1
|
Liu L, Liu X, Kurganskii I, Chen X, Gurzadyan GG, Zhao J, Wan Y, Fedin M. Charge Transfer and Intersystem Crossing in Compact Naphthalenediimide-Phenothiazine Triads: Synthesis and Study of the Photophysical Property with Transient Optical and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Methods. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:7237-7253. [PMID: 39016740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
In order to obtain a long-lived charge separation (CS) state in compact electron donor-acceptor molecular systems, we prepared a series of naphthalenediimide (NDI)-phenothiazine (PTZ) triads, with phenylene as the linker between the donor and acceptor. Conformation restriction is imposed to control the mutual orientation of the NDI and PTZ units by attaching methyl groups on the phenylene linker to tune the electronic coupling between the donor and the acceptor. Moreover, the PTZ moiety was oxidized to sulfoxide to tune the ordering of the CS state and the 3LE state (LE: locally excited state). UV-vis absorption spectra indicate electronic coupling between NDI with the phenylene linker as well as the PTZ units, manifested by the appearance of a charge-transfer (CT) absorption band, whereas this coupling is devoid in the triads with conformation restriction imposed. Fluorescence is strongly quenched in the triads compared to the reference compound, indicating electron transfer upon photoexcitation. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicate that the CS takes 0.8 ps, and then the 3LE state is formed by charge recombination in 83 ps. Nanosecond transient absorption (ns-TA) spectra show that the 3NDI state was observed in nonpolar solvents such as cyclohexane (triplet state lifetime: 95.7 μs), whereas the CS state was observed in more polar solvents. The CS state lifetimes are up to 1.2 μs (in toluene). Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of the triads in toluene consist of two types of signals: CS states (narrower signals, ∼10 mT) and 3LE states (broader signals, ∼50 to 200 mT). In the spectra of the triads containing PTZ, the CS state signals dominate, whereas for the triads containing oxidized PTZ, the 3NDI signals (zero-field splitting D ≈ 2000 MHz) prevail, both observations being in agreement with the ns-TA spectral studies. The electron spin polarization phase pattern of the 3NDI states of the triads indicates that the intersystem crossing (ISC) mechanism is spin-orbit charge-transfer ISC. Considering the 3CS state as ion pairs, the electron-exchange energy (J) is determined to be -39 to -59 MHz, and the electron spin dipolar interaction is 83-92 MHz.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lezhang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Institutskaya Street, 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, Institutskaya Street, 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu Y, Cao H, Bakirov MM, Sukhanov AA, Li J, Liao S, Xiao X, Zhao J, Li MD, Kandrashkin YE. A Rational Way to Control the Triplet State Wave Function Confinement of Organic Chromophores: Effect of the Connection Sites and Spin Density Distribution-Guided Molecular Structure Design Principles in Bodipy Dimers. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:959-968. [PMID: 38252167 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
To study the intersystem crossing (ISC) and the spatial confinement of the triplet excited states of organic chromophores, we prepared a series of Bodipy dimers. We found that the connection position of the two units has a significant effect on the absorption and fluorescence. Singlet oxygen quantum yields of 3.8-12.4% were observed for the dimers, which are independent of solvent polarity. Nanosecond transient absorption spectra indicate the population of long-lived triplet excited states with lifetimes (τT) of 45-454 μs. Pulsed laser-excited time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra show that the T1 triplet states are essentially delocalized, which is different from the case for the previously reported Bodipy dimers. The TREPR spectra of the triplet states imply that the delocalization over the whole dimer essentially depends on the electron density of the carbon atoms at the connection sites. This property may become a universal rule for controlling the T1 state confinement in multichromophore organic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanran Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Huaiman Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Marcel M Bakirov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Yuri E Kandrashkin
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiao X, Mu T, Sukhanov AA, Zhou Y, Yu P, Yu F, Elmali A, Zhao J, Karatay A, Voronkova VK. The effect of thionation of the carbonyl group on the photophysics of compact spiro rhodamine-naphthalimide electron donor-acceptor dyads: intersystem crossing, charge separation, and electron spin dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:31667-31682. [PMID: 37966808 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04891h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a spiro rhodamine (Rho)-thionated naphthalimide (NIS) electron donor-acceptor orthogonal dyad (Rho-NIS) was prepared to study the formation of a long-lived charge separation (CS) state via the electron spin control approach. The transient absorption (TA) spectra of Rho-NIS indicated that the intersystem crossing (ISC) occurs within 7-42 ps to produce the 3NIS state via the spin orbit coupling ISC (SOC-ISC). The energy order of 3CS (2.01 eV in n-hexane, HEX) and 3LE states (1.68 eV in HEX) depended on the solvent polarity. The 3NIS state having n-π* character and a lifetime of 0.38 μs was observed for Rho-NIS in toluene (TOL). Alternatively, in acetonitrile (ACN), the long-lived 3CS state (0.21 μs) with a high CS state quantum yield (ΦCS, 97%) was produced with the 3NIS state as the precursor and the CS took 134 ps. On the contrary, in the case of the reference Rho-naphthalimide (NI) Rho-NI dyad without thionation of its carbonyl group, a long-lived CS state (0.94 μs) with a high energy level (ECS = 2.12 eV) was generated even in HEX with a lower ΦCS (49%). In the presence of an acid, the Rho unit in the Rho-NIS adopted an open form (Rho-o) and the 3NIS state was produced within 24-47 ps with the 1Rho-o state as the precursor. Subsequently, slow intramolecular triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET, 0.11-0.60 μs) produced the 3Rho-o state (9.4-13.6 μs). According to the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra of NIS-NH2, the zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameter |D| and E of the triplet state were determined to be 6165 MHz and -1233 MHz, respectively, indicating that its triplet state has significant nπ* character, which was supported by its short triplet state lifetime (6.1 μs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Tong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia.
