1
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Vegliante A, Fernández S, Ortiz R, Vilas-Varela M, Baum TY, Friedrich N, Romero-Lara F, Aguirre A, Vaxevani K, Wang D, Garcia Fernandez C, van der Zant HSJ, Frederiksen T, Peña D, Pascual JI. Tuning the Spin Interaction in Nonplanar Organic Diradicals through Mechanical Manipulation. ACS NANO 2024; 18:26514-26521. [PMID: 39304184 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Open-shell polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent promising building blocks for carbon-based functional magnetic materials. Their magnetic properties stem from the presence of unpaired electrons localized in radical states of π character. Consequently, these materials are inclined to exhibit spin delocalization, form extended collective states, and respond to the flexibility of the molecular backbones. However, they are also highly reactive, requiring structural strategies to protect the radical states from reacting with the environment. Here, we demonstrate that the open-shell ground state of the diradical 2-OS survives on a Au(111) substrate as a global singlet formed by two unpaired electrons with antiparallel spins coupled through a conformational-dependent interaction. The 2-OS molecule is a "protected" derivative of the Chichibabin's diradical, featuring a nonplanar geometry that destabilizes the closed-shell quinoidal structure. Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we localized the two interacting spins at the molecular edges, and detected an excited triplet state a few millielectronvolts above the singlet ground state. Mean-field Hubbard simulations reveal that the exchange coupling between the two spins strongly depends on the torsional angles between the different molecular moieties, suggesting the possibility of influencing the molecule's magnetic state through structural changes. This was demonstrated here using the STM tip to manipulate the molecular conformation, while simultaneously detecting changes in the spin excitation spectrum. Our work suggests the potential of these PAHs as all-carbon spin-crossover materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saleta Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ricardo Ortiz
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Manuel Vilas-Varela
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Thomas Y Baum
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Andrea Aguirre
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC/UPV-EHU-Materials Physics Center, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Dongfei Wang
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Pascual
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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2
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George G, Stasyuk AJ, Solà M. Prediction of the ground state for indenofluorene-type systems with Clar's π-sextet model. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13676-13687. [PMID: 39211490 PMCID: PMC11351611 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study introduces the Ground State Stability (GSS) rule that allows predicting the nature of the ground state of indenofluorene (IF)-type systems from the simple counting of the Clar's π-sextets in the closed- and open-shell configurations. The IF-type system exhibits a triplet ground state when acquiring double or more the number of Clar's π-sextets in the open-shell form relative to the closed-shell form; otherwise, it assumes an open-shell singlet ground state. Performed state-of-the-art DFT calculations and analysis of aromaticity for the systems of interest validate the effectiveness of the proposed rule. We demonstrate that aromaticity plays the most crucial role in determining the ground electronic state for such polycyclic hydrocarbons. The simplicity of the GSS rule makes it a robust strategy for identifying promising systems in the development of indenofluorene-type materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibu George
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Anton J Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) Av. Joan XXIII 27-31 Barcelona Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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3
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Mishra S, Vilas-Varela M, Lieske LA, Ortiz R, Fatayer S, Rončević I, Albrecht F, Frederiksen T, Peña D, Gross L. Bistability between π-diradical open-shell and closed-shell states in indeno[1,2-a]fluorene. Nat Chem 2024; 16:755-761. [PMID: 38332330 PMCID: PMC11087267 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Indenofluorenes are non-benzenoid conjugated hydrocarbons that have received great interest owing to their unusual electronic structure and potential applications in nonlinear optics and photovoltaics. Here we report the generation of unsubstituted indeno[1,2-a]fluorene on various surfaces by the cleavage of two C-H bonds in 7,12-dihydroindeno[1,2-a]fluorene through voltage pulses applied by the tip of a combined scanning tunnelling microscope and atomic force microscope. On bilayer NaCl on Au(111), indeno[1,2-a]fluorene is in the neutral charge state, but it exhibits charge bistability between neutral and anionic states on the lower-workfunction surfaces of bilayer NaCl on Ag(111) and Cu(111). In the neutral state, indeno[1,2-a]fluorene exhibits one of two ground states: an open-shell π-diradical state, predicted to be a triplet by density functional and multireference many-body perturbation theory calculations, or a closed-shell state with a para-quinodimethane moiety in the as-indacene core. We observe switching between open- and closed-shell states of a single molecule by changing its adsorption site on NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Vilas-Varela
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS) and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Ricardo Ortiz
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Shadi Fatayer
- Applied Physics Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Igor Rončević
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Diego Peña
- Center for Research in Biological Chemistry and Molecular Materials (CiQUS) and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
