1
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Arima D, Mitsui M. Structurally Flexible Au-Cu Alloy Nanoclusters Enabling Efficient Triplet Sensitization and Photon Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6994-7004. [PMID: 36939572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-protected noble-metal nanoclusters exhibit an innately triplet nature and have been recently recognized as emerging platforms for triplet sensitizers of photon upconversion (UC) via triplet-triplet annihilation. Herein, we report that a structurally flexible Au-Cu alloy nanocluster, [Au4Cu4(S-Adm)5(DPPM)2]+ (Au4Cu4; S-Adm = 1-adamantanethiolate, DPPM = bis(diphenylphosphino)methane), exhibited favorable sensitizer properties and superior UC performance. Contrary to the structurally rigid Au2Cu6(S-Adm)6(TPP)2 (Au2Cu6, TPP = triphenylphosphine), Au4Cu4 exhibited significantly better sensitizer characteristics, such as a near-unity quantum yield for intersystem crossing (ISC), long triplet lifetime (ca. 8 μs), and efficient triplet energy transfer (TET). The efficient ISC of Au4Cu4 was attributed to the practically negligible activation barriers during the ISC process, which was caused by the spin-orbit interaction between the two isoenergetic isomers predicted by theoretical calculations. A series of aromatic molecules with different triplet energies were used as acceptors to reveal the driving force dependence of the TET rate constant (kTET). This dependency was analyzed to evaluate the triplet energy and sensitization ability of the alloy nanoclusters. The results showed that the maximum value of kTET for Au4Cu4 was seven times larger than that for Au2Cu6, which presumably reflects the structural/electronic fluctuations of Au4Cu4 during the triplet state residence. The combination of the Au4Cu4 sensitizer and the 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) annihilator/emitter achieved UC with internal quantum yields of 14% (out of 50% maximum) and extremely low threshold intensities (2-26 mWcm-2). This performance far exceeds that of Au2Cu6 and is also outstanding among the organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Arima
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
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2
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Towards Optimized Photoluminescent Copper(I) Phenanthroline-Functionalized Complexes: Control of the Photophysics by Symmetry-Breaking and Spin–Orbit Coupling. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155222. [PMID: 35955157 PMCID: PMC9369739 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The electronic and structural alterations induced by the functionalization of the 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligand in [Cu(I) (phen-R2)2]+ complexes (R=H, CH3, tertio-butyl, alkyl-linkers) and their consequences on the luminescence properties and thermally activated delay fluorescence (TADF) activity are investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent (TD) extension. It is shown that highly symmetric molecules with several potentially emissive nearly-degenerate conformers are not promising because of low S1/S0 oscillator strengths together with limited or no S1/T1 spin–orbit coupling (SOC). Furthermore, steric hindrance, which prevents the flattening of the complex upon irradiation, is a factor of instability. Alternatively, linking the phenanthroline ligands offers the possibility to block the flattening while maintaining remarkable photophysical properties. We propose here two promising complexes, with appropriate symmetry and enough rigidity to warrant stability in standard solvents. This original study paves the way for the supramolecular design of new emissive devices.
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3
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Moitra T, Karak P, Chakraborty S, Ruud K, Chakrabarti S. Behind the scenes of spin-forbidden decay pathways in transition metal complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:59-81. [PMID: 33319894 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05108j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interpretation of the ultrafast photophysics of transition metal complexes following photo-absorption is quite involved as the heavy metal center leads to a complicated and entangled singlet-triplet manifold. This opens up multiple pathways for deactivation, often with competitive rates. As a result, intersystem crossing (ISC) and phosphorescence are commonly observed in transition metal complexes. A detailed understanding of such an excited-state structure and dynamics calls for state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical methodologies. In this review, we delve into the inability of non-relativistic quantum theory to describe spin-forbidden transitions, which can be overcome by taking into account spin-orbit coupling, whose importance grows with increasing atomic number. We present the quantum chemical theory of phosphorescence and ISC together with illustrative examples. Finally, a few applications are highlighted, bridging the gap between theoretical studies and experimental applications, such as photofunctional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsha Moitra
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg 207, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Pathaw L, Maheshwaran D, Nagendraraj T, Khamrang T, Velusamy M, Mayilmurugan R. Tetrahedral copper(I) complexes of novel N,N-bidentate ligands and photophysical properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Lüdtke N, Föller J, Marian CM. Understanding the luminescence properties of Cu(i) complexes: a quantum chemical perusal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:23530-23544. [PMID: 33074271 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04654j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Electronic structures and excited-state properties of Cu(i) complexes with varying coordination numbers have been investigated by means of advanced quantum chemical methods. The computational protocol employs density functional-based methods for geometry optimizations and vibrational analyses including solvent effects through continuum models. Excitation energies, spin-orbit couplings and luminescence properties are evaluated using multireference configuration interaction methods. Rate constants of spin-allowed and spin-forbidden transitions have been determined according to