| | - Yihang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Peiran Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Fabiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Sibirsky Tract 10/7, Kazan 420029, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cao L, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhao J, Yu F, Wan Y. The effect of dark states on the intersystem crossing and thermally activated delayed fluorescence of naphthalimide-phenothiazine dyads. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1028-1046. [PMID: 37497052 PMCID: PMC10366440 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 1,8-naphthalimide (NI)-phenothiazine (PTZ) electron donor-acceptor dyads were prepared to study the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties of the dyads, from a point of view of detection of the various transient species. The photophysical properties of the dyads were tuned by changing the electron-donating and the electron-withdrawing capability of the PTZ and NI moieties, respectively, by oxidation of the PTZ unit, or by using different aryl substituents attached to the NI unit. This tuning effect was manifested in the UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, e.g., in the change of the charge transfer absorption bands. TADF was observed for the dyads containing the native PTZ unit, and the prompt and delayed fluorescence lifetimes changed with different aryl substituents on the imide part. In polar solvents, no TADF was observed. For the dyads with the PTZ unit oxidized, no TADF was observed as well. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra showed that the charge separation takes ca. 0.6 ps, and admixtures of locally excited (3LE) state and charge separated (1CS/3CS) states formed (in n-hexane). The subsequent charge recombination from the 1CS state takes ca. 7.92 ns. Upon oxidation of the PTZ unit, the beginning of charge separation is at 178 fs and formation of 3LE state takes 4.53 ns. Nanosecond transient absorption (ns-TA) spectra showed that both 3CS and 3LE states were observed for the dyads showing TADF, whereas only 3LE or 3CS states were observed for the systems lacking TADF. This is a rare but unambiguous experimental evidence that the spin-vibronic coupling of 3CS/3LE states is crucial for TADF. Without the mediating effect of the 3LE state, no TADF is resulted, even if the long-lived 3CS state is populated (lifetime τCS ≈ 140 ns). This experimental result confirms the 3CS → 1CS reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) is slow, without coupling with an approximate 3LE state. These studies are useful for an in-depth understanding of the photophysical mechanisms of the TADF emitters, as well as for molecular structure design of new electron donor-acceptor TADF emitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Fabiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hainan Trauma and Disaster Rescue, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang X, Sukhanov AA, Liu X, Taddei M, Zhao J, Harriman A, Voronkova VK, Wan Y, Dick B, Di Donato M. Origin of intersystem crossing in highly distorted organic molecules: a case study with red light-absorbing N, N, O, O-boron-chelated Bodipys. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5014-5027. [PMID: 37206394 PMCID: PMC10189861 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00854a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore the relationship between the twisted π-conjugation framework of aromatic chromophores and the efficacy of intersystem crossing (ISC), we have studied a N,N,O,O-boron-chelated Bodipy derivative possessing a severely distorted molecular structure. Surprisingly, this chromophore is highly fluorescent, showing inefficient ISC (singlet oxygen quantum yield, ΦΔ = 12%). These features differ from those of helical aromatic hydrocarbons, where the twisted framework promotes ISC. We attribute the inefficient ISC to a large singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES1/T1 = 0.61 eV). This postulate is tested by critical examination of a distorted Bodipy having an anthryl unit at the meso-position, for which ΦΔ is increased to 40%. The improved ISC yield is rationalized by the presence of a T2 state, localized on the anthryl unit, with energy close to that of the S1 state. The electron spin polarization phase pattern of the triplet state is (e, e, e, a, a, a), with the Tz sublevel of the T1 state overpopulated. The small zero-field splitting D parameter (-1470 MHz) indicates that the electron spin density is delocalized over the twisted framework. It is concluded that twisting of π-conjugation framework does not necessarily induce ISC, but S1/Tn energy matching may be a generic feature for increasing ISC for a new-generation of heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg D-93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) Via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM, Istituto di Chimica dei Complessi OrganoMetallici Via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Zhao X, Ye K, Zhao J. Detection of the Dark States in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Process of Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads: Insights from Optical Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203737. [PMID: 36468907 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical processes involved in the electron donor-acceptor thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are complicated and controversial. The recent consensus is that at least three states are involved, i. e. the singlet charge transfer state (1 CT), the triplet localized excited state (3 LE) and the triplet CT state (3 CT). It is clear the very often used steady state and time-resolved luminescence spectroscopic methods are unable to present direct evidence for the dark states, i. e. the 3 LE and 3 CT states, as well as the interconversion of these states. Concerning this aspect, the femtosecond-nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopic methods are in particular interests. Both the emissive state and the dark state can be detected in these spectra, and interconversion of the states involved in TADF process can be also revealed. This review article focuses on the recent development of using the transient absorption spectra to study the photophysics of the TADF emitters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, P. R. China
| | - Kaiyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao X, Kurganskii I, Maity P, Zhao J, Jiang X, Mohammed OF, Fedin M. A long-lived charge-separated state of spiro compact electron donor-acceptor dyads based on rhodamine and naphthalenediimide chromophores. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13426-13441. [PMID: 36507154 PMCID: PMC9682887 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spiro rhodamine (Rho)-naphthalenediimide (NDI) electron donor-acceptor orthogonal dyads were prepared to generate a long-lived charge separation (CS) state based on the electron spin control approach, i.e. to form the 3CS state, not the 1CS state, to prolong the CS state lifetime by the electron spin forbidden feature of the charge recombination process of 3CS → S0. The electron donor Rho (lactam form) is attached via three σ bonds, including two C-C and one N-N bonds (Rho-NDI), or an intervening phenylene, to the electron acceptor NDI (Rho-Ph-NDI and Rho-PhMe-NDI). Transient absorption (TA) spectra show that fast intersystem crossing (ISC) (<120 fs) occurred to generate an upper triplet state localized on the NDI moiety (3NDI*), and then to form the CS state. For Rho-NDI in both non-polar and polar solvents, a long-lived 3CS state (lifetime τ = 0.13 μs) and charge separation quantum yield (Φ CS) up to 25% were observed, whereas for Rho-Ph-NDI (τ T = 1.1 μs) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (τ T = 2.0 μs), a low-lying 3NDI* state was formed by charge recombination (CR) in n-hexane (HEX). In toluene (TOL), however, CS states were observed for Rho-Ph-NDI (0.37 μs) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (0.63 μs). With electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, weak electronic coupling between the Rho and NDI moieties for Rho-NDI was proved. Time-resolved EPR (TREPR) spectra detected two transient species including NDI-localized triplets (formed via SOC-ISC) and a 3CS state. The CS state of Rho-NDI features the largest dipolar interaction (|D| = 184 MHz) compared to Rho-Ph-NDI (|D| = 39 MHz) and Rho-PhMe-NDI (|D| = 41 MHz) due to the smallest distance between Rho and NDI moieties. For Rho-NDI, the time-dependent e,a → a,e phase change of the CS state TREPR spectrum indicates that the long-lived CS state is based on the electron spin control effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, and Novosibirsk State UniversityPirogova str. 2Novosibirsk 630090Russia
| | - Partha Maity
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China,State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang UniversityUrumqi 830017P. R. China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024P. R. China