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4
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Hieulle J, Garcia Fernandez C, Friedrich N, Vegliante A, Sanz S, Sánchez-Portal D, Haley MM, Casado J, Frederiksen T, Pascual JI. From Solution to Surface: Persistence of the Diradical Character of a Diindenoanthracene Derivative on a Metallic Substrate. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11506-11512. [PMID: 38088859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic diradicals are envisioned as elementary building blocks for designing a new generation of spintronic devices and have been used in constructing prototypical field effect transistors and nonlinear optical devices. Open-shell systems, however, are also reactive, thus requiring design strategies to "protect" their radical character from the environment, especially when they are embedded in solid-state devices. Here, we report the persistence on a metallic surface of the diradical character of a diindeno[b,i]anthracene (DIAn) core protected by bulky end-groups. Our scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements on single-molecules detected singlet-triplet excitations that were absent for DIAn species packed in assembled structures. Density functional theory simulations unravel that the molecular geometry on the metal substrate can crucially modify the value of the singlet-triplet gap via the delocalization of the radical sites. The persistence of the diradical character over metallic substrates is a promising finding for integrating radical-based materials into functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sofia Sanz
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Portal
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales MPC (CSIC/UPV-EHU), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 229071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Thomas Frederiksen
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Pascual
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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5
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Nieman R, Carvalho JR, Jayee B, Hansen A, Aquino AJA, Kertesz M, Lischka H. Polyradical character assessment using multireference calculations and comparison with density-functional derived fractional occupation number weighted density analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:27380-27393. [PMID: 37792036 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03734g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The biradicaloid character of different types of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) based on small band gaps is an important descriptor to assess their opto-electronic properties. In this work, the unpaired electron densities and numbers of unpaired electrons (NU values) calculated at the high-level multireference averaged quadratic coupled-cluster (MR-AQCC) method are used to develop a test set to assess the capabilities of different biradical descriptors based on density functional theory. A benchmark collection of 29 different compounds has been selected. The DFT descriptors contain primarily the fractional occupation number weighted electron density (FOD) based on simplified thermally-assisted-occupation density functional theory (TAO-DFT) calculations, but the singlet-triplet energy difference and other descriptors denoted as y0 and nLUNO have been considered as well. After adjustment of the literature-recommended finite temperatures, a very good, detailed agreement between unpaired density and FOD analysis is observed which is also manifested in excellent statistical correlations. The other two descriptors also show good correlations even though the absolute scaling is not satisfactory. A new linear fit of FOD data to the MR-AQCC reference values leads to an improved regression relation for determining the recommended finite temperature value in dependence of the Hartree-Fock exchange. This provides the basis for fast and reliable assessment of the biradical character of many classes of PAHs without the need for performing computationally extended MR calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed Nieman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Jhonatas R Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Bhumika Jayee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, D-53115, Germany
| | - Adelia J A Aquino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, USA
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
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6
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Mizuno Y, Nogata A, Suzuki M, Nakayama KI, Hisaki I, Kishi R, Konishi A, Yasuda M. Synthesis and Characterization of Dibenzothieno[ a, f]pentalenes Enabling Large Antiaromaticity and Moderate Open-Shell Character through a Small Energy Barrier for Bond-Shift Valence Tautomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20595-20609. [PMID: 37695346 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretical rationalization of bond-shift valence tautomerization, characterized by double-well potential surfaces, is one of the most challenging topics of study among the rich electronic properties of antiaromatic molecules. Although the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect (PJTE) is an essential effect to provide attractive characteristics of 4nπ systems, an understanding of the structure-property relationship derived from the PJTE for planar 4nπ electron systems is still in its infancy. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of two regioisomers of the thiophene-fused diareno[a,f]pentalenes 6 and 7. The magnetic and optoelectronic properties characterize these sulfur-doped diareno[a,f]pentalenes as open-shell antiaromatic molecules, in sharp contrast to the closed-shell antiaromatic systems of 3 and 5, in which these main cores consist of the same number of π electrons as 6 and 7. Notably, thiophene-fused 6b and 7b showed pronounced antiaromaticity, the strongest among the previous systems, as well as moderate open-shell characteristics. Our experimental and theoretical investigations concluded that these properties of 6b and 7b are derived from the small energy barrier Ea‡ for the bond-shift valence tautomerization. The energy profile of the single crystal of 6b showed the temperature-dependent structural variations assigned to the dynamic mutual exchange between the two Cs-symmetric structures, which was also supported by changes in the chemical shifts of variable-temperature 1H NMR spectra in the solution phase. Both experimental and computational results revealed the importance of introducing heteroaromatic rings into 4nπ systems for controlling the PJTE and manifesting the antiaromatic and open-shell natures originating from the high-symmetric structure. The findings of this study advance the understanding of antiaromaticity characterized by the PJTE by controlling the energy barrier for bond-shift valence tautomerizations, potentially leading to the rational design of optoelectronic devices based on novel antiaromatic molecules possessing the strong contributions of their high-symmetric geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mizuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Nogata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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7
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Di Giovannantonio M, Fasel R. On‐surface synthesis and atomic scale characterization of unprotected indenofluorene polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology nanotech@surfaces Laboratory Dübendorf Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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8
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Mishra S, Fatayer S, Fernández S, Kaiser K, Peña D, Gross L. Nonbenzenoid High-Spin Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Generated by Atom Manipulation. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3264-3271. [PMID: 35130690 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the on-surface synthesis of a nonbenzenoid triradical through dehydrogenation of truxene (C27H18) on coinage metal and insulator surfaces. Voltage pulses applied via the tip of a combined scanning tunneling microscope/atomic force microscope were used to cleave individual C-H bonds in truxene. The resultant final product truxene-5,10,15-triyl (1) was characterized at the single-molecule scale using a combination of atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Our analyses show that 1 retains its open-shell quartet ground state, predicted by density functional theory, on a two monolayer-thick NaCl layer on a Cu(111) surface. We image the frontier orbital densities of 1 and confirm that they correspond to spin-split singly occupied molecular orbitals. Through our synthetic strategy, we also isolate two reactive intermediates toward the synthesis of 1, derivatives of fluorenyl radical and indeno[1,2-a]fluorene, with predicted open-shell doublet and triplet ground states, respectively. Our results should have bearings on the synthesis of nonbenzenoid high-spin polycyclic frameworks with magnetism beyond Lieb's theorem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Saleta Fernández
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Diego Peña
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research-Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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9
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Brosius V, Weigold S, Hippchen N, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. Diindenopyrazines: Electron-Deficient Arenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:10001-10005. [PMID: 33830516 PMCID: PMC8361971 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses, properties and application of the air-stable electron acceptors, diindenopyrazines 4 a-g are reported demonstrating the introduction of functional aryl groups in the 6- and 12-positions. The targets are accessible on the hundred milligram to gram scale. The structure of the aryl groups in 4 a-g modulates their solubility, redox potentials and optical properties. The introduction of electron-poor aryl groups to the electron-poor diindenopyrazine backbone reduces the electron affinity to -4 eV, making the compounds attractive as n-semiconductors. A simple organic field-effect transistor of 4 e -without optimization- shows electron transport with a mobility of up to 0.037 cm2 V-1 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Brosius
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Svenja Weigold
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Nikolai Hippchen
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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10
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Martín-Fuentes C, Urgel JI, Edalatmanesh S, Rodríguez-Sánchez E, Santos J, Mutombo P, Biswas K, Lauwaet K, Gallego JM, Miranda R, Jelínek P, Martín N, Écija D. Cumulene-like bridged indeno[1,2-b]fluorene π-conjugated polymers synthesized on metal surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7545-7548. [PMID: 34240088 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02058g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the plethora of polycyclic structures that have emerged in recent years, indenofluorenes comprise a unique class of compounds due to their potential in organic electronic systems such as OLEDs, OFETs, and OPVCs. However, the synthesis of fully conjugated indenofluorenes without bulky groups on the apical carbons under standard chemistry conditions is not easily accessible. In this regard, on-surface synthesis has appeared as a newly developing field of research, which exploits the use of well-defined solid surfaces as confinement templates to initiate and develop chemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate the successful fabrication of indeno[1,2-b]fluorene π-conjugated polymers linked via cumulene-like connections on well-defined metallic surfaces under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The structure and electronic properties of the formed polymers have been precisely characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy, noncontact atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy, complemented by computational investigations.