the Fermi golden rule. The computational results for the 4-coordinate (DPEPhos)Cu(PyrTet), the 3-coordinate [IPr-Cu-Py2]+, and the linear CAACMe2-Cu-Cl complexes agree well with experimental absorption and emission wavelengths, intersystem crossing (ISC) time constants, and radiative lifetimes in liquid solution. Spectral shifts on the ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (LLCT) and metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions caused by the polarity of the environment are well represented by the continuum models whereas the shifts caused by pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortions in the MLCT states are too pronounced in comparison to solid-state data. Systematic variation of the ligands in linear Cu(i) carbene complexes shows that only those complexes with S1 and T1 states of LLCT character possess sufficiently small singlet-triplet energy gaps ΔEST to enable thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Complexes whose S1 and T1 wavefunctions are dominated by MLCT excitations tend to emit phosphorescence instead. Unlike the situation in metal-free TADF emitters, the presence of low-lying locally excited triplet states does not promote ISC. These states rather hold the danger of trapping the excitation with nonradiative deactivation being the major deactivation channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Lüdtke
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jelena Föller
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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6
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Gimeno L, Blart E, Rebilly JN, Coupeau M, Allain M, Roisnel T, Quarré de Verneuil A, Gourlaouen C, Daniel C, Pellegrin Y. Non-Symmetrical Sterically Challenged Phenanthroline Ligands and Their Homoleptic Copper(I) Complexes with Improved Excited-State Properties. Chemistry 2020; 26:11887-11899. [PMID: 32492221 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A strategy is presented to improve the excited state reactivity of homoleptic copper-bis(diimine) complexes CuL2 + by increasing the steric bulk around CuI whereas preserving their stability. Substituting the phenanthroline at the 2-position by a phenyl group allows the implementation of stabilizing intramolecular π stacking within the copper complex, whereas tethering a branched alkyl chain at the 9-position provides enough steric bulk to rise the excited state energy E00 . Two novel complexes are studied and compared to symmetrical models. The impact of breaking the symmetry of phenanthroline ligands on the photophysical properties of the complexes is analyzed and rationalized thanks to a combined theoretical and experimental study. The importance of fine-tuning the steric bulk of the N-N chelate in order to stabilize the coordination sphere is demonstrated. Importantly, the excited state reactivity of the newly developed complexes is improved as demonstrated in the frame of a reductive quenching step, evidencing the relevance of our strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gimeno
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Errol Blart
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | | | - Marina Coupeau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Allain
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR CNRS 6200, Université Angers, SFR MATRIX, 2 Bd Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR6226, Université de Rennes CNRS, 35000, Rennes, France
| | | | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Daniel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, 67081, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Yann Pellegrin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, 44000, Nantes, France
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7
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Grupe M, Bäppler F, Theiß M, Busch JM, Dietrich F, Volz D, Gerhards M, Bräse S, Diller R. Real-time observation of molecular flattening and intersystem crossing in [(DPEPhos)Cu(i)(PyrTet)] via ultrafast UV/Vis- and mid-IR spectroscopy on solution and solid samples. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:14187-14200. [PMID: 32609106 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05749h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary photo-induced processes in the mononuclear, heteroleptic Cu(i) complex [(DPEPhos)Cu(PyrTet)] (1), relevant for OLED applications, were investigated in various solvents and in solid state samples via femtosecond (fs) time resolved UV/Vis and fs time resolved mid-IR transient absorption spectroscopy (TA) with MLCT excitation around 340 nm. UV/Vis fs-TA on 1 in solution reveals (i) a severe blue-shift of excited state absorption on the time scale of a few picoseconds (τ2) that is not observed in solids, and (ii), on the time scale of several tens of picoseconds (τ3), a process with very similar dynamics in all samples. Mid-IR fs-TA in solution indicates structural changes with τ2. Transient absorption anisotropy experiments temporally resolve a viscosity-dependent change of the excited state transition dipole moment orientation with τ2, as quantitatively predicted for the relaxed S1-state via TD-DFT. The results strongly suggest flattening distortion (FD) and structural rearrangement of the PyrTet-moiety to occur on the time scale of τ2 in liquid phase, and to be suppressed in solid phase. Moreover, intersystem crossing (ISC) is assigned to the process described by τ3, in line with its direct observation via time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy on 1 by Bergmann et al. (Sci. Adv., 2016, 2, e1500889). Overall, the use of structure-sensitive methods and the direct comparison of different preparations of 1 (i.e. solution vs. solid state), are a unique basis for a clear assignment of spectro-temporal characteristics to fundamental deactivation processes such as FD and ISC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merten Grupe
- Physics Department, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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8
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Eng J, Thompson S, Goodwin H, Credgington D, Penfold TJ. Competition between the heavy atom effect and vibronic coupling in donor–bridge–acceptor organometallics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4659-4667. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06999b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The excited state properties and intersystem crossing dynamics of a series of donor–bridge–acceptor carbene metal-amides based upon the coinage metals Cu, Ag, Au, are investigated using quantum dynamics simulations and supported by photophysical characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Eng
