1
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Zhang G, Liu M, Han Y, Wang Z, Liu W, Zhang Y, Xu J. The role of aldehydes on sulfur based-new particle formation: a theoretical study. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13321-13335. [PMID: 38694968 PMCID: PMC11061877 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00952e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aldehydes play a crucial role in the formation of atmospheric particles, attracting significant attention due to their environmental impact. However, the microscopic mechanisms underlying the formation of aldehyde-involved particles remain uncertain. In this study, through quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we investigate the microscopic formation mechanisms of binary and ternary systems composed of three representative aldehydes, two sulfur-based acids, water, and two bases. Our research findings reveal that the most stable structures of acid-aldehyde clusters involve the connection of acids and aldehyde compounds through hydrogen bonds without involving proton transfer reactions, indicating relatively poor cluster stability. However, with the introduction of a third component, the stability of 18 clusters significantly increase. Among these, in ten systems, acids act as catalysts, facilitating reactions between aldehyde compounds and water or alkaline substances to generate glycols and amino alcohols. However, according to MD simulations conducted at 300 K, these acids readily dissociate from the resulting products. In the remaining eight systems, the most stable structural feature involves ion pairs formed by proton transfer reactions between acids and aldehyde compounds. These clusters exhibit remarkable thermodynamic stability. Furthermore, the acidity of the acid, the nature of nucleophilic agents, and the type of aldehyde all play significant roles in cluster stability and reactivity, and they have synergistic effects on the nucleation process. This study offers microscopic insights into the processes of new particle formation involving aldehydes, contributing to a deeper understanding of atmospheric chemistry at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Zhang
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute Jinhua Zhejiang 321013 P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Yaning Han
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Zhongteng Wang
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute Jinhua Zhejiang 321013 P. R. China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering, College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University Hangzhou Zhejiang 311300 P. R. China
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2
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Knattrup Y, Kubečka J, Elm J. Nitric Acid and Organic Acids Suppress the Role of Methanesulfonic Acid in Atmospheric New Particle Formation. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7568-7578. [PMID: 37651638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent atmospheric molecular clusters, typically comprising a combination of acids and bases, play a pivotal role in our climate system and contribute to the perplexing uncertainties embedded in modern climate models. Our understanding of cluster formation is limited by the lack of studies on complex mixed-acid-mixed-base systems. Here, we investigate multicomponent clusters consisting of mixtures of several acid and base molecules: sulfuric acid (SA), methanesulfonic acid (MSA), nitric acid (NA), formic acid (FA), along with methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA). We calculated the binding free energies of a comprehensive set of 252 mixed-acid-mixed-base clusters at the DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ//ωB97X-D/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory. Combined with the existing datasets, we simulated the new particle formation (NPF) rates using the Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code (ACDC). We find that the presence of NA and FA had a substantial impact, increasing the NPF rate by 60% at realistic conditions. Intriguingly, we find that NA and FA suppress the role of MSA in NPF. These findings suggest that even high concentration of MSA has a limited impact on NPF in polluted regions with high FA and NA. We outline a method for generating a lookup table that could potentially be used in climate models that sufficiently incorporates all the required chemistry. By unraveling the molecular mechanisms of mixed-acid-mixed-base clusters, we get one step closer to comprehending their implications for our global climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Knattrup
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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3
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Myllys N. The role of hydration in atmospheric salt particle formation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7394-7400. [PMID: 36843365 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00049d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
New-particle formation from condensable acid and base molecules is a ubiquitous phenomenon in the atmosphere. The role of water in salt particle formation is not fully understood as it can stabilize or destabilize cluster structures, which leads to non-linear effects on cluster formation dynamics. In the studied systems, increased relative humidity can enhance the particle formation for up to four orders of magnitude in the case of nitric acid, but it can also slightly reduce the particle formation in the cases of sulfuric acid and methanesulfonic acid. As the effect of relative humidity in salt particle formation varies many orders of magnitude depending on the acid and base molecules, neglecting hydration or using the same value for different systems may introduce remarkable inaccuracies in large-scale models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Myllys
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland. .,Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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4
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Zhang X, Tan S, Chen X, Yin S. Computational chemistry of cluster: Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric new particle formation at the molecular level. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136109. [PMID: 36007737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF), which exerts significant influence over human health and global climate, has been a hot topic and rapidly expands field of research in the environmental and atmospheric chemistry recent years. Generally, NPF contains two processes: formation of critical nucleus and further growth of the nucleus. However, due to the complexity of the atmospheric nucleation, which is a multicomponent process, formation of critical clusters as well as their growth is still connected to large uncertainties. Detection limits of instruments in measuring specific gaseous aerosol precursors and chemical compositions at the molecular level call for computational studies. Computational chemistry could effectively compensate the deficiency of laboratory experiments as well as observations and predict the nucleation mechanisms. We review the present theoretical literatures that discuss nucleation mechanism of atmospheric clusters. Focus of this review is on different nucleation systems involving sulfur-containing species, nitrogen-containing species and iodine-containing species. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for the molecular interaction of nucleation precursors and reveal nucleation mechanism at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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5
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Harold SE, Bready CJ, Juechter LA, Kurfman LA, Vanovac S, Fowler VR, Mazaleski GE, Odbadrakh TT, Shields GC. Hydrogen-Bond Topology Is More Important Than Acid/Base Strength in Atmospheric Prenucleation Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1718-1728. [PMID: 35235333 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We explored the hypothesis that on the nanoscale level, acids and bases might exhibit different behavior than in bulk solution. Our study system consisted of sulfuric acid, formic acid, ammonia, and water. We calculated highly accurate Domain-based Local pair-Natural Orbital- Coupled-Cluster/Complete Basis Set (DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS) energies on DFT geometries and used the resulting Gibbs free energies for cluster formation to compute the overall equilibrium constants for every possible cluster. The equilibrium constants combined with the initial monomer concentrations were used to predict the formation of clusters at the top and the bottom of the troposphere. Our results show that formic acid is as effective as ammonia at forming clusters with sulfuric acid and water. The structure of formic acid is uniquely suited to form hydrogen bonds with sulfuric acid. Additionally, it can partner with water to form bridges from one side of sulfuric acid to the other, hence demonstrating that hydrogen bonding topology is more important than acid/base strength in these atmospheric prenucleation clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Harold
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Conor J Bready
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Leah A Juechter
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Luke A Kurfman
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Sara Vanovac
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Vance R Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Grace E Mazaleski
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Tuguldur T Odbadrakh
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - George C Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
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6
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Becker D, Heitland J, Carlsson PTM, Elm J, Olenius T, Tödter S, Kharrazizadeh A, Zeuch T. Real-time monitoring of aerosol particle formation from sulfuric acid vapor at elevated concentrations and temperatures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5001-5013. [PMID: 35142769 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04580f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, time-resolved aerosol particle formation from sulfuric acid vapor is examined with special attention to the stabilization of molecular clusters in the early phase of unary nucleation. An important factor governing this process is the amount of condensable acid vapor. Here it is produced from fast gas-phase reactions in a batch-type reaction cell for which we introduce modifications enabling real-time monitoring. The key component for size- and time-resolved detection of ultrafine particles is a new 1 nm-SMPS. With this new tool at hand, the effect of varying the precursor concentration over two orders of magnitude is investigated. We demonstrate the ability to tune between different growth scenarios as indicated by the size-resolved particle traces which exhibit a transition from sigmoidal over quasi-stationary to peak-like shape. The second key parameter relevant for nucleation studies is the temperature-dependent cluster evaporation. Due to a temperature rise during the mixing stage of the experiment, evaporation is strongly promoted in the early phase. Therefore, the present study extends the T-range used in, e.g., smog chambers. We investigate this temperature effect in a kinetic simulation