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, and Novosibirsk State UniversityPirogova str. 2Novosibirsk 630090Russia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ye K, Cao L, van Raamsdonk DME, Wang Z, Zhao J, Escudero D, Jacquemin D. Naphthalimide-phenothiazine dyads: effect of conformational flexibility and matching of the energy of the charge-transfer state and the localized triplet excited state on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1435-1453. [PMID: 36300011 PMCID: PMC9577389 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to investigate the joint influence of the conformation flexibility and the matching of the energies of the charge-transfer (CT) and the localized triplet excited (3LE) states on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in electron donor–acceptor molecules, a series of compact electron donor–acceptor dyads and a triad were prepared, with naphthalimide (NI) as electron acceptor and phenothiazine (PTZ) as electron donor. The NI and PTZ moieties are either directly connected at the 3-position of NI and the N-position of the PTZ moiety via a C–N single bond, or they are linked through a phenyl group. The tuning of the energy order of the CT and LE states is achieved by oxidation of the PTZ unit into the corresponding sulfoxide, whereas conformation restriction is imposed by introducing ortho-methyl substituents on the phenyl linker, so that the coupling magnitude between the CT and the 3LE states can be controlled. The singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) of NI-PTZ is moderate in n-hexane (HEX, ΦΔ = 19%). TADF was observed for the dyads, the biexponential luminescence lifetime are 16.0 ns (99.9%)/14.4 μs (0.1%) for the dyad and 7.2 ns (99.6%)/2.0 μs (0.4%) for the triad. Triplet state was observed in the nanosecond transient absorption spectra with lifetimes in the 4–48 μs range. Computational investigations show that the orthogonal electron donor–acceptor molecular structure is beneficial for TADF. These calculations indicate small energetic difference between the 3LE and 3CT states, which are helpful for interpreting the ns-TA spectra and the origins of TADF in NI-PTZ, which is ultimately due to the small energetic difference between the 3LE and 3CT states. Conversely, NI-PTZ-O, which has a higher CT state and bears a much more stabilized 3LE state, does not show TADF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | | | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | | | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR-6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu D, Imran M, Xiao X, Zhao J. Spiro rhodamine-coumarin compact electron donor-acceptor dyads: synthesis and spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:2153-2168. [PMID: 35984632 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We prepared spiro rhodamine (RB)-coumarin (Cou) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads (RB-Cou-CF3 and RB-Cou-CN), to study the charge transfer (CT) and spin-orbit CT intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). The π-conjugation planes of the rhodamine and coumarin units in both dyads are in nearly orthogonal geometry (dihedral angle: 86.3°). CT state emission was observed for RB-Cou-CF3 (at 550 nm) and RB-Cou-CN (at 595 nm). Although the fluorescence of the pristine coumarin units (fluorescence quantum yields ΦF = 59%) was quenched in the dyads (ΦF = 0.5 ~ 1.1% in n-hexane), the triplet state quantum yields of the dyads are also low (singlet oxygen quantum yield, ΦΔ = 2.3-7.5% in n-hexane). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra show that the 3Cou* state was formed, which shows a triplet state lifetime of 11-15.6 μs. The proposed photophysical path for the dyads is as follows: RB-1Cou* → RB+•-Cou-• → RB-3Cou*. The low SOCT-ISC yield is attributed to the slightly lower charge-transfer state energy (1.94 eV in toluene) as compared to the 3Cou* state energy (2.23 eV) and the shallow potential energy curve (PEC) at energy minima of the dyads. This work indicates that orthogonal conformation of donor-acceptor units is inadequate for achieving efficient SOCT-ISC. These results are useful for studying charge separation and intersystem crossing of electron donor/acceptor dyads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen X, Sukhanov AA, Yan Y, Bese D, Bese C, Zhao J, Voronkova VK, Barbon A, Yaglioglu HG. Long‐Lived Charge‐Transfer State in Spiro Compact Electron Donor–Acceptor Dyads Based on Pyromellitimide‐Derived Rhodamine: Charge Transfer Dynamics and Electron Spin Polarization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203758. [PMID: 35384206 PMCID: PMC9543469 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Andrey A. Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Damla Bese
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering Ankara University 06100, Beşevler Ankara Turkey
| | - Cagri Bese
- Department of Physics Engineering Hacettepe University 06800 Beytepe Ankara Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Violeta K. Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Halime Gul Yaglioglu
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering Ankara University 06100, Beşevler Ankara Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang X, Liu X, Taddei M, Bussotti L, Kurganskii I, Li M, Jiang X, Xing L, Ji S, Huo Y, Zhao J, Di Donato M, Wan Y, Zhao Z, Fedin MV. Red Light‐Emitting Thermally‐Activated Delayed Fluorescence of Naphthalimide‐Phenoxazine Electron Donor‐Acceptor Dyad: Time‐Resolved Optical and Magnetic Spectroscopic Studies. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200510. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and Novosibirsk State University 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Minjie Li
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE) School of Environmental Science and Technology Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Longjiang Xing
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Yanping Huo
- Light Industry and Chemical Engineering College Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10–12 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Yan Wan
- College of Chemistry Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 P. R. China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Matvey V. Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and Novosibirsk State University 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao X, Zhao J. Long-lived charge separated state and thermally activated delayed fluorescence in anthraquinone-phenoxazine electron donor-acceptor dyads. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7666-7669. [PMID: 35726708 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01958b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived charge separated (CS) triplet state (2.6 μs) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) [τ = 282 ns (90.4%)/2.4 μs (9.6%)] were observed in an anthraquinone-phenoxazine electron donor-acceptor dyad via the electron spin control method, and emissive 1CS and non-emissive 3CS states were discriminated via nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and global analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830017, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tang G, Yang W, Zhao J. Naphthalimide-Carbazole Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads: Effect of Molecular Geometry and Electron-Donating Capacity on the Spin-Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3653-3668. [PMID: 35647872 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We prepared a series of naphthalimide (NI)-carbazole (Cz) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads showing different substitution positions, C-N/C-C linkers, and conformation restriction magnitudes to study the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). The varied conformation restrictions lead to different dihedral angles between the donor and acceptor (37°-81°) and electronic coupling magnitude (matrix elements V: 1290-3070 cm-1). Based on the comparison between the dyads containing C-N and C-C linkers, we found that a large dihedral angle between the donor and acceptor is favorable to efficient SOCT-ISC. For one dyad, the singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) is up to 84.4% (in dichloromethane), which is much higher than that of the previously reported NI-phenothiazine (PTZ) analogue dyad (ΦΔ = 16.0% in n-hexane). The intrinsic triplet state lifetime (τT) is 270 μs, longer than that accessed by the heavy atom effect (75.2 μs). As compared with the NI-PTZ analogue dyad, the Cz unit in the current dyads is a weaker electron donor than PTZ. Thus, a higher CT state energy in NI-Cz dyads was observed, which makes the SOCT-ISC efficient in solvents with a wide range of polarities. Meanwhile, the localized triplet state (3LE) becomes the lowest-lying state in the NI-Cz dyads, which is different from the triplet charge transfer (3CT) state observed in the analogue NI-PTZ dyad. Moreover, the large energy gap between the CT and 3LE states inhibits the reverse ISC; as a result, no thermally activated delayed fluorescence was observed for the current NI-Cz dyads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geliang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tian W, Sukhanov AA, Bussotti L, Pang J, Zhao J, Voronkova VK, Di Donato M, Li MD. Charge Separation and Intersystem Crossing in Homo- and Hetero-Compact Naphthalimide Dimers. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4364-4378. [PMID: 35649261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Naphthalimide (NI) homo- and hetero-dimers adopting orthogonal geometry were prepared to study photo-induced symmetry-breaking charge transfer (SBCT) and charge recombination (CR)-induced intersystem crossing (ISC). The two moieties in the dimer are connected either at the 3-C or 4-C position of the NI unit. The photophysical properties of the dimers were studied with steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopic methods. Significant CT only occurs for the hetero-dimer, in which one NI unit has a 4-amino substituent and the other NI unit is without it. The CR-induced ISC is most efficient for this dimer (singlet oxygen quantum yield ΦΔ = 50.3%). For the homo-dimer, in which both NI units did not present amino substitution, SBCT was not observed. Based on the electrochemical studies, we propose that the absence of SBCT for the homo-dimer is attributed to its high oxidation potential and low reduction potential. Femtosecond transient absorption (fs TA) spectra show that there is no charge separation (CS) for the homo-dimer. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy indicate the formation of a triplet state with electron delocalization for the homo dimer, with a lifetime of 72.0 μs, while for the hetero dimer a triplet state with an intrinsic lifetime of 206.4 μs is observed. CS (11.6 ps) and slow CR-induced ISC (>1.5 ns) were observed for the hetero-dimer. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectra give the zero-field splitting parameters (|D| = 1894 MHz and |E| = 111 MHz) and electron spin polarization patterns (e, e, e, a, a, a) for the triplet state of the hetero-dimer, inferring that the triplet state of the hetero-dimer is confined on the amino-substituted NI moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| | - Junhong Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, P. R. China