- Chemistry
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - Stuart Thompson
- Chemistry
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | | | | | - Thomas James Penfold
- Chemistry
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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9
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Levi G, Biasin E, Dohn AO, Jónsson H. On the interplay of solvent and conformational effects in simulated excited-state dynamics of a copper phenanthroline photosensitizer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:748-757. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
QM/MM direct dynamics simulations in acetonitrile reveal the interplay between solvent and conformational effects in the photoinduced ultrafast flattening of a copper photosensitizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Levi
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences
- University of Iceland
- Iceland
| | - Elisa Biasin
- PULSE Institute
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- Menlo Park
- California 94025
- USA
| | - Asmus O. Dohn
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences
- University of Iceland
- Iceland
| | - Hannes Jónsson
- Science Institute and Faculty of Physical Sciences
- University of Iceland
- Iceland
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10
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Brown-Xu S, Fumanal M, Gourlaouen C, Gimeno L, Quatela A, Thobie-Gautier C, Blart E, Planchat A, Riobé F, Monnereau C, Chen LX, Daniel C, Pellegrin Y. Intriguing Effects of Halogen Substitution on the Photophysical Properties of 2,9-(Bis)halo-Substituted Phenanthrolinecopper(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7730-7745. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Brown-Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Maria Fumanal
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Lea Gimeno
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, CNRS, Université UNAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Alessia Quatela
- Horiba France SAS, Avenue de la Vauve, Passage Jobin Yvon CS 45002, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Christine Thobie-Gautier
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, CNRS, Université UNAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Errol Blart
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, CNRS, Université UNAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Aurélien Planchat
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, CNRS, Université UNAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - François Riobé
- Laboratoire de Chimie, ENS de Lyon, UMR 5182, CNRS, Université de Lyon, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Monnereau
- Laboratoire de Chimie, ENS de Lyon, UMR 5182, CNRS, Université de Lyon, F69342 Lyon, France
| | - Lin X. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Chantal Daniel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Yann Pellegrin
- Chimie Et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, CNRS, Université UNAM, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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11
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Föller J, Ganter C, Steffen A, Marian CM. Computer-Aided Design of Luminescent Linear N-Heterocyclic Carbene Copper(I) Pyridine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:5446-5456. [PMID: 30995025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Multireference configuration interaction methods including spin-orbit interactions have been employed to investigate the photophysical properties of various linear N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper(I) pyridine complexes with the aim of designing performant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters for use in organic-light-emitting diodes. Our theoretical results indicate that this structural motif is very favorable for generating excited triplet states with high quantum yield. The first excited singlet (SMLCT) and corresponding triplet state (TMLCT) are characterized by dσ → πPy metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitations. Efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) and reverse ISC (rISC) between these states is mediated by a near-degenerate second triplet state (TMLCT/LC) with large dπ → πPy contributions. Spin-vibronic coupling is strong and is expected to play a major role in the (r)ISC processes. The calculations reveal, however, that the luminescence is effectively quenched by locally excited triplet states if the NHC ligand carries two diisopropylphenyl (DIPP) substituents. When DIPP is replaced with 1-adamantyl residues, this quenching process is suppressed and TADF in the UV spectral regime is predicted to proceed at a rate of about 1/μs. The introduction of +I substituents on the carbene and -M substituents on the pyridine allows tuning of the emission wavelength from the UV to the blue-green or green spectral region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6 , D-44227 Dortmund , Germany
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12
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Mapley JI, Ross DAW, McAdam CJ, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. Triphenylamine-substituted 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole copper(I) complexes: an experimental and computational investigation. J COORD CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2019.1593388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I. Mapley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - C. John McAdam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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13
