1
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Rahinov I, Kandratsenka A, Schäfer T, Shirhatti P, Golibrzuch K, Wodtke AM. Vibrational energy transfer in collisions of molecules with metal surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15090-15114. [PMID: 38757203 PMCID: PMC11135613 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00957f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA), which serves as the basis for our understanding of chemical bonding, reactivity and dynamics, is routinely violated for vibrationally inelastic scattering of molecules at metal surfaces. The title-field therefore represents a fascinating challenge to our conventional wisdom calling for new concepts that involve explicit electron dynamics occurring in concert with nuclear motion. Here, we review progress made in this field over the last decade, which has witnessed dramatic advances in experimental methods, thereby providing a much more extensive set of diverse observations than has ever before been available. We first review the experimental methods used in this field and then provide a systematic tour of the vast array of observations that are currently available. We show how these observations - taken together and without reference to computational simulations - lead us to a simple and intuitive picture of BOA failure in molecular dynamics at metal surfaces, one where electron transfer between the molecule and the metal plays a preeminent role. We also review recent progress made in the theory of electron transfer mediated BOA failure in molecule-surface interactions, describing the most important methods and their ability to reproduce experimental observation. Finally, we outline future directions for research and important unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rahinov
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, 4353701 Raanana, Israel.
| | - Alexander Kandratsenka
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Pranav Shirhatti
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, 36/P Gopanpally, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Kai Golibrzuch
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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2
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Zhao Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Quan J, Krüger BC, Stoicescu P, Nieman R, Auerbach DJ, Wodtke AM, Guo H, Park GB. Spin-dependent reactivity and spin-flipping dynamics in oxygen atom scattering from graphite. Nat Chem 2023:10.1038/s41557-023-01204-2. [PMID: 37217785 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The formation of two-electron chemical bonds requires the alignment of spins. Hence, it is well established for gas-phase reactions that changing a molecule's electronic spin state can dramatically alter its reactivity. For reactions occurring at surfaces, which are of great interest during, among other processes, heterogeneous catalysis, there is an absence of definitive state-to-state experiments capable of observing spin conservation and therefore the role of electronic spin in surface chemistry remains controversial. Here we use an incoming/outgoing correlation ion imaging technique to perform scattering experiments for O(3P) and O(1D) atoms colliding with a graphite surface, in which the initial spin-state distribution is controlled and the final spin states determined. We demonstrate that O(1D) is more reactive with graphite than O(3P). We also identify electronically nonadiabatic pathways whereby incident O(1D) is quenched to O(3P), which departs from the surface. With the help of molecular dynamics simulations carried out on high-dimensional machine-learning-assisted first-principles potential energy surfaces, we obtain a mechanistic understanding for this system: spin-forbidden transitions do occur, but with low probabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Zhao
- Max-Planck-Institut für Multidisziplinäre Naturwissenschaften, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yingqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ximei Yang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Multidisziplinäre Naturwissenschaften, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jiamei Quan
- Max-Planck-Institut für Multidisziplinäre Naturwissenschaften, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bastian C Krüger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Multidisziplinäre Naturwissenschaften, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Paula Stoicescu
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für physikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reed Nieman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Daniel J Auerbach
- Max-Planck-Institut für Multidisziplinäre Naturwissenschaften, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Multidisziplinäre Naturwissenschaften, Göttingen, Germany
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für physikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - G Barratt Park
- Max-Planck-Institut für Multidisziplinäre Naturwissenschaften, Göttingen, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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3
