsala, Sweden
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Fortenberry RC, McMahon RJ, Kaiser RI. 10 Years of the ACS PHYS Astrochemistry Subdivision. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6571-6574. [PMID: 36172712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United States
| | - Robert J McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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6
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Colley JE, Orr DS, Duncan MA. Electronic Transition of the l-C6+ Cation at 417 nm. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:121102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0106183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new electronic transition is reported for the linear C6+ cation with an origin at 416.8 nm. This spectrum can be compared to the matrix isolation spectra at lower energies reported previously by Fulara et al. (J. Chem. Phys. 123, 044305 (2005)), which assigned linear and cyclic isomers, and to the gas phase spectrum reported previously by Campbell and Dunk (Rev. Sci. Instrum. 90, 103101 (2019)), which detected the same cyclic-isomer spectrum reported by Fulara. Comparisons to electronically excited states and vibrations predicted by various forms of theory allow assignment of the spectrum to a new electronic state of linear C6+. The spectrum consists of a strong origin band, two vibronic progression members at higher energy and four hotbands at lower energies. The hotbands provide the first gas phase information on ground state vibrational frequencies. The vibronic structure of this excited state of C6+ provides a severe challenge to computational chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael A. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, United States of America
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Dynak NJ, Rittgers BM, Colley JE, Kellar DJ, Duncan MA. Photofragment Imaging of Carbon Cluster Cations: Explosive Ring Rupture. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4786-4793. [PMID: 35613312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon cluster cations (Cn+) produced by laser vaporization are mass selected and photodissociated at 355 nm. Multiphoton dissociation of smaller ions leads to the elimination of neutral C3, as in previous work, whereas larger clusters exhibit more varied fragmentation channels. Photofragment velocity-map imaging detects significant kinetic energy release (KER) in the various n - 3 cation fragments. Small cations (n = 6 or 7) with linear structures produce moderate KER, whereas larger cations (n = 10, 11, 12, 15, or 20) having monocyclic ring structures produce much higher KER values. Such high KER values are unanticipated, as optical excitation should produce a wide distribution of internal energies. These carbon clusters have a surprising ability to absorb multiple photons of ultraviolet radiation, achieving a state of extreme excitation prior to dissociation. The remarkable nonstatistical distribution of energy is apparently influenced by the significant ring strain that can be released upon photodissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Dynak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Brandon M Rittgers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jason E Colley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Douglas J Kellar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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