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Shi S, Jung MC, Coburn C, Tadle A, Sylvinson M R D, Djurovich PI, Forrest SR, Thompson ME. Highly Efficient Photo- and Electroluminescence from Two-Coordinate Cu(I) Complexes Featuring Nonconventional N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3576-3588. [PMID: 30768250 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of six luminescent two-coordinate Cu(I) complexes were investigated bearing nonconventional N-heterocyclic carbene ligands, monoamido-aminocarbene (MAC*) and diamidocarbene (DAC*), along with carbazolyl (Cz) as well as mono- and dicyano-substituted Cz derivatives. The emission color can be systematically varied over 270 nm, from violet to red, through proper choice of the acceptor (carbene) and donor (carbazolyl) groups. The compounds exhibit photoluminescent quantum efficiencies up to 100% in fluid solution and polystyrene films with short decay lifetimes (τ ≈ 1 μs). The radiative rate constants for the Cu(I) complexes ( kr = 105-106 s-1) are comparable to state of the art phosphorescent emitters with noble metals such as Ir and Pt. All complexes show strong solvatochromism due to the large dipole moment of the ground states and the transition dipole moment that is in the opposite direction. Temperature-dependent studies of (MAC*)Cu(Cz) reveal a small energy separation between the lowest singlet and triplet states (Δ ES1-T1 = 500 cm-1) and an exceptionally large zero-field splitting (ZFS = 85 cm-1). Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) fabricated with (MAC*)Cu(Cz) as a green emissive dopant have high external quantum efficiencies (EQE = 19.4%) and brightness of 54 000 cd/m2 with modest roll-off at high currents. The complex can also serve as a neat emissive layer to make highly efficient OLEDs (EQE = 16.3%).
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14
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Nicholls TP, Caporale C, Massi M, Gardiner MG, Bissember AC. Synthesis and characterisation of homoleptic 2,9-diaryl-1,10-phenanthroline copper(i) complexes: influencing selectivity in photoredox-catalysed atom-transfer radical addition reactions. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7290-7301. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel bis(2,9-diaryl-1,10-phenanthroline)copper(i) complexes were prepared to study a photoredox-catalysed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P. Nicholls
- School of Natural Sciences – Chemistry
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
| | - Chiara Caporale
- Department of Chemistry and Nanochemistry Research Institute
- Curtin University
- Bentley
- Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- Department of Chemistry and Nanochemistry Research Institute
- Curtin University
- Bentley
- Australia
| | | | - Alex C. Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences – Chemistry
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
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15
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Abedi M, Levi G, Zederkof DB, Henriksen NE, Pápai M, Møller KB. Excited-state solvation structure of transition metal complexes from molecular dynamics simulations and assessment of partial atomic charge methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4082-4095. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06567e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Excited-state solvation structure (radial distribution function) of transition metal complexes by classical and mixed quantum-classical (QM/MM) molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Abedi
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kongens Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Gianluca Levi
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kongens Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Diana B. Zederkof
- Department of Physics
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kongens Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Niels E. Henriksen
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kongens Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Mátyás Pápai
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kongens Lyngby
- Denmark
- Wigner Research Center for Physics
| | - Klaus B. Møller
- Department of Chemistry
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kongens Lyngby
- Denmark
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16
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Glinton K, Latifi R, Cockrell DS, Bardeaux M, Nguyen B, Tahsini L. Synthesis, characterization, and photoluminescent studies of three-coordinate Cu(i)–NHC complexes bearing unsymmetrically-substituted dipyridylamine ligands. RSC Adv 2019; 9:22417-22427. [PMID: 35519490 PMCID: PMC9066654 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04886c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of heteroleptic three-coordinate Cu(i) complexes bearing monodentate N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands of the type 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) and 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidin-2-ylidene (SIPr), and bidentate N-donor ligands of the type unsymmetrically-substituted dimethyl dipyridylamine (Me2Hdpa) and bis(mesityl)biazanaphthenequinone (mesBIAN) have been synthesized. The complexes [Cu(IPr)(3,4′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 1; [Cu(IPr)(3,5′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 2; [Cu(IPr)(3,6′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 3; [Cu(IPr)(mesBIAN)]PF6, 6; [Cu(SIPr)(3,4′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 7; [Cu(SIPr)(3,5′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 8; and [Cu(SIPr)(3,3′-Me2Hdpa)]PF6, 11 have been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies, elemental analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and photophysical studies in solid and solution phase. Single crystal X-ray structures were obtained for all complexes except 11. The crystallographic data reveal a mononuclear structure for all complexes with the copper atom ligated by one C and two N atoms. The UV-Vis absorption spectra of all dipyridylamine complexes in CH2Cl2 show a strong ligand-centered absorption band around 250 nm and a strong metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band around 300 nm. When irradiated with UV light, the complexes exhibit strong emission maxima at 453–482 nm with photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) ranging from 0.21 to 0.87 in solid state. While the PLQY values are comparable to those of the symmetrical [Cu(IPr)(Me2Hdpa)]PF6 complexes, a stabilizing CH–π interaction has been reduced in the current systems. In particular, complex 3 lacks any strong CH–π interaction, but emits more efficiently than 1 and 2 wherein the interactions exist. Structural data analysis was performed to clarify the role of ligands' plane angle and the NH/CH⋯F interactions to the observed light interaction of unsymmetrical [Cu(NHC)(Me2Hdpa)]PF6 complexes. DFT calculations were performed to assist in the assignment of the electronic structure and excited state behavior of the complexes. The photoluminescent Cu(i)–NHC complexes bearing unsymmetrical dipyridylamine ligands have been synthesized and characterized. The structure–light reactivity has been elucidated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Glinton