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11
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Konishi A, Horii K, Iwasa H, Okada Y, Kishi R, Nakano M, Yasuda M. Characterization of Benzo[a]naphtho[2,3-f]pentalene: Interrelation between Open-shell and Antiaromatic Characters Governed by Mode of the Quinoidal Subunit and Molecular Symmetry. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:1553-1561. [PMID: 33861497 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The singlet open-shell character and antiaromaticity are intriguing features in π-conjugated carbocycles. These two exhibit similar chemical and physical properties. However, they rarely coexist in the same molecule. Understanding the interrelation between the open-shell and antiaromatic characteristics in the same molecule is crucial to control the electronic properties. Herein we describe the synthesis and characterization of a new member of diareno[a,f]pentalene, benzo[a]naphtho[2,3-f]pentalene 6. Unlike its isomer 5 with a closed-shell ground state, 6 exhibits an appreciable open-shell character and a moderate antiaromatic feature. The behaviors of the open-shell index (y0 ) against the difference of the proton chemical signal (Δδ(H1 )) between pentalenide dianions/neutral pentalenes for our reported pentalenes 1, 4, 5, and 6 give a thought-provoking conclusion about the interrelation between open-shell and antiaromatic characteristics in this series. The mode of the incorporated quinoidal moiety and the formal molecular symmetry are critical to balance these two characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Konishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Atomic and Molecular Technologies, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koki Horii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Haruna Iwasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yui Okada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (QIQB-OTRI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (QIQB-OTRI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Makoto Yasuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Nagami T, Sugimori R, Sakai R, Okada K, Nakano M. Theoretical Study on Singlet Fission in Aromatic Diaza s-Indacene Dimers. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3257-3267. [PMID: 33834780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically show that diaza (N2)-substitution to s-indacene with 4n π-electrons, by which the number of π-electrons in N2-s-indacene amounts to 4n+2, is a new strategy to design efficient singlet fission (SF) molecules. By N2-substitution, the diradical character and the exchange integral are found to be tuned moderately, leading to satisfying the excitation energy level matching condition for SF with a large triplet excitation energy. On the basis of the effective electronic coupling related to the SF rate, we explore the optimal slip-stack dimer packings for fast SF. Their underlying mechanisms are well understood from the odd-electron density, resonance structure, and frontier orbital distribution, as the functions of the N2-substituted positions. Furthermore, aromaticities of N2-s-indacenes are evaluated explicitly on the basis of the magnetically induced current. Although N2-s-indacenes display strengths of aromaticities similar to that of anthracene, a local decrease in aromaticity is found to correlate to the spatial feature of diradical character, i.e., odd-electron density. The present findings not only newly propose N2-s-indacenes as feasible SF molecules but also contribute to comprehending the interplay between aromaticity and diradical electronic structures contributing to SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Nagami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryota Sugimori
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryota Sakai
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology Division (QIQB), Institute for International Advanced Research Institute (IARI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.,Innovative Catalysis Science Division (ICS), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.,Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry (RCSEC), Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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13
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Zuzak R, Stoica O, Blieck R, Echavarren AM, Godlewski S. On-Surface Synthesis and Intermolecular Cycloadditions of Indacenoditetracenes, Antiaromatic Analogues of Undecacene. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1548-1554. [PMID: 33346643 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']ditetracene and as-indaceno[2,3-b:6,7-b']ditetracene containing indenofluorene cores from a common precursor has been achieved by a dehydrogenative surface-assisted cyclization on Au(111) and confirmed by bond-resolved non-contact atomic force microscopy. On-surface generated as-indaceno[2,3-b:6,7-b']ditetracenes undergo fusion, which leads to T-shaped adducts by an intermolecular cycloaddition. The same type of cycloaddition, which has no parallel in solution chemistry, has been observed between as-indaceno[2,3-b:6,7-b']ditetracene and pentacene or octacene. These examples of surface-assisted cycloaddition provide perspectives for the rational design and synthesis of molecular nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Zuzak
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Otilia Stoica
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rémi Blieck
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio M Echavarren
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avenida Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Orgànica i Analítica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Szymon Godlewski
- Centre for Nanometer-Scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, PL 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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14
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Dressler JJ, Haley MM. Learning how to fine‐tune diradical properties by structure refinement. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene Oregon USA
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15
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Kishi R, Yamane M, Sugiura R, Yoshida W, Shimizu Y, Nakano M. Theoretical study on aromatic and open-shell characteristics of carbon nanobelts composed of indeno[1,2- b]fluorene units: dependence on the number of units and charge states. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25736-25745. [PMID: 35518632 PMCID: PMC9055345 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04787b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we theoretically investigate the aromatic and open-shell characteristics of carbon nanobelts (CNBs) composed of five- and six-membered rings. We have designed nanobelts composed of indeno[1,2-b]fluorene ([1,2-b]IF) units, which are referred to as [N]IF-CNB (N: the number of five-membered rings). The number of π-electrons, n π, in neutral [N]IF-CNB is 7N, and thus depending on N and charge states, n π can be 4n + 2 and 4n. Quantum chemical calculations on neutral [6]IF-CNB and [8]IF-CNB and dicationic [8]IF-CNB2+ have revealed that they are expected to exhibit unique aromatic and open-shell characteristics depending on n π, there are several analogies of the electronic structures in [N]IF-CNB to those in [N]annulene. Delocalized and intermediate open-shell electronic structures of [N]IF-CNB are also useful to drastically change the third-order nonlinear optical properties. These results suggest that theoretically designed [N]IF-CNB can be attractive and challenging targets of organic synthesis for realizing novel open-shell functional conjugated macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masaki Yamane