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Schwarzer M, Hertl N, Nitz F, Borodin D, Fingerhut J, Kitsopoulos TN, Wodtke AM. Adsorption and Absorption Energies of Hydrogen with Palladium. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:14500-14508. [PMID: 36081903 PMCID: PMC9442642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c04567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermal recombinative desorption rates of HD on Pd(111) and Pd(332) are reported from transient kinetic experiments performed between 523 and 1023 K. A detailed kinetic model accurately describes the competition between recombination of surface-adsorbed hydrogen and deuterium atoms and their diffusion into the bulk. By fitting the model to observed rates, we derive the dissociative adsorption energies (E 0, ads H2 = 0.98 eV; E 0, ads D2 = 1.00 eV; E 0, ads HD = 0.99 eV) as well as the classical dissociative binding energy ϵads = 1.02 ± 0.03 eV, which provides a benchmark for electronic structure theory. In a similar way, we obtain the classical energy required to move an H or D atom from the surface to the bulk (ϵsb = 0.46 ± 0.01 eV) and the isotope specific energies, E 0, sb H = 0.41 eV and E 0, sb D = 0.43 eV. Detailed insights into the process of transient bulk diffusion are obtained from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwarzer
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nils Hertl
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Florian Nitz
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Dmitriy Borodin
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Jan Fingerhut
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Theofanis N. Kitsopoulos
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser − FORTH, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- International
Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
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4
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Borodin D, Hertl N, Park GB, Schwarzer M, Fingerhut J, Wang Y, Zuo J, Nitz F, Skoulatakis G, Kandratsenka A, Auerbach DJ, Schwarzer D, Guo H, Kitsopoulos TN, Wodtke AM. Quantum effects in thermal reaction rates at metal surfaces. Science 2022; 377:394-398. [PMID: 35862529 DOI: 10.1126/science.abq1414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
There is wide interest in developing accurate theories for predicting rates of chemical reactions that occur at metal surfaces, especially for applications in industrial catalysis. Conventional methods contain many approximations that lack experimental validation. In practice, there are few reactions where sufficiently accurate experimental data exist to even allow meaningful comparisons to theory. Here, we present experimentally derived thermal rate constants for hydrogen atom recombination on platinum single-crystal surfaces, which are accurate enough to test established theoretical approximations. A quantum rate model is also presented, making possible a direct evaluation of the accuracy of commonly used approximations to adsorbate entropy. We find that neglecting the wave nature of adsorbed hydrogen atoms and their electronic spin degeneracy leads to a 10× to 1000× overestimation of the rate constant for temperatures relevant to heterogeneous catalysis. These quantum effects are also found to be important for nanoparticle catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Borodin
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils Hertl
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - G Barratt Park
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - Michael Schwarzer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Fingerhut
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yingqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Junxiang Zuo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Florian Nitz
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Georgios Skoulatakis
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kandratsenka
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Auerbach
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Theofanis N Kitsopoulos
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, am Faßberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Chien TE, Hohmann L, Harding DJ. Near-ambient pressure velocity map imaging. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:034201. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0098495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new velocity map imaging instrument for studying molecular beam surface scattering in a near-ambient pressure (NAP-VMI) environment. The instrument offers the possibility to study chemical reaction dynamics and kinetics where higher pressures are either desired or unavoidable, adding a new tool to help close the “pressure gap” between surface science and applied catalysis. NAP-VMI conditions are created by two sets of ion optics that guide ions through an aperture and map their velocities. The aperture separates the high pressure ionization region and maintains the necessary vacuum in the detector region. The performance of the NAP-VMI is demonstrated with results from N2O photodissociation and N2 scattering from a Pd(110) surface, which are compared under vacuum and at near-ambient pressure (1 × 10−3 mbar). NAP-VMI has the potential to be applied to, and useful for, a broader range of experiments, including photoelectron spectroscopy and scattering with liquid microjets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Chien
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Lea Hohmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - Dan J. Harding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
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6
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Golibrzuch K, Schwabe S, Zhong T, Papendorf K, Wodtke AM. Application of an Event-Based Camera for Real-Time Velocity Resolved Kinetics. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2142-2148. [PMID: 35319892 PMCID: PMC8996233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We describe here
the application of an inexpensive event-based/neuromorphic
camera in an ion imaging experiment operated at 1 kHz detection rate
to study real-time velocity-resolved kinetics of thermal desorption.
Such measurements involve a single gas pulse to initiate a time-dependent
desorption process and a high repetition rate laser, where each pulse
of the laser is used to produce an ion image. The sequence of ion
images allows the time dependence of the desorption flux to be followed
in real time. In previous work where a conventional framing camera
was used, the large number of megapixel-sized images required data
transfer and storage rates of up to 16 GB/s. This necessitated a large
onboard memory that was quickly filled and limited continuous measurement
to only a few seconds. Read-out of the memory became the bottleneck
to the rate of data acquisition. We show here that since most pixels
in each ion image contain no data, the data rate can be dramatically
reduced by using an event-based/neuromorphic camera. The data stream
is thus reduced to the intensity and location information on the pixels
that are lit up by each ion event together with a time-stamp indicating
the arrival time of an ion at the detector. This dramatically increases
the duty cycle of the method and provides insights for the execution
of other high rep-rate ion imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Golibrzuch
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D- 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sven Schwabe
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D- 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Nanophotonics, Hans-Adolf-Krebs-Weg 1, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tianli Zhong
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D- 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kim Papendorf
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D- 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Tammannstrasse 6, D- 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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7
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Borodin D, Schwarzer M, Hahn HW, Fingerhut J, Wang Y, Auerbach DJ, Guo H, Schroeder J, Kitsopoulos TN, Wodtke AM. The puzzle of rapid hydrogen oxidation on Pt(111). Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1966533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Borodin
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarzer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hinrich W. Hahn
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan Fingerhut
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yingqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Daniel J. Auerbach
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Joerg Schroeder
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Theofanis N. Kitsopoulos
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser-FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Göttingen, Germany
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8
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Auerbach DJ, Tully JC, Wodtke AM. Chemical dynamics from the gas‐phase to surfaces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ntls.10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Auerbach
- Institut für physikalische Chemie Georg‐August Universität Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Abteilung für Dynamik an Oberflächen Max‐Planck‐Institut für biophysikalische Chemie Göttingen Germany
| | - John C. Tully
- Department of Chemistry Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institut für physikalische Chemie Georg‐August Universität Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Abteilung für Dynamik an Oberflächen Max‐Planck‐Institut für biophysikalische Chemie Göttingen Germany
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9
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Borodin D, Golibrzuch K, Schwarzer M, Fingerhut J, Skoulatakis G, Schwarzer D, Seelemann T, Kitsopoulos T, Wodtke AM. Measuring Transient Reaction Rates from Nonstationary Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020; 10:14056-14066. [PMID: 33343999 PMCID: PMC7737234 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Up
to now, methods
for measuring rates of reactions on catalysts required long measurement
times involving signal averaging over many experiments. This imposed
a requirement that the catalyst return to its original state at the
end of each experiment—a complete reversibility requirement.
For real catalysts, fulfilling the reversibility requirement is often
impossible—catalysts under reaction conditions may change their
chemical composition and structure as they become activated or while
they are being poisoned through use. It is therefore desirable to
develop high-speed methods where transient rates can be quickly measured
while catalysts are changing. In this work, we present velocity-resolved
kinetics using high-repetition-rate pulsed laser ionization and high-speed
ion imaging detection. The reaction is initiated by a single molecular
beam pulse incident at the surface, and the product formation rate
is observed by a sequence of pulses produced by a high-repetition-rate
laser. Ion imaging provides the desorbing product flux (reaction rate)
as a function of reaction time for each laser pulse. We demonstrate
the principle of this approach by rate measurements on two simple
reactions: CO desorption from and CO oxidation on the 332 facet of
Pd. This approach overcomes the time-consuming scanning of the delay
between CO and laser pulses needed in past experiments and delivers
a data acquisition rate that is 10–1000 times higher. We are
able to record kinetic traces of CO2 formation while a
CO beam titrates oxygen atoms from an O-saturated surface. This approach
also allows measurements of reaction rates under diffusion-controlled
conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Borodin
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kai Golibrzuch
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarzer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan Fingerhut
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Georgios Skoulatakis
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Seelemann
- LaVision GmbH, Anna-Vandenhoeck-Ring 19, 37081 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Theofanis Kitsopoulos
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser—FORTH, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
- International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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10
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Study of Transition Zones in the Carbon Monoxide Catalytic Oxidation on Platinum Using the Network Simulation Method. MATHEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/math8091413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A study of transition zones in the carbon monoxide catalytic oxidation over platinum is presented. After the design of a network model following the rules of the Network Simulation Method, it is run in a standard (free) software providing the fractional coverages of all species for different values of carbon monoxide partial pressure, the main parameter that produces the change between a stationary or periodic response. The design of the model is explained in detail and no assumptions are made concerning the removing of oxidation fractional coverage. The illusory chaotic behavior associated with an inadequate time step in the numerical algorithm is studied. This work provides an explanation for the transition (bifurcation) between the stationary and the periodical response studies making use of Poincaré plane and phase-diagrams. The extinction of variable fluctuation in the transition zone is analyzed to understand its relation with given values of transition partial pressures. Of particular interest is the small time span of the superficial fractional coverage of carbon monoxide fluctuation near the second transition partial pressure.
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11
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Westphal G, Wega J, Dissanayake REA, Schäfer T. Chirality detection of surface desorption products using photoelectron circular dichroism. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:054707. [PMID: 32770893 DOI: 10.1063/5.0014917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality detection of gas-phase molecules at low concentrations is challenging as the molecular number density is usually too low to perform conventional circular dichroism absorption experiments. In recent years, new spectroscopic methods have been developed to detect chirality in the gas phase. In particular, the angular distribution of photoelectrons after multiphoton laser ionization of chiral molecules using circularly polarized light is highly sensitive to the enantiomeric form of the ionized molecule [multiphoton photoelectron circular dichroism (MP-PECD)]. In this paper, we employ the MP-PECD as an analytic tool for chirality detection of the bicyclic monoterpene fenchone desorbing from a Ag(111) crystal. We record velocity-resolved kinetics of fenchone desorption on Ag(111) using pulsed molecular beams with ion imaging techniques. In addition, we measure temperature-programmed desorption spectra of the same system. Both experiments indicate weak physisorption of fenchone on Ag(111). We combine both experimental techniques with enantiomer-specific detection by recording MP-PECD of desorbing molecules using photoelectron imaging spectroscopy. We can clearly assign the enantiomeric form of the desorption product fenchone in sub-monolayer concentration. The experiment demonstrates the combination of MP-PECD with surface science experiments, paving the way for enantiomer-specific detection of surface reaction products on heterogeneous catalysts for asymmetric synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Westphal
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Wega
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rasika E A Dissanayake
- Plant and Environmental Sciences Laboratory, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Ballauf L, Duensing F, Hechenberger F, Scheier P. A high sensitivity, high resolution tandem mass spectrometer to research low-energy, reactive ion-surface interactions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:065101. [PMID: 32611005 DOI: 10.1063/1.5145170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The device described is the combination of two mass spectrometers, with a surface sample placed between them. Its aim is to allow for detailed research on low-energy ion-surface interactions, involving and triggering surface chemistry. This task is fulfilled by a carefully chosen geometry: Projectile ions from an electron impact source are mass-per-charge selected using a quadrupole. Such continuous bombardment allows for good control of the surface condition. Species emerging from the collisions are focused onto a beam and analyzed using a purpose-built orthogonal pulsing time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Neutral species can be post-ionized using a second electron impact source. Neutral gases can be adsorbed to the surface from the gas phase in a controlled manner, using a feedback-controlled pressure regulator. In order to minimize the discrimination of secondary ions, the distance from the surface to the analyzing mass spectrometer system was kept as short as possible and the acceptance angle of the lens system as large as possible. This increased the sensitivity five orders of magnitude compared to its predecessor. The rigorous use of computer aided design software is responsible for the successful commissioning of the new device. This article describes first which parameters can be measured or controlled. Then, these are linked to the physical processes that occur in reactive ion-surface interactions. Next, the design goal and the design implementation are presented. In the end, a performance comparison, measurements of hydrogen surface chemistry with extensive use of isotope labeling, and measurements of post-ionized beryllium are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Ballauf
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix Duensing
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Faro Hechenberger
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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13
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Park GB, Kitsopoulos TN, Borodin D, Golibrzuch K, Neugebohren J, Auerbach DJ, Campbell CT, Wodtke AM. The kinetics of elementary thermal reactions in heterogeneous catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Park GB, Krüger BC, Borodin D, Kitsopoulos TN, Wodtke AM. Fundamental mechanisms for molecular energy conversion and chemical reactions at surfaces. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:096401. [PMID: 31304916 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab320e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The dream of theoretical surface chemistry is to predict the outcome of reactions in order to find the ideal catalyst for a certain application. Having a working ab initio theory in hand would not only enable these predictions but also provide insights into the mechanisms of surface reactions. The development of theoretical models can be assisted by experimental studies providing benchmark data. Though for some reactions a quantitative agreement between experimental observations and theoretical calculations has been achieved, theoretical surface chemistry is in general still far away from gaining predictive power. Here we review recent experimental developments towards the understanding of surface reactions. It is demonstrated how quantum-state resolved scattering experiments on reactive and nonreactive systems can be used to test front-running theoretical approaches. Two challenges for describing dynamics at surfaces are addressed: nonadiabaticity in diatomic molecule surface scattering and the increasing system size when observing and describing the dynamics of polyatomic molecules at surfaces. Finally recent experimental studies on reactive systems are presented. It is shown how elementary steps in a complex surface reaction can be revealed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barratt Park
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. Institute for Physical Chemistry, University of Goettingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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15
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Bianchini RH, Roman MJ, Costen ML, McKendrick KG. Real-space laser-induced fluorescence imaging applied to gas-liquid interfacial scattering. J Chem Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Bianchini
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Maksymilian J. Roman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew L. Costen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth G. McKendrick
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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16
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Bünermann O, Jiang H, Dorenkamp Y, Auerbach DJ, Wodtke AM. An ultrahigh vacuum apparatus for H atom scattering from surfaces. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:094101. [PMID: 30278702 DOI: 10.1063/1.5047674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present an apparatus to study inelastic H or D atom scattering from surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The apparatus provides high resolution information on scattering energy and angular distributions by combining a photolysis-based atom source with Rydberg atom tagging time-of-flight. Using hydrogen halides as precursors, H and D atom beams can be formed with energies from 500 meV up to 7 eV, with an energy spread of down to 2 meV and an intensity of up to 108 atoms per pulse. A six-axis manipulator holds the sample and allows variation of both polar and azimuthal incidence angles. Surface temperature can be varied from 45 K up to 1500 K. The apparatus' energy resolution ( E / Δ E ) can be as high as 1000 and its angular resolution can be adjusted between 0.3° and 3°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bünermann
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hongyan Jiang
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Dorenkamp
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Auerbach
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Velocity-resolved kinetics of site-specific carbon monoxide oxidation on platinum surfaces. Nature 2018; 558:280-283. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Harding DJ, Neugebohren J, Hahn H, Auerbach DJ, Kitsopoulos TN, Wodtke AM. Ion and velocity map imaging for surface dynamics and kinetics. J Chem Phys 2018; 147:013939. [PMID: 28688411 DOI: 10.1063/1.4983307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new instrument that uses ion imaging to study molecular beam-surface scattering and surface desorption kinetics, allowing independent determination of both residence times on the surface and scattering velocities of desorbing molecules. This instrument thus provides the capability to derive true kinetic traces, i.e., product flux versus residence time, and allows dramatically accelerated data acquisition compared to previous molecular beam kinetics methods. The experiment exploits non-resonant multiphoton ionization in the near-IR using a powerful 150-fs laser pulse, making detection more general than previous experiments using resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization. We demonstrate the capabilities of the new instrument by examining the desorption kinetics of CO on Pd(111) and Pt(111) and obtain both pre-exponential factors and activation energies of desorption. We also show that the new approach is compatible with velocity map imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J Harding
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jannis Neugebohren
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hinrich Hahn
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - D J Auerbach
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - T N Kitsopoulos
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Lopez GV, Fournier M, Jankunas J, Spiliotis AK, Rakitzis TP, Chandler DW. Alignment of the hydrogen molecule under intense laser fields. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:013948. [PMID: 28688451 DOI: 10.1063/1.4989935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alignment of the electronically excited E,F state of the H2 molecule is studied using the velocity mapping imaging technique. Photofragment images of H+ due to the dissociation mechanism that follows the 2-photon excitation into the (E,F; ν = 0, J = 0) electronic state show a strong dependence on laser intensity, which is attributed to the high polarizability anisotropy of the H2 (E,F) state. We observe a marked structure in the angular distribution, which we explain as the interference between the prepared J = 0 and Stark-mixed J = 2 rovibrational states of H2, as the laser intensity increases. Quantification of these effects allows us to extract the polarizability anisotropy of the H2 (E,F J = 0) state yielding a value of 312 ± 82 a.u. (46 Å3). By comparison, CS2 has 10 Å3, I2 has 7 Å3, and hydrochlorothiazide (C7H8ClN3O4S2) has about 25 Å3 meaning that we have created the most easily aligned molecule ever measured, by creating a mixed superposition state that is highly anisotropic in its polarizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary V Lopez
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Martin Fournier
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Justin Jankunas
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Alexandros K Spiliotis
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, and Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | - T Peter Rakitzis
- Department of Physics, University of Crete, and Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece
| | - David W Chandler
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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Abujarada S, AlSalem H, Chohan UK, Draper GL, Koehler SPK. Photodesorption of NO from Au(100) using 3D surface-velocity map imaging. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:184201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4967248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Hadden DJ, Messider TM, Leng JG, Greaves SJ. Note: Velocity map imaging the scattering plane of gas surface collisions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:106104. [PMID: 27802734 DOI: 10.1063/1.4965970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability of gas-surface dynamics studies to resolve the velocity distribution of the scattered species in the 2D scattering plane has been limited by technical capabilities and only a few different approaches have been explored in recent years. In comparison, gas-phase scattering studies have been transformed by the near ubiquitous use of velocity map imaging. We describe an innovative means of introducing a dielectric surface within the electric field of a typical velocity map imaging experiment. The retention of optimum velocity mapping conditions was validated by measurements of iodomethane-d3 photodissociation and SIMION calculations. To demonstrate the system's capabilities, the velocity distributions of ammonia molecules scattered from a polytetrafluoroethylene surface have been measured for multiple product rotational states.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hadden
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - T M Messider
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - J G Leng
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - S J Greaves
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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