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Oklahoma 74078
- USA
| | - Reza Latifi
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Oklahoma 74078
- USA
| | | | - Matthew Bardeaux
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Oklahoma 74078
- USA
| | - Bachkhoa Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Oklahoma 74078
- USA
| | - Laleh Tahsini
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Oklahoma 74078
- USA
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Gutiérrez‐Arzaluz L, Ramírez‐Palma DI, Ramírez‐Palma LG, Barquera‐Lozada JE, Peon J, Cortés‐Guzmán F. Origin of the Photoinduced Geometrical Change of Copper(I) Complexes from the Quantum Chemical Topology View. Chemistry 2018; 25:775-784. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gutiérrez‐Arzaluz
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Peon
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 México
| | - Fernando Cortés‐Guzmán
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 México
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18
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Penfold TJ, Gindensperger E, Daniel C, Marian CM. Spin-Vibronic Mechanism for Intersystem Crossing. Chem Rev 2018; 118:6975-7025. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Penfold
- Chemistry - School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Etienne Gindensperger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie UMR-7177, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Blaise Pascal 67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Daniel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie UMR-7177, CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, 1 Rue Blaise Pascal 67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christel M. Marian
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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19
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20
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Zhang Y, Schulz M, Wächtler M, Karnahl M, Dietzek B. Heteroleptic diimine–diphosphine Cu(I) complexes as an alternative towards noble-metal based photosensitizers: Design strategies, photophysical properties and perspective applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Stoïanov A, Gourlaouen C, Vela S, Daniel C. Luminescent Dinuclear Copper(I) Complexes as Potential Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) Emitters: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1413-1421. [PMID: 29323493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The excited state properties of a series of binuclear NHetPHOS-Cu(I) complexes (NHetPHOS) have been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT). It is shown that experimental trends observed in powder, generally explored via S1 and T1 excited state energetics and S1 ⇔ T1 intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency, are hardly analyzed on the basis of excited state properties calculated in solution. Indeed, several local minima corresponding to various structural deformations are evident on the lowest excited state potential energy surfaces (PES) when solvent correction is applied, leading to a four-state thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) mechanism. In contrast, preliminary simulations performed in the solid point to the reduction of nuclear flexibility and consequently to a rather simple two-state model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ange Stoïanov
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie Strasbourg, UMR-7177 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg , 1 Rue Blaise Pascal BP 296/R8, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie Strasbourg, UMR-7177 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg , 1 Rue Blaise Pascal BP 296/R8, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sergi Vela
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie Strasbourg, UMR-7177 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg , 1 Rue Blaise Pascal BP 296/R8, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Daniel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique, Institut de Chimie Strasbourg, UMR-7177 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg , 1 Rue Blaise Pascal BP 296/R8, F-67008 Strasbourg, France
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22
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Kohler L, Hayes D, Hong J, Carter TJ, Shelby ML, Fransted KA, Chen LX, Mulfort KL. Synthesis, structure, ultrafast kinetics, and light-induced dynamics of CuHETPHEN chromophores. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:9871-83. [PMID: 26924711 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five heteroleptic Cu(i)bis(phenanthroline) chromophores with distinct variation in the steric bulk at the 2,9-phenanthroline position were synthesized using the HETPHEN method, and their ground and excited state properties are described. Analysis of the crystal structures reveals a significant distortion from tetrahedral geometry around the Cu(i) centre which is attributed to favourable aromatic interactions between the two phenanthroline ligands. Ultrafast and nanosecond transient optical spectroscopies reveal that the excited state lifetime can be tuned across two orders of magnitude up to 74 nanoseconds in acetonitrile by changing the 2,9-substituent from hydrogen to sec-butyl. X-ray transient absorption spectroscopy at the Cu K-edge confirmed Cu(i) oxidation to Cu(ii) and revealed a decrease of the Cu-N bond lengths in the excited state. The ground and excited state characterization presented here will guide the integration of CuHETPHEN chromophores into complex electron donor-acceptor architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Kohler
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Dugan Hayes
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Jiyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tyler J Carter
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Megan L Shelby
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Kelly A Fransted
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
| | - Lin X Chen
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA. and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Karen L Mulfort
- Division of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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23
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Yersin H, Czerwieniec R, Shafikov MZ, Suleymanova AF. TADF Material Design: Photophysical Background and Case Studies Focusing on Cu I and Ag I Complexes. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3508-3535. [PMID: 29083512 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and the use of emitting molecules have strongly stimulated scientific research of emitting compounds. In particular, for OLEDs it is required to harvest all singlet and triplet excitons that are generated in the emission layer. This can be achieved using the so-called triplet harvesting mechanism. However, the materials to be applied are based on high-cost rare metals and therefore, it has been proposed already more than one decade ago by our group to use the effect of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) to harvest all generated excitons in the lowest excited singlet state S1 . In this situation, the resulting emission is an S1 →S0 fluorescence, though a delayed one. Hence, this mechanism represents the singlet harvesting mechanism. Using this effect, high-cost and strong SOC-carrying rare metals are not required. This mechanism can very effectively be realized by use of CuI or AgI complexes and even by purely organic molecules. In this investigation, we focus on photoluminescence properties and on crucial requirements for designing CuI and AgI materials that exhibit short TADF decay times at high emission quantum yields. The decay times should be as short as possible to minimize non-radiative quenching and, in particular, chemical reactions that frequently occur in the excited state. Thus, a short TADF decay time can strongly increase the material's long-term stability. Here, we study crucial parameters and analyze their impact on the TADF decay time. For example, the energy separation ΔE(S1 -T1 ) between the lowest excited singlet state S1 and the triplet state T1 should be small. Accordingly, we present detailed photophysical properties of two case-study materials designed to exhibit a large ΔE(S1 -T1 ) value of 1000 cm-1 (120 meV) and, for comparison, a small one of 370 cm-1 (46 meV). From these studies-extended by investigations of many other CuI TADF compounds-we can conclude that just small ΔE(S1 -T1 ) is not a sufficient requirement for short TADF decay times. High allowedness of the transition from the emitting S1 state to the electronic ground state S0 , expressed by the radiative rate kr (S1 →S0 ) or the oscillator strength f(S1 →S0 ), is also very important. However, mostly small ΔE(S1 -T1 ) is related to small kr (S1 →S0 ). This relation results from an experimental investigation of a large number of CuI complexes and basic quantum mechanical considerations. As a consequence, a reduction of τ(TADF) to below a few μs might be problematic. However, new materials can be designed for which this disadvantage is not prevailing. A new TADF compound, Ag(dbp)(P2 -nCB) (with dbp=2,9-di-n-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline and P2 -nCB=bis-(diphenylphosphine)-nido-carborane) seems to represent such an example. Accordingly, this material shows TADF record properties, such as short TADF decay time at high emission quantum yield. These properties are based (i) on geometry optimizations of the AgI complex for a fast radiative S1 →S0 rate and (ii) on restricting the extent of geometry reorganizations after excitation for reducing non-radiative relaxation and emission quenching. Indeed, we could design a TADF material with breakthrough properties showing τ(TADF)=1.4 μs at 100 % emission quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Yersin
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rafal Czerwieniec
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marsel Z Shafikov
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Ural Federal University, Mira 19, Ekaterinburg, 620002, Russia
| | - Alfiya F Suleymanova
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,I. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ekaterinburg, 620990, Russia
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24
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Bircher MP, Liberatore E, Browning NJ, Brickel S, Hofmann C, Patoz A, Unke OT, Zimmermann T, Chergui M, Hamm P, Keller U, Meuwly M, Woerner HJ, Vaníček J, Rothlisberger U. Nonadiabatic effects in electronic and nuclear dynamics. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:061510. [PMID: 29376108 PMCID: PMC5760266 DOI: 10.1063/1.4996816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to their very nature, ultrafast phenomena are often accompanied by the occurrence of nonadiabatic effects. From a theoretical perspective, the treatment of nonadiabatic processes makes it necessary to go beyond the (quasi) static picture provided by the time-independent Schrödinger equation within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and to find ways to tackle instead the full time-dependent electronic and nuclear quantum problem. In this review, we give an overview of different nonadiabatic processes that manifest themselves in electronic and nuclear dynamics ranging from the nonadiabatic phenomena taking place during tunnel ionization of atoms in strong laser fields to the radiationless relaxation through conical intersections and the nonadiabatic coupling of vibrational modes and discuss the computational approaches that have been developed to describe such phenomena. These methods range from the full solution of the combined nuclear-electronic quantum problem to a hierarchy of semiclassical approaches and even purely classical frameworks. The power of these simulation tools is illustrated by representative applications and the direct confrontation with experimental measurements performed in the National Centre of Competence for Molecular Ultrafast Science and Technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Bircher
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Liberatore
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Browning
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Brickel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Aurélien Patoz
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver T Unke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Zimmermann
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Majed Chergui
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Ultrarapide (LSU) and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Keller
- Physics Department, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Meuwly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Jakob Woerner
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jiří Vaníček
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physical Chemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Agena A, Iuchi S, Higashi M. Theoretical study on photoexcitation dynamics of a bis-diimine Cu(I) complex in solutions. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Micciarelli M, Curchod BFE, Bonella S, Altucci C, Valadan M, Rothlisberger U, Tavernelli I. Characterization of the Photochemical Properties of 5-Benzyluracil via Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3909-3917. [PMID: 28467074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed study of the excited state properties of 5-benzyluracil (5BU) in the gas phase and in implicit solvent using different electronic structure approaches ranging from time-dependent density functional theory in the linear response regime (LR-TDDFT) to a set of different wave-function-based methods for excited states, namely perturbed coupled cluster (CC2), algebraic diagrammatic construction method to second order (ADC(2)), and perturbed configuration interaction (CIS(D)). 5BU has been used to investigate DNA base-amino acid interactions. In particular, it served as a model of protein-DNA photoinduced cross-linking. While LR-TDDFT is computationally the most efficient first-principles approach for static and dynamic simulations of this bichromophoric system, its accuracy is difficult to assess due to the presence of excited states with charge transfer character. In this work, the performance of different exchange correlation functionals is compared against accurate benchmarks obtained either from high level wave-function-based methods or directly from experimental absorption spectra. Our investigation shows that accurate results for the excitation energies can be obtained using the hybrid meta-GGA functional M06. In view of dynamical studies of the relaxation of 5BU after photoexcitation, we also show that the PBE functional, while failing in the Franck-Condon region, provides qualitatively good results for the characterisation of a possible photocyclization path.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Micciarelli
- Department of Physics, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Ple A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - C Altucci
- Department of Physics, University of Naples "Federico II" , Via Cintia, 26-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - M Valadan
- Department of Physics, University of Naples "Federico II" , Via Cintia, 26-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - I Tavernelli
- Zurich Research Laboratory, IBM Research GmbH , 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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27
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Capano G, Penfold TJ, Chergui M, Tavernelli I. Photophysics of a copper phenanthroline elucidated by trajectory and wavepacket-based quantum dynamics: a synergetic approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:19590-19600. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00436b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
On-the-fly excited state molecular dynamics is a valuable method for studying non-equilibrium processes in excited states and is beginning to emerge as a mature approach much like its ground state counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Capano
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS)
- ISIC, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1014 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - T. J. Penfold
- School of Chemistry
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - M. Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS)
- ISIC, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1014 Lausanne
- Switzerland
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28
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Shi S, Collins LR, Mahon MF, Djurovich PI, Thompson ME, Whittlesey MK. Synthesis and characterization of phosphorescent two-coordinate copper(i) complexes bearing diamidocarbene ligands. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:745-752. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
[(DAC)2Cu][BF4] (1) shows a high photoluminescence quantum efficiency (ΦPL) in the solid state and in solution under both N2 and O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Shi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
| | | | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath BA2 7AY
- UK
| | | | - Mark E. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Southern California
- Los Angeles
- USA
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29
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Kakizoe D, Nishikawa M, Fujii Y, Tsubomura T. Photophysical properties of three coordinated copper(i) complexes bearing 1,10-phenanthroline and a monodentate phosphine ligand. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14804-14811. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three-coordinated emissive copper(i) complexes bearing 1,10-phenanthroline and monodentate phosphine ligands were synthesized. Copper(i) complexes bearing a crowded phosphine ligand show relatively strong luminescence even in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Kakizoe
- Department of Materials and Life Science
- Seikei University
- Tokyo 180-8633
- Japan
| | - Michihiro Nishikawa
- Department of Materials and Life Science
- Seikei University
- Tokyo 180-8633
- Japan
| | - Yasuo Fujii
- Department of Materials and Life Science
- Seikei University
- Tokyo 180-8633
- Japan
| | - Taro Tsubomura
- Department of Materials and Life Science
- Seikei University
- Tokyo 180-8633
- Japan
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30
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Czerwieniec R, Leitl MJ, Homeier HH, Yersin H. Cu(I) complexes – Thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Photophysical approach and material design. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Windisch J, Orazietti M, Hamm P, Alberto R, Probst B. General Scheme for Oxidative Quenching of a Copper Bis-Phenanthroline Photosensitizer for Light-Driven Hydrogen Production. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1719-1726. [PMID: 27226427 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new, general reaction scheme for photocatalytic hydrogen production is presented based on oxidative quenching of a homoleptic copper(I) bis-1,10-phenanthroline photosensitizer (PS) by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium (MPP(+) ) as the electron relay and subsequent regeneration of the so formed copper(II) complex by a sacrificial electron donor. Electron transfer from the relay to various cobalt based water reduction catalysts and subsequent H2 production was shown to close the catalytic cycle. Transient absorption experiments unambiguously confirmed the proposed pathway, both the oxidative quenching and subsequent regeneration of oxidized PS. Photocatalytic test runs further confirmed the role of MPP(+) and up to 10 turnovers were achieved in the relay. The performance limiting factor of the system was shown to be the decomplexation of the copper PS. Quantum yields of the system were 0.03 for H2 production, but 0.6 for MPP(.) formation, clearly indicating that unproductive pathways still prevail.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Windisch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8049, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Orazietti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8049, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Hamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8049, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Alberto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8049, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Probst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8049, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Leitl MJ, Zink DM, Schinabeck A, Baumann T, Volz D, Yersin H. Copper(I) Complexes for Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: From Photophysical to Device Properties. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:25. [PMID: 27573265 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecules that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) represent a very promising emitter class for application in electroluminescent devices since all electrically generated excitons can be transferred into light according to the singlet harvesting mechanism. Cu(I) compounds are an important class of TADF emitters. In this contribution, we want to give a deeper insight into the photophysical properties of this material class and demonstrate how the emission properties depend on molecular and host rigidity. Moreover, we show that with molecular optimization a significant improvement of selected emission properties can be achieved. From the discussed materials, we select one specific dinuclear complex, for which the two Cu(I) centers are four-fold bridged to fabricate an organic light emitting diode (OLED). This device shows the highest efficiency (of 23 % external quantum efficiency) reported so far for OLEDs based on Cu(I) emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus J Leitl
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel M Zink
- Cynora GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstraße 2-6, Building 5110, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany
| | - Alexander Schinabeck
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Baumann
- Cynora GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstraße 2-6, Building 5110, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany
| | - Daniel Volz
- Cynora GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstraße 2-6, Building 5110, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany.
| | - Hartmut Yersin
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Saureu S, de Graaf C. TD-DFT study of the light-induced spin crossover of Fe(iii) complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:1233-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06620d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Two light-induced spin-crossover Fe(iii) compounds have been studied with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) to investigate the deactivation mechanism and the role of the ligand-field states as intermediates in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Saureu
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Coen de Graaf
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
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Kreitner C, Heinze K. Excited state decay of cyclometalated polypyridine ruthenium complexes: insight from theory and experiment. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:13631-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01989g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This perspective article tackles the open question why cyclometalated polypyridine ruthenium(ii) complexes typically only emit very weakly at room temperature and delivers answers beyond the standard schemes involving 3MC and tunneling decay channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kreitner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Graduate School Materials Science in Mainz
| | - Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
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Du L, Lan Z. Ultrafast structural flattening motion in photoinduced excited state dynamics of a bis(diimine) copper(i) complex. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7641-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp06861d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intriguing ultrafast photoinduced structural change dynamics of a prototypical Cu(i) complex, namely, [Cu(dmp)2]+ (dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline), is investigated based on the theoretical analysis of static and dynamical calculations at the all-atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likai Du
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- People's Republic of China
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