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sugiura
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Wataru Yoshida
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Yosuke Shimizu
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Quantum Information and Quantum Biology (QIQB), Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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16
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Nieman R, Silva NJ, Aquino AJA, Haley MM, Lischka H. Interplay of Biradicaloid Character and Singlet/Triplet Energy Splitting for cis-/trans-Diindenoacenes and Related Benzothiophene-Capped Oligomers as Revealed by Extended Multireference Calculations. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3664-3675. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reed Nieman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Nadeesha J. Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Adelia J. A. Aquino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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17
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Rano M, Ghosh SK, Ghosh D. In the quest for a stable triplet state in small polyaromatic hydrocarbons: an in silico tool for rational design and prediction. Chem Sci 2019; 10:9270-9276. [PMID: 32055312 PMCID: PMC7003975 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining the roles of spin frustration and geometry of odd and even numbered rings in polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), we design small molecules that show exceedingly small singlet-triplet gaps and stable triplet ground states. Furthermore, a computationally efficient protocol with a model spin Hamiltonian is shown to be capable of qualitative agreement with respect to high level multireference calculations and therefore, can be used for fast molecular discovery and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Rano
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India . ; Tel: +91 033 2473 4971 ext. 1103
| | - Sumanta K Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India . ; Tel: +91 033 2473 4971 ext. 1103
| | - Debashree Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences , Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , Jadavpur , Kolkata 700 032 , India . ; Tel: +91 033 2473 4971 ext. 1103
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18
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Di Giovannantonio M, Eimre K, Yakutovich AV, Chen Q, Mishra S, Urgel JI, Pignedoli CA, Ruffieux P, Müllen K, Narita A, Fasel R. On-Surface Synthesis of Antiaromatic and Open-Shell Indeno[2,1-b]fluorene Polymers and Their Lateral Fusion into Porous Ribbons. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12346-12354. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristjan Eimre
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Aliaksandr V. Yakutovich
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Qiang Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shantanu Mishra
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - José I. Urgel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Fujiyoshi JY, Tonami T, Yamane M, Okada K, Kishi R, Muhammad S, Al-Sehemi AG, Nozawa R, Shinokubo H, Nakano M. Theoretical Study on Open-Shell Singlet Character and Second Hyperpolarizabilities in Cofacial π-Stacked Dimers Composed of Weak Open-Shell Antiaromatic Porphyrins. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2863-2871. [PMID: 30080316 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
From the analysis based on the broken-symmetry density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we in this study propose a strategy to enhance the open-shell characters and third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of π-stacked dimers composed of antiaromatic molecules with weak open-shell characters. For this purpose, we here constructed cofacial π-stacked dimer models composed of aromatic and antiaromatic NiII porphyrins in order to examine the π-π stacking distance (R) dependence of the diradical characters (y) and static second hyperpolarizabilities (γ). The antiaromatic porphyrin dimers are found to have intermediate y around R∼3.3 Å, the result of which originates in the unique intermolecular interactions between the antiaromatic monomers. Static γ along the stacking direction of such antiaromatic porphyrin dimers with intermediate diradical characters are shown to be enhanced significantly as compared to those of the isolated monomers and the aromatic porphyrin dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Fujiyoshi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tonami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masaki Yamane
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shabbir Muhammad
- Department of Physics College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for advanced materials science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia.,Research Center for advanced materials science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ryo Nozawa
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN) Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.,Institute for Molecular Science (IMS) 38 Nishigo-Naka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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20
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Yamane M, Kishi R, Tonami T, Okada K, Nagami T, Kitagawa Y, Nakano M. Open-Shell Characters, Aromaticities and Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Carbon Nanobelts Composed of Five- and Six-Membered Rings. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yamane
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tonami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takanori Nagami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS); 38 Nishigo-Naka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585 Japan
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21
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Thiophene and its sulfur inhibit indenoindenodibenzothiophene diradicals from low-energy lying thermal triplets. Nat Chem 2018; 10:1134-1140. [PMID: 30224686 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many qualitative structure-property correlations between diradical character and emerging molecular properties are known. For example, the increase of diradical character further decreases the singlet-triplet energy gap. Here we show that inclusion of thiophenes within a quinoidal polycyclic hydrocarbon imparts appreciable diradical character yet retains the large singlet-triplet energy gap, a phenomenon that has no precedent in the literature. The low aromatic character of thiophene and its electron-rich nature are the key properties leading to these unique findings. A new indenoindenodibenzothiophene scaffold has been prepared and fully characterized by several spectroscopies, magnetic measurements, solid-state X-ray and state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations, all corroborating this unique dichotomy between the diradical input and the emerging magnetic properties. New structure-property relationships such as these are not only extremely important in the field of diradical chemistry and organic electronics, but also provide new insights into the versatility of π-electron chemical bonding.
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22
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Nagami T, Fujiyoshi JY, Tonami T, Watanabe KI, Yamane M, Okada K, Kishi R, Nakano M, Champagne B, Liégeois V. Evaluation of Aromaticity for Open-Shell Singlet Dicyclopenta-Fused Acenes and Polyacenes Based on a Magnetically Induced Current. Chemistry 2018; 24:13457-13466. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Nagami
- Depertment of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science (Osaka University); Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Jun-ya Fujiyoshi
- Depertment of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science (Osaka University); Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Tonami
- Depertment of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science (Osaka University); Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ken-ichiro Watanabe
- Depertment of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science (Osaka University); Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masaki Yamane
- Depertment of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science (Osaka University); Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Depertment of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science (Osaka University); Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Depertment of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science (Osaka University); Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Depertment of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science (Osaka University); Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN); Graduate School of Engineering Science (Osaka University); Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science; 38 Nishigo-Nka Myodaiji Okazaki 444-8585 Japan
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Department of Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter; University of Namur; Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
| | - Vincent Liégeois
- Department of Chemistry, Namur Institute of Structured Matter; University of Namur; Rue de Bruxelles 61 5000 Namur Belgium
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23
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Studying an antiaromatic polycyclic hydrocarbon adsorbed on different surfaces. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1198. [PMID: 29568080 PMCID: PMC5864723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiaromatic and open-shell molecules are attractive because of their distinct electronic and magnetic behaviour. However, their increased reactivity creates a challenge for probing their properties. Here, we describe the on-surface and in-solution generation and characterisation of a highly reactive antiaromatic molecule: indeno[1,2-b]fluorene (IF). In solution, we generated IF by KI-induced dehalogenation of a dibromo-substituted precursor molecule and found that IF survives for minutes at ambient conditions. Using atom manipulation at low temperatures we generated IF on Cu(111) and on bilayer NaCl. On these surfaces, we characterised IF by bond-order analysis using non-contact atomic force microscopy with CO-functionalised tips and by orbital imaging using scanning tunnelling microscopy. We found that the closed-shell configuration and antiaromatic character predicted for gas-phase IF are preserved on the NaCl film. On Cu(111), we observed significant bond-order reorganisation within the s-indacene moiety because of chemisorption, highlighting the importance of molecule surface interactions on the π-electron distribution.
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24
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Tobe Y. Quinodimethanes Incorporated in Non-Benzenoid Aromatic or Antiaromatic Frameworks. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:12. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Di Giovannantonio M, Urgel JI, Beser U, Yakutovich AV, Wilhelm J, Pignedoli CA, Ruffieux P, Narita A, Müllen K, Fasel R. On-Surface Synthesis of Indenofluorene Polymers by Oxidative Five-Membered Ring Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3532-3536. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Giovannantonio
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - José I. Urgel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Uliana Beser
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr V. Yakutovich
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jan Wilhelm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo A. Pignedoli
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Ruffieux
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roman Fasel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Yoshida T, Takahashi K, Ide Y, Kishi R, Fujiyoshi JY, Lee S, Hiraoka Y, Kim D, Nakano M, Ikeue T, Yamada H, Shinokubo H. Benzonorcorrole NiII
Complexes: Enhancement of Paratropic Ring Current and Singlet Diradical Character by Benzo-Fusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshida
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kohtaro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Material Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Shimane University; 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8540 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Jun-ya Fujiyoshi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Yuya Hiraoka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takahisa Ikeue
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Shimane University; 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8540 Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Material Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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27
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Yoshida T, Takahashi K, Ide Y, Kishi R, Fujiyoshi JY, Lee S, Hiraoka Y, Kim D, Nakano M, Ikeue T, Yamada H, Shinokubo H. Benzonorcorrole NiII
Complexes: Enhancement of Paratropic Ring Current and Singlet Diradical Character by Benzo-Fusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:2209-2213. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoshida
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Kohtaro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Material Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Yuki Ide
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Shimane University; 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8540 Japan
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Jun-ya Fujiyoshi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Sangsu Lee
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Yuya Hiraoka
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Spectroscopy Laboratory for Functional π-Electronic Systems and Department of Chemistry; Yonsei University; Seoul 03722 Korea
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takahisa Ikeue
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Shimane University; 1060 Nishikawatsu Matsue 690-8540 Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Material Science; Nara Institute of Science and Technology; 8916-5 Takayama-cho Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinokubo
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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28
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Dressler JJ, Zhou Z, Marshall JL, Kishi R, Takamuku S, Wei Z, Spisak SN, Nakano M, Petrukhina MA, Haley MM. Synthesis of the Unknown Indeno[1,2‐
a
]fluorene Regioisomer: Crystallographic Characterization of Its Dianion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Dressler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222-0100 USA
| | - Jonathan L. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Shota Takamuku
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222-0100 USA
| | - Sarah N. Spisak
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222-0100 USA
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry University of Albany State University of New York Albany NY 12222-0100 USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403-1253 USA
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29
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Dressler JJ, Zhou Z, Marshall JL, Kishi R, Takamuku S, Wei Z, Spisak SN, Nakano M, Petrukhina MA, Haley MM. Synthesis of the Unknown Indeno[1,2-a]fluorene Regioisomer: Crystallographic Characterization of Its Dianion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15363-15367. [PMID: 28985444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Of the five possible indenofluorene regioisomers, examples of a fully conjugated indeno[1,2-a]fluorene scaffold have so far remained elusive. This work reports the preparation and characterization of 7,12-dimesitylindeno[1,2-a]fluorene as a highly reactive species. Experimental and computational data support the notion of a molecule with pronounced diradical character that exists in a triplet ground state. As such, both NICS and ACID calculations suggest that the indeno[1,2-a]fluorene scaffold is weakly Baird aromatic. Reduction of the unstable red solid with Cs metal produces the dianion of the title compound, from which single crystals could be obtained and X-ray data acquired, thus fully corroborating the proposed indeno[1,2-a]fluorene hydrocarbon core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Dressler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222-0100, USA
| | - Jonathan L Marshall
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute, Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shota Takamuku
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute, Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222-0100, USA
| | - Sarah N Spisak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222-0100, USA
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science Institute, Graduate School of Engineering Science Institute, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12222-0100, USA
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403-1253, USA
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30
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Barker JE, Frederickson CK, Jones MH, Zakharov LN, Haley MM. Synthesis and Properties of Quinoidal Fluorenofluorenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:5312-5315. [PMID: 28901775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and optoelectronic properties of 24 π-electron, formally antiaromatic fluoreno[3,2-b]fluorene and fluoreno[4,3-c]fluorene (FF), are presented. The solid-state structure of [4,3-c]FF along with computationally analogous molecules shows that the outer rings are aromatic while the central four rings possess a bond-localized 2,6-naphthoquinodimethane motif. The antiaromaticity and biradical character of the FFs is assessed computationally, the results of which indicate the dominance of the closed-shell ground state for these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E Barker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Conerd K Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Michael H Jones
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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31
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Electronic Structure of Open-Shell Singlet Molecules: Diradical Character Viewpoint. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:47. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Miyoshi H, Miki M, Hirano S, Shimizu A, Kishi R, Fukuda K, Shiomi D, Sato K, Takui T, Hisaki I, Nakano M, Tobe Y. Fluoreno[2,3-b]fluorene vs Indeno[2,1-b]fluorene: Unusual Relationship between the Number of π Electrons and Excitation Energy in m-Quinodimethane-Type Singlet Diradicaloids. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1380-1388. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daisuke Shiomi
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Department
of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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33
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Fukuda K, Fujiyoshi JY, Matsui H, Nagami T, Takamuku S, Kitagawa Y, Champagne B, Nakano M. A theoretical study on quasi-one-dimensional open-shell singlet ladder oligomers: multi-radical nature, aromaticity and second hyperpolarizability. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00108h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-one-dimensional open-shell singlet ladder oligomers composed of indenofluorene-like units show strong correlation between multiradical nature, aromaticity and second hyperpolarizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Fukuda
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Jun-ya Fujiyoshi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Takanori Nagami
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Shota Takamuku
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kitagawa
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Benoît Champagne
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique
- University of Namur
- B-5000 Namur
- Belgium
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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34
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Frederickson CK, Zakharov LN, Haley MM. Modulating Paratropicity Strength in Diareno-Fused Antiaromatics. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:16827-16838. [PMID: 27966911 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling the electronic structure of molecules is crucial when designing and optimizing new organic semiconductor materials. We report the regioselective synthesis of eight π-expanded diarenoindacene analogues based on the indeno[1,2-b]fluorene framework along with the computational investigation of an array of diareno-fused antiaromatic compounds possessing s-indacene, pentalene, or cyclobutadiene cores. Analysis of the experimental and computationally derived optoelectronic properties uncovered a linear correlation between the bond order of the fused arene bond and the paratropicity strength of the antiaromatic unit. The Ered1 for the pentalene and indacene core molecules correlates well with their calculated NICSπZZ values. The findings of this study can be used to predict the properties of, and thus rationally design, new diareno-fused antiaromatic molecules for use as organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conerd K Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1433, United States
| | - Michael M Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon , Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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35
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Nakano M. Open-Shell-Character-Based Molecular Design Principles: Applications to Nonlinear Optics and Singlet Fission. CHEM REC 2016; 17:27-62. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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36
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Marshall JL, Uchida K, Frederickson CK, Schütt C, Zeidell AM, Goetz KP, Finn TW, Jarolimek K, Zakharov LN, Risko C, Herges R, Jurchescu OD, Haley MM. Indacenodibenzothiophenes: synthesis, optoelectronic properties and materials applications of molecules with strong antiaromatic character. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5547-5558. [PMID: 28066536 PMCID: PMC5207214 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00950f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Indeno[1,2-b]fluorenes (IFs), while containing 4n π-electrons, are best described as two aromatic benzene rings fused to a weakly paratropic s-indacene core. In this study, we find that replacement of the outer benzene rings of an IF with benzothiophenes allows the antiaromaticity of the central s-indacene to strongly reassert itself. Herein we report a combined synthetic, computational, structural, and materials study of anti- and syn-indacenodibenzothiophenes (IDBTs). We have developed an efficient and scalable synthesis for preparation of a series of aryl- and ethynyl-substituted IDBTs. NICS-XY scans and ACID calculations reveal an increasingly antiaromatic core from [1,2-b]IF to anti-IDBT, with syn-IDBT being nearly as antiaromatic as the parent s-indacene. As an initial evaluation, the intermolecular electronic couplings and electronic band structure of a diethynyl anti-IDBT derivative reveal the potential for hole and / or electron transport. OFETs constructed using this molecule show the highest hole mobilities yet achieved for a fully conjugated IF derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute
, University of Oregon
,
Eugene
, Oregon 97403-1253
, USA
.
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry
, Graduate School of Science
, Osaka University
,
Toyonaka
, Osaka 560-0043
, Japan
| | - Conerd K. Frederickson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute
, University of Oregon
,
Eugene
, Oregon 97403-1253
, USA
.
| | - Christian Schütt
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry
, University of Kiel
,
Otto-Hahn-Platz 4
, Kiel 24098
, Germany
| | - Andrew M. Zeidell
- Department of Physics
, Wake Forest University
,
Winston-Salem
, North Carolina 27109
, USA
| | - Katelyn P. Goetz
- Department of Physics
, Wake Forest University
,
Winston-Salem
, North Carolina 27109
, USA
| | - Tristan W. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research
, University of Kentucky
,
Lexington
, Kentucky 40506
, USA
| | - Karol Jarolimek
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research
, University of Kentucky
,
Lexington
, Kentucky 40506
, USA
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- CAMCOR
, University of Oregon
,
Eugene
, Oregon 97403-1433
, USA
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Applied Energy Research
, University of Kentucky
,
Lexington
, Kentucky 40506
, USA
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institute of Organic Chemistry
, University of Kiel
,
Otto-Hahn-Platz 4
, Kiel 24098
, Germany
| | - Oana D. Jurchescu
- Department of Physics
, Wake Forest University
,
Winston-Salem
, North Carolina 27109
, USA
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute
, University of Oregon
,
Eugene
, Oregon 97403-1253
, USA
.
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37
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Marshall JL, O’Neal NJ, Zakharov LN, Haley MM. Synthesis and Characterization of Two Unsymmetrical Indenofluorene Analogues: Benzo[5,6]-s-indaceno[1,2-b]thiophene and Benzo[5,6]-s-indaceno[2,1-b]thiophene. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3674-80. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. Marshall
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Nathaniel J. O’Neal
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Lev N. Zakharov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - Michael M. Haley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
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