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen X, Sukhanov AA, Yan Y, Bese D, Bese C, Zhao J, Voronkova VK, Barbon A, Yaglioglu HG. Long‐Lived Charge‐Transfer State in Spiro Compact Electron Donor–Acceptor Dyads Based on Pyromellitimide‐Derived Rhodamine: Charge Transfer Dynamics and Electron Spin Polarization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Andrey A. Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Yuxin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Damla Bese
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering Ankara University 06100, Beşevler Ankara Turkey
| | - Cagri Bese
- Department of Physics Engineering Hacettepe University 06800 Beytepe Ankara Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Violeta K. Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences Kazan 420029 Russia
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Halime Gul Yaglioglu
- Department of Engineering Physics Faculty of Engineering Ankara University 06100, Beşevler Ankara Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dixit SJ, Gupta CV, Naidu GS, Bose S, Agarwal N. peri-N-amine-perylenes, with and without phenyl bridge: Photophysical studies and their OLED applications. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Cao H, Kurganskii I, Pang J, Duan R, Zhao J, Fedin M, Li MD, Li C. Charge Transfer, Intersystem Crossing, and Electron Spin Dynamics in a Compact Perylenemonoimide-Phenoxazine Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyad. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:12859-12875. [PMID: 34767365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
With phenoxazine (PXZ) as the electron donor and perylene-3,4-dicarboximide (PMI) as the electron acceptor, we prepared a compact, orthogonal electron donor-acceptor dyad (PMI-PXZ) to study the spin-orbit charge transfer-induced intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). A weak charge transfer (CT) absorption band, due to S0 → 1CT transition, was observed (ε = 2840 M-1 cm-1 at 554 nm, FWHM: 2850 cm-1), which is different from that of the previously reported analogue dyad with phenothiazine as the electron donor (PMI-PTZ), for which no CT absorption band was observed. A long-lived triplet state was observed (lifetime τT = 182 μs) with nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and the singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ = 76%) is higher than that of the previously reported analogue dyad PMI-PTZ (ΦΔ = 57%). Ultrafast charge separation (ca. 0.14 ps) and slow charge recombination (1.4 ns) were observed with femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. With time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (TREPR), we confirmed the SOCT-ISC mechanism, and the electron spin polarization phase pattern of the triplet-state TREPR spectrum is (e, e, a, e, a, a), which is dramatically different from that of PMI-PTZ (a, e, a, e, a, e), indicating that the triplet-state TREPR spectrum of a specific chromophore in the electron donor-acceptor dyads is not only dependent on the geometry of the dyads but also dependent on the structure of the electron donor (or acceptor). Even one-atom variation in the donor structure may cause significant influence on the electron spin selectivity of the ISC of the electron donor-acceptor dyads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiman Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Junhong Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Ruomeng Duan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3A, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, P. R. China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hussain M, El-Zohry AM, Hou Y, Toffoletti A, Zhao J, Barbon A, Mohammed OF. Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Intersystem Crossing of Compact Naphthalenediimide-Carbazole Electron-Donor-Acceptor Triads. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:10813-10831. [PMID: 34542290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Compact electron donor-acceptor triads based on carbazole (Cz) and naphthalenediimide (NDI) were prepared to study the spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). By variation of the molecular conformation and electron-donating ability of the carbazole moieties, the electronic coupling between the two units was tuned, and as a result charge-transfer (CT) absorption bands with different magnitudes were observed (ε = 4000-18 000 M-1 cm-1). Interestingly, the triads with NDI attached at the 3-C position or with a phenyl spacer at the N position of the Cz moiety, thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) was observed. Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy indicated fast electron transfer (0.8-1.5 ps) from the Cz to NDI unit, followed by population of the triplet state (150-600 ps). Long-lived triplet states (up to τT = 45-50 μs) were observed for the triads. The solvent-polarity-dependent singlet-oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ) is 0-26%. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectral study of TADF molecules indicated the presence of the 3CT state for NDI-Cz-Ph (zero-field-splitting parameter D = 21 G) and an 3LE state for NDI-Ph-Cz (D = 586 G). The triads were used as triplet photosensitizers in triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion by excitation into the CT absorption band; the upconversion quantum yield was ΦUC = 8.2%, and there was a large anti-Stokes shift of 0.55 eV. Spatially confined photoexcitation is achieved with the upconversion using focusing laser beam excitation, and not the normally used collimated laser beam, i.e., the upconversion was only observed at the focal point of the laser beam. Photo-driven intermolecular electron transfer was demonstrated with reversible formation of the NDI-• radical anion in the presence of the sacrificial electron donor triethanolamine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mushraf Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.,NUIST Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ahmed M El-Zohry
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physics - AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Antonio Toffoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen K, Kurganskii IV, Zhang X, Elmali A, Zhao J, Karatay A, Fedin MV. Intersystem Crossing and Electron Spin Selectivity in Anthracene-Naphthalimide Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads Showing Different Geometry and Electronic Coupling Magnitudes. Chemistry 2021; 27:7572-7587. [PMID: 33780070 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anthracene-naphthalimide (An-NI) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads were prepared, in which the orientation and distance between the two subunits were varied by direct connection or with intervening phenyl linker. Efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and long triplet state lifetime (ΦΔ =92 %, τT =438 μs) were observed for the directly connected dyads showing a perpendicular geometry (81°). This efficient spin-orbit charge transfer ISC (SOCT-ISC) takes 376 fs, inhibits the direct charge recombination (CR) to ground state (1 CT→S0 , takes 3.04 ns). Interestingly, efficient SOCT-ISC for dyads with intervening phenyl linker (ΦΔ =40 % in DCM) was also observed, although the electron donor and acceptor adopt almost coplanar geometry (dihedral angle: 15°). Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy shows that the electron spin polarization of the triplet state, i. e. the electron spin selectivity of ISC, is highly dependent on the dihedral angle and the linker. For the dyads showing weaker coupling between the donor and acceptors, the charge separation and the intramolecular triplet energy transfer are inhibited at 80 K (frozen solution), because both the 3 An and 3 NI states were observed and the ESP are same as compared to the native anthracene and naphthalimide, which unravel their origin. The dyads were used as triplet photosensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA UC). High UC quantum yield (ΦUC =12.9 %) as well as a large anti-Stokes shift (0.72 eV) was attained by excitation into the CT absorption band.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ivan V Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3 A, and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS Institutskaya Str., 3 A, and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hu M, Sukhanov AA, Zhang X, Elmali A, Zhao J, Ji S, Karatay A, Voronkova VK. Spiro Rhodamine-Perylene Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads: Conformation Restriction, Charge Separation, and Spin-Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:4187-4203. [PMID: 33876644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spiro rhodamine (Rho)-perylene (Pery) electron donor-acceptor dyads were prepared to study the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) in these rigid and sterically congested molecular systems. The electron-donor Rho (lactam form) moiety is attached via the N-C bond to the electron acceptor at either 1- or 3-position of the Pery moiety (Rho-Pery-1 and Rho-Pery-3). Severe torsion of the Pery moiety in Rho-Pery-1 was observed. The fluorescence of the two dyads is significantly quenched in polar solvents, and the singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ) are strongly dependent on solvent polarity (4-36%). Femtosecond transient absorption spectra demonstrate that charge separation (CS) takes 0.51 ps in Rho-Pery-1 and 5.75 ps in Rho-Pery-3, and the charge recombination (CR)-induced ISC is slow (>3 ns). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra indicate that the formation of triplet states via SOCT-ISC takes 24-75 ns for Rho-Pery-1 and 6-15 ns for Rho-Pery-3, and the distorted π-framework of the Pery moiety results in a shorter triplet lifetime of 19.9 vs 291 μs for the planar analogue. Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirms the SOCT-ISC mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Andrei A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, Beşevler, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rehmat N, Kurganskii IV, Mahmood Z, Guan QL, Zhao J, Xing YH, Gurzadyan GG, Fedin MV. Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Intersystem Crossing in Anthracene-Perylenebisimide Compact Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyads and Triads and Photochemical Dianion Formation. Chemistry 2021; 27:5521-5535. [PMID: 33400310 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perylenebisimide (PBI)-anthracene (AN) donor-acceptor dyads/triad were prepared to investigate spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC). Molecular conformation was controlled by connecting PBI units to the 2- or 9-position of the AN moiety. Steady-state, time-resolved transient absorption and emission spectroscopy revealed that chromophore orientation, electronic coupling, and dihedral angle between donor and acceptor exert a significant effect on the photophysical property. The dyad PBI-9-AN with orthogonal geometry shows weak ground-state coupling and efficient intersystem crossing (ISC, ΦΔ =86 %) as compared with PBI-2-AN (ΦΔ =57 %), which has a more coplanar geometry. By nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, a long-lived PBI localized triplet state was observed (τT =139 μs). Time-resolved EPR spectroscopy demonstrated that the electron spin polarization pattern of the triplet state is sensitive to the geometry and number of AN units attached to PBI. Reversible and stepwise generation of near-IR-absorbing PBI radical anion (PBI-⋅ ) and dianion (PBI2- ) was observed on photoexcitation in the presence of triethanolamine, and it was confirmed that selective photoexcitation at the near-IR absorption bands of PBI.- is unable to produce PBI2- .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Rehmat
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | | | - Zafar Mahmood
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Qing Lin Guan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian, 116029, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 LingGong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yong Heng Xing
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Normal University, Huanghe Road 850, Dalian, 116029, P. R. China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen X, Pang J, Imran M, Li X, Zhao J, Li M. Charge separation, charge recombination and intersystem crossing in orthogonal naphthalimide-perylene electron donor/acceptor dyad. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:69-85. [PMID: 33721237 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-020-00002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We prepared an orthogonal electron donor/acceptor dyad (NI-Py) with perylene (Py) as electron donor and 4-aminonaphthalimide (NI) as an electron acceptor. The molecule adopts orthogonal geometry due to the steric hindrance exerted by the 4-amino substituents on the NI moiety. The photophysical properties of dyad were studied by steady-state UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, femtosecond/nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopies and DFT computations. Ground state interaction between the NI and Py units is negligible; however, charge separation occurs upon photoexcitation, indicated by the quenching of the fluorescence of the dyad in polar solvents, i.e. fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) is 61.9% in toluene and ΦF = 0.2% in methanol. Spin-orbit-coupled charge transfer-induced intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) was confirmed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (charge separation takes 1.7 ps and charge recombination takes 6.9 ns, in CH2Cl2). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra indicated the formation of perylene-localized triplet state, and the triplet state lifetime (175 μs) is much longer than that accessed with the heavy atom effect (3-bromoperylene; 16 μs). The singlet oxygen quantum (ΦΔ) yield of the dyad is 2.2% in hexane and 9.5% in dichloromethane. The low SOCT-ISC efficiency as compared to the previously reported analogue (ΦΔ = 80%) is attributed to the mismatch of the 1CT/Tn state energies, and/or the orientation of the NI and Py units, i.e. orthogonal geometry is not sufficient for achieving efficient SOCT-ISC in compact electron donor/acceptor dyads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China. .,School of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, UrumqiXinjiang, 830046, China.
| | - Mingde Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pal AK, Bhattacharyya K, Datta A. Polymorphism Dependent 9-Phosphoanthracene Derivative Exhibiting Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: A Computational Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:11025-11037. [PMID: 33332131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphs of anthracene derivatives exhibit diverse photophysical properties that can help to develop efficient organic-based photovoltaic devices. 10-Anthryl-9-phosphoanthracene (10-APA) shows different photophysical behaviors for the solid state due to its variety in crystalline arrangement. Herein, we investigate the ground and excited-state properties of the monomer and two different polymorphs of 10-APA from first-principles. Calculations reveal that strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) between first excited singlet state (S1) and triplet manifolds at their S1-optimized geometries enabling the reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). The electron-vibration coupling (Huang-Rhys factor) in the excited state is the most relevant factor here. For both ISC and RISC, a similarity in Huang-Rhys factors for the molecular vibration along the π···π stacking at low-frequency region makes the rates effective. On the other side, the nonvanishing vibronic relaxation modes provide a relatively slower RISC rate in the red crystal. However, for the red crystal, small reorganization energy (λ) and large Huang-Rhys factor toward S1 → S0 conversion reduce nonradiative decay, leading to a prompt fluorescence. As the feasibility of S1 ↔ T1 conversion increases in the yellow dimer, it allows a delay in fluorescence emission, leading to thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, WB, India
| | - Kalishankar Bhattacharyya
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, WB, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, WB, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schillmöller T, Ruth PN, Herbst‐Irmer R, Stalke D. Analysis of Solid-State Luminescence Emission Amplification at Substituted Anthracenes by Host-Guest Complex Formation. Chemistry 2020; 26:17390-17398. [PMID: 32779830 PMCID: PMC7821099 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Small robust organic molecules showing solid-state luminescence are promising candidates for optoelectronic materials. Herein, we investigate a series of diphenylphosphanyl anthracenes [9-PPh2 -10-R-(C14 H8 )] and their sulfur oxidised analogues. The oxidation causes drastic changes in the molecular structure as the new orientation of the bulky (S)PPh2 substituent induces a strong butterfly bent structure of the anthracene core, which triggers a strong bathochromic shift resulting in a green solid-state fluorescence. As the emission properties change only slightly upon aggregation the origin of the emission is attributed to a typical monomer fluorescence. The host-guest complexes of [9-(S)PPh2 -10-Ethyl-(C14 H8 )] with four basic arenes reveal an emission enhancement up to five-times higher quantum yields compared to the pure host. Less interchromophoric interactions and a restriction of intramolecular motion within the host molecules due to fixation by weak C-H⋅⋅⋅π interactions with the co-crystallised arene are responsible for that emission enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Schillmöller
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Paul Niklas Ruth
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Regine Herbst‐Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Krishnaraj C, Sekhar Jena H, Bourda L, Laemont A, Pachfule P, Roeser J, Chandran CV, Borgmans S, Rogge SMJ, Leus K, Stevens CV, Martens JA, Van Speybroeck V, Breynaert E, Thomas A, Van Der Voort P. Strongly Reducing (Diarylamino)benzene-Based Covalent Organic Framework for Metal-Free Visible Light Photocatalytic H 2O 2 Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20107-20116. [PMID: 33185433 PMCID: PMC7705891 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Photocatalytic
reduction of molecular oxygen is a promising route
toward sustainable production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This challenging process requires photoactive semiconductors
enabling solar energy driven generation and separation of electrons
and holes with high charge transfer kinetics. Covalent organic frameworks
(COFs) are an emerging class of photoactive semiconductors, tunable
at a molecular level for high charge carrier generation and transfer.
Herein, we report two newly designed two-dimensional COFs based on
a (diarylamino)benzene linker that form a Kagome (kgm) lattice and show strong visible light absorption. Their high crystallinity
and large surface areas (up to 1165 m2·g–1) allow efficient charge transfer and diffusion. The diarylamine
(donor) unit promotes strong reduction properties, enabling these
COFs to efficiently reduce oxygen to form H2O2. Overall, the use of a metal-free, recyclable photocatalytic system
allows efficient photocatalytic solar transformations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chidharth Krishnaraj
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Jena
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Laurens Bourda
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,XStruct - Bio-Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreas Laemont
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pradip Pachfule
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérôme Roeser
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Vinod Chandran
- NMRCoRe, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis - Characterisation and Application Team (COK-kat), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Borgmans
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Karen Leus
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Synthesis, Bioresources and Bioorganic Chemistry Research Group (SynBioC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan A Martens
- NMRCoRe, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis - Characterisation and Application Team (COK-kat), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- NMRCoRe, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis - Characterisation and Application Team (COK-kat), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2461, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- COMOC - Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hou Y, Liu J, Zhang N, Zhao J. Long-Lived Local Triplet Excited State and Charge Transfer State of 4,4'-Dimethoxy Triphenylamine-BODIPY Compact Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyads. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9360-9374. [PMID: 33140645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) and the formation of a long-lived charge transfer (CT) state were studied with a series of 4,4'-dimethoxy triphenylamine-BODIPY compact electron donor/acceptor dyads. Different torsion freedoms were applied in the dyads to tune the electronic coupling between the donor and acceptor, and a red-shifted CT absorption band was observed for one dyad. The dyads show solvent polarity-dependent singlet oxygen photosensitizing ability (quantum yields 3%-79%). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra of the dyad in nonpolar solvent confirm the formation of triplet states. The intrinsic triplet state lifetime is up to 383 μs (in fluid solution), which is much longer than that accessed with the heavy atom effect (276 μs). Intermolecular triplet photosensitizing of the dyads in a polar solvent produces a long-lived 3CT state (lifetime, τCT = 8.0 μs supported by the electron spin density surface analysis). The triplet state lifetime of the dyads doped in a Clear Flex 50 polymer film is exceptionally long (7.6-11.4 ms), and formation of a long-lived CT state (37 μs) was observed. Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion was performed with the electron donor/acceptor dyads used as the triplet photosensitizer and perylene used as the triplet acceptor; the upconversion quantum yield is up to 15.8%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Jinling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Noto N, Takahashi K, Goryo S, Takakado A, Iwata K, Koike T, Akita M. Laser Flash Photolysis Studies on Radical Monofluoromethylation by (Diarylamino)naphthalene Photoredox Catalysis: Long Lifetime of the Excited State is Not Always a Requisite. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13220-13227. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Noto
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-27, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Keigo Takahashi
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-27, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shion Goryo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshimaku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Akira Takakado
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshimaku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshimaku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Koike
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-27, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-27, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Munetaka Akita
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-27, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-27, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Polgar AM, Tonge CM, Christopherson CJ, Paisley NR, Reyes AC, Hudson ZM. Thermally Assisted Fluorescent Polymers: Polycyclic Aromatic Materials for High Color Purity and White-Light Emission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38602-38613. [PMID: 32846499 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) sensitization of fluorescence is a promising strategy to improve the color purity and operational lifetime of conventional TADF organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, we propose a new design strategy for TADF-sensitized fluorescence based on acrylic polymers with a pendant energy-harvesting host, a TADF sensitizer, and fluorescent emitter monomers. Fluorescent emitters were rationally designed from a series of homologous polycyclic aromatic amines, resulting in efficient and color-pure polymeric fluorophores capable of harvesting both singlet and triplet excitons. Macromolecular analogues of blue, green, and yellow fourth-generation OLED emissive layers were prepared in a facile manner by Cu(0) reversible deactivation radical polymerization, with emission quantum yields up to 0.83 in air and narrow emission bands with full width at half-maximum as low as 57 nm. White-light emission can easily be achieved by enforcing incomplete energy transfer between a deep blue TADF sensitizer and yellow fluorophore to yield a single white-emissive polymer with CIE coordinates (0.33, 0.39) and quantum yield 0.77. Energy transfer to the fluorescent emitters occurs at rates of 1-4 × 108 s-1, significantly faster than deactivation caused by internal conversion or intersystem crossing. Rapid energy transfer facilitates high triplet exciton utilization and efficient sensitized emission, even when TADF emitters with a low quantum yield are used as photosensitizers. Our results indicate that a broad library of untapped polymers exhibiting efficient TADF-sensitized fluorescence should be readily accessible from known TADF materials, including many monomers previously thought unsuitable for use in OLEDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Polgar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher M Tonge
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Cheyenne J Christopherson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Nathan R Paisley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Annelie C Reyes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Shee J, Head-Gordon M. Predicting Excitation Energies of Twisted Intramolecular Charge-Transfer States with the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory: Comparison with Experimental Measurements in the Gas Phase and Solvents Ranging from Hexanes to Acetonitrile. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:6244-6255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Shee
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Suzuki S, Sasaki S, Sairi AS, Iwai R, Tang BZ, Konishi G. Principles of Aggregation-Induced Emission: Design of Deactivation Pathways for Advanced AIEgens and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9856-9867. [PMID: 32154630 PMCID: PMC7318703 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Twenty years ago, the concept of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) was proposed, and this unique luminescent property has attracted scientific interest ever since. However, AIE denominates only the phenomenon, while the details of its underlying guiding principles remain to be elucidated. This minireview discusses the basic principles of AIE based on our previous mechanistic study of the photophysical behavior of 9,10-bis(N,N-dialkylamino)anthracene (BDAA) and the corresponding mechanistic analysis by quantum chemical calculations. BDAA comprises an anthracene core and small electron donors, which allows the quantum chemical aspects of AIE to be discussed. The key factor for AIE is the control over the non-radiative decay (deactivation) pathway, which can be visualized by considering the conical intersection (CI) on a potential energy surface. Controlling the conical intersection (CI) on the potential energy surface enables the separate formation of fluorescent (CI:high) and non-fluorescent (CI:low) molecules [control of conical intersection accessibility (CCIA)]. The novelty and originality of AIE in the field of photochemistry lies in the creation of functionality by design and in the active control over deactivation pathways. Moreover, we provide a new design strategy for AIE luminogens (AIEgens) and discuss selected examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Suzuki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental ChemistryKyoto UniversityTakano-Nishibiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyou-kuKyoto606-8103Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sasaki
- Université de NantesCNRSInstitut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMNF-44000NantesFrance
| | - Amir Sharidan Sairi
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1-H-134 O-okayama, Meguro-kuTokyo152-8552Japan
| | - Riki Iwai
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1-H-134 O-okayama, Meguro-kuTokyo152-8552Japan
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong
| | - Gen‐ichi Konishi
- Department of Chemical Science and EngineeringTokyo Institute of Technology2-12-1-H-134 O-okayama, Meguro-kuTokyo152-8552Japan
- PRESTO (Japan) Science and Technology Agency (JST)Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Principles of Aggregation‐Induced Emission: Design of Deactivation Pathways for Advanced AIEgens and Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
32
|
Liu D, El-Zohry AM, Taddei M, Matt C, Bussotti L, Wang Z, Zhao J, Mohammed OF, Di Donato M, Weber S. Long-Lived Charge-Transfer State Induced by Spin-Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing (SOCT-ISC) in a Compact Spiro Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11591-11599. [PMID: 32270586 PMCID: PMC7496792 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We prepared conceptually novel, fully rigid, spiro compact electron donor (Rhodamine B, lactam form, RB)/acceptor (naphthalimide; NI) orthogonal dyad to attain the long‐lived triplet charge‐transfer (3CT) state, based on the electron spin control using spin‐orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT‐ISC). Transient absorption (TA) spectra indicate the first charge separation (CS) takes place within 2.5 ps, subsequent SOCT‐ISC takes 8 ns to produce the 3NI* state. Then the slow secondary CS (125 ns) gives the long‐lived 3CT state (0.94 μs in deaerated n‐hexane) with high energy level (ca. 2.12 eV). The cascade photophysical processes of the dyad upon photoexcitation are summarized as 1NI*→1CT→3NI*→3CT. With time‐resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectra, an EEEAAA electron‐spin polarization pattern was observed for the naphthalimide‐localized triplet state. Our spiro compact dyad structure and the electron spin‐control approach is different to previous methods for which invoking transition‐metal coordination or chromophores with intrinsic ISC ability is mandatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ahmed M El-Zohry
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Clemens Matt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), via N. Carrara 1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.,ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Liu D, El‐Zohry AM, Taddei M, Matt C, Bussotti L, Wang Z, Zhao J, Mohammed OF, Di Donato M, Weber S. Long‐Lived Charge‐Transfer State Induced by Spin‐Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing (SOCT‐ISC) in a Compact Spiro Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyad. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Ahmed M. El‐Zohry
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Clemens Matt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical Engineering Dalian University of Technology 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI) Italy
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Georgiev A, Yordanov D, Dimov D, Zhivkov I, Nazarova D, Weiter M. Azomethine phthalimides fluorescent E→Z photoswitches. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
35
|
Hou Y, Kurganskii I, Elmali A, Zhang H, Gao Y, Lv L, Zhao J, Karatay A, Luo L, Fedin M. Electronic coupling and spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) in compact BDP-carbazole dyads with different mutual orientations of the electron donor and acceptor. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:114701. [PMID: 32199436 DOI: 10.1063/1.5145052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the spin-orbit charge transfer induced intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC), Bodipy (BDP)-carbazole (Cz) compact electron donor/acceptor dyads were prepared. Charge transfer (CT) emission bands were observed for dyads showing strong electronic coupling between the donor and the acceptor (coupling matrix elements VDA, 0.06 eV-0.18 eV). Depending on the coupling magnitude, the CT state of the dyads can be either dark or emissive. Equilibrium between the 1LE (locally excited) state and the 1CT state was confirmed by temperature-dependent fluorescence studies. Efficient ISC was observed for the dyads with Cz connected at the meso-position of the BDP. Interestingly, the dyad with non-orthogonal geometry shows the highest ISC efficiency (ΦΔ = 58%), which is different from the previous conclusion. The photo-induced charge separation (CS, time constant: 0.7 ps) and charge recombination (CR, ∼3.9 ns) were studied by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy indicated that the BDP-localized triplet state was exceptionally long-lived (602 µs). Using pulsed laser excited time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, the SOCT-ISC mechanism was confirmed, and we show that the electron spin polarization of the triplet state is highly dependent on the mutual orientation of the donor and acceptor. The dyads were used as triplet photosensitizers for triplet-triplet-annihilation (TTA) upconversion, and the quantum yield is up to 6.7%. TTA-based delayed fluorescence was observed for the dyads (τDF = 41.5 µs). The dyads were also used as potent photodynamic therapy reagents (light toxicity of IC50 = 0.1 µM and dark toxicity of IC50 = 70.8 µM).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ivan Kurganskii
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ayhan Elmali
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huimin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Lv
- College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, TianShui, GanSu 741001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Rd., Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmet Karatay
- Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Ankara University, 06100 Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Liang Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Matvey Fedin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, and Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang X, Elmali A, Duan R, Liu Q, Ji W, Zhao J, Li C, Karatay A. Charge separation, recombination and intersystem crossing of directly connected perylenemonoimide-carbazole electron donor/acceptor dyads. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:6376-6390. [PMID: 32141446 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Perylenemonoimide (PMI)-carbazole (Cz) compact electron donor/acceptor dyads were prepared to study the relationship between the mutual orientation of the electron donor/acceptor in the dyads and the spin-orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) efficiency. The PMI and the Cz units are connected via either a C-C or C-N bond, or with an intervening phenyl moiety. The photophysical properties of the dyads were studied with steady state and time-resolved optical spectroscopies. The fluorescence of the PMI unit in the dyads was generally quenched, due to photo-induced electron transfer, especially in polar solvents (the fluorescence has a biexponential decay in acetonitrile, τF = 1.4 ns/population ratio: 98.9%, and 9.6 ns/population ratio: 1.1%). The triplet state (lifetime τT = 14.7 μs) formation of the dyads is dependent on the solvent polarity, which is characteristic for SOCT-ISC. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra show that the charge separation takes 0.28 ps and the charge recombination takes 1.21 ns. Reversible photo-reduction of the PMI-Cz dyads and generation of the near IR-absorbing (centered at 604 nm and 774 nm) PMI radical anion (PMI-˙) were observed in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor (triethylamine). These results are useful for study of the fundamental photochemistry of compact electron donor/acceptor dyads and for design of new heavy atom-free triplet photosensitizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen K, Taddei M, Bussotti L, Foggi P, Zhao J, Di Donato M. Near‐IR‐Absorbing BODIPY‐5,10‐Dihydrophenazine Compact Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyads and Triads: Spin‐Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing and Charge‐Transfer State. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Laura Bussotti
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Paolo Foggi
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e BiotecnologieUniversità di Perugia via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals School of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology E-208 West Campus 2 Ling Gong Road Dalian 116024 China
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy) via N. Carrara 1 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
- ICCOM-CNR via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sairi AS, Kuwahara K, Sasaki S, Suzuki S, Igawa K, Tokita M, Ando S, Morokuma K, Suenobu T, Konishi GI. Synthesis of fluorescent polycarbonates with highly twisted N, N-bis(dialkylamino)anthracene AIE luminogens in the main chain. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21733-21740. [PMID: 35518854 PMCID: PMC9066558 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03701b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A synthetic route to embed aggregation-induced-emission-(AIE)-active luminophores in polycarbonates (PCs) in various ratios is reported. The AIE-active monomer is based on the structure of 9,10-bis(piperidyl)anthracene. The obtained PCs display good film-forming properties, similar to those observed in poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (Ba-PC). The fluorescence quantum yield (Φ) of the PC with 5 mol% AIE-active monomer was 0.04 in solution and 0.53 in solid state. Moreover, this PC is also miscible with commercially available Ba-PC at any blending ratio. A combined analysis by scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry did not indicate any clear phase separation. These results thus suggest that even engineering plastics like polycarbonates can be functionalized with AIE luminogens without adverse effects on their physical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sharidan Sairi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Kohei Kuwahara
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sasaki
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
| | - Kazunobu Igawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, IRCCS, Kyushu University Fukuoka 816-8580 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Tokita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Shinji Ando
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Suenobu
- Department of Material and Life Science, Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Osaka University 2-1 Yamada-oka Suita Osaka 565 Japan
| | - Gen-Ichi Konishi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Noto N, Koike T, Akita M. Visible-Light-Triggered Monofluoromethylation of Alkenes by Strongly Reducing 1,4-Bis(diphenylamino)naphthalene Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
40
|
Kundu A, Karthikeyan S, Sagara Y, Moon D, Anthony SP. Temperature-Controlled Locally Excited and Twisted Intramolecular Charge-Transfer State-Dependent Fluorescence Switching in Triphenylamine-Benzothiazole Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5147-5154. [PMID: 31459690 PMCID: PMC6648163 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylamine-benzothiazole derivatives, N-(4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-N-phenylbenzenamine (1), N-(4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-methoxyphenyl)-N-phenylbenzenamine (2), and 2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-5-(diphenylamino)phenol (3), showed unusual temperature-controlled locally excited (LE) and twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) state fluorescence switching in polar solvents. The detailed photophysical studies (absorption, fluorescence, lifetime, and quantum yield) in various solvents confirmed polarity-dependent LE and TICT state formation and fluorescence tuning. 1 and 2 exhibited strong fluorescence with short lifetime in nonpolar solvents compared to polar solvents. 1, 2, and 3 in dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature showed low-energy weak TICT state fluorescence, whereas high-energy strong LE state fluorescence was observed at -196 °C. Interestingly, further increasing the temperature from 20 to 100 °C, the DMF solution of 1 and 2 exhibited rare fluorescence enhancement with a slight blue shift of λmax via activating more vibrational bands of the TICT state. Thus, 1 and 2 showed weak TICT state fluorescence at room temperature, strong LE state fluorescence at -196 °C, and activation of TICT state at 100 °C. Moreover, molecular conformation and aggregation in the solid state influenced strongly on the fluorescence properties of 1, 2, and 3. Solid-state fluorescence and pH-responsive imidazole nitrogen have been exploited for demonstrating halochromism-induced fluorescence switching. Computational studies provided further insights into the fluorescence tuning and switching. The present studies provide understanding and opportunity to make use of D-A organic molecules in the LE and TICT states for achieving fluorescence switching and tuning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kundu
- School
of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA
Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramanian Karthikeyan
- PG
and Research Department of Chemistry, Khadir
Mohideen College, Adirampattinam, Tamil Nadu 614701, India
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Research
Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido
University, N20, W10, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Dohyun Moon
- Beamline
Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 80 Jigokro-127-beongil, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Chen K, Zhao J, Li X, Gurzadyan GG. Anthracene–Naphthalenediimide Compact Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyads: Electronic Coupling, Electron Transfer, and Intersystem Crossing. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2503-2516. [PMID: 30860843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Gagik G. Gurzadyan
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Sharidan Sairi A, Konishi GI. Synthesis and Luminescence Properties of Diamine Monomers and Polyamides with Highly TwistedN,N-Bis(dialkylamino)arene AIE Luminogens. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sharidan Sairi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-H-134 O-okayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Gen-ichi Konishi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tokyo Institute of Technology; 2-12-1-H-134 O-okayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Uebe M, Kawashima K, Ito A. 5,12-Diaminotetracenes: The Impact of Orbital Interactions between the Acene π System and Amino Groups on Their Electronic States. Chemistry 2018; 24:16113-16125. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Uebe
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kenji Kawashima
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Akihiro Ito
- Department of Molecular Engineering; Graduate School of Engineering; Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku; Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Noto N, Tanaka Y, Koike T, Akita M. Strongly Reducing (Diarylamino)anthracene Catalyst for Metal-Free Visible-Light Photocatalytic Fluoroalkylation. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
45
|
Zhao Y, Duan R, Zhao J, Li C. Spin–orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing in perylenemonoimide–phenothiazine compact electron donor–acceptor dyads. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12329-12332. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Efficient triplet excited state production (57%) was observed for perylenemonoimide–phenothiazine compact electron donor–acceptor dyads based on spin–orbit charge transfer ISC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Ruomeng Duan
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering
- Dongguan University of Technology
- Dongguan
- P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024
- P. R. China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering
- Dongguan University of Technology
- Dongguan
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wang Z, Zhao J. Bodipy-Anthracene Dyads as Triplet Photosensitizers: Effect of Chromophore Orientation on Triplet-State Formation Efficiency and Application in Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. Org Lett 2017; 19:4492-4495. [PMID: 28809498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Bodipy-anthracene dyads with two chromophores assuming orthogonal geometry to enhance the spin-orbital charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) were prepared. The photosensitizers show strong absorption of visible light, efficient triplet-state formation (quantum yield 90%), and a long-lived triplet state (85 μs). The dipole moment orientation exerts significant effect on the ISC efficiency. It is also the first time that photosensitizers based on SOCT-ISC were used for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. The upconversion quantum yield is up to 15.8%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology , E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling-Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yao W, Zhang B, Li R, Jiang H, Chen X, Li F. A general and mild Cu-catalytic N-arylation of iminodibenzyls and iminostilbenes using unactivated aryl halides. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A ligand-free, highly efficient Cu-catalyticN-arylation of iminodibenzyl and iminostilbene derivatives with a broad scope of unactivated aryl halides under mild conditions has been developed for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fang Li
- Taizhou Univ
- Dept Chem
- PR China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Huang W, Buchwald SL. Palladium-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Iminodibenzyls and Iminostilbenes with Aryl- and Heteroaryl Halides. Chemistry 2016; 22:14186-9. [PMID: 27481439 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Compounds containing the iminodibenzyl and iminostilbene ring systems are prevalent in medicinal targets and functional materials. Herein, we report palladium-catalyzed conditions for the N-arylation of these ring systems. This protocol could be applied to a variety of (hetero)aryl chloride and bromide substrates, including ones, which are sterically hindered or those containing a variety of functional groups. Use of the fourth-generation palladacycle precatalyst gave good to excellent yields by using low palladium-catalyst loadings (0.1 to 1 mol %).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA), Fax: (+1) 617 253-3297
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA), Fax: (+1) 617 253-3297.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lifshits LM, Budkina DS, Singh V, Matveev SM, Tarnovsky AN, Klosterman JK. Solution-state photophysics of N-carbazolyl benzoate esters: dual emission and order of states in twisted push–pull chromophores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:27671-27683. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04619c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The stepwise photoinduced charge transfer in a series ofN-carbazolyl benzoate ester push–pull chromophores has been studied in solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liubov M. Lifshits
- Center for Photochemical Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- USA
| | - Darya S. Budkina
- Center for Photochemical Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- USA
| | - Varun Singh
- Center for Photochemical Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- USA
| | - Sergey M. Matveev
- Center for Photochemical Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- USA
| | - Alexander N. Tarnovsky
- Center for Photochemical Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- USA
| | - Jeremy K. Klosterman
- Center for Photochemical Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Bowling Green State University
- Bowling Green
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chen CH, Niko Y, Konishi GI. Amphiphilic gels of solvatochromic fluorescent poly(2-oxazoline)s containing D–π–A pyrenes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06251b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report amphiphilic, fluorescent, solvatochromic poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (POZO-py) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOZO-py), which contain D–π–A pyrene dye units in their side chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Yosuke Niko
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Gen-ichi Konishi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
- PRESTO
| |
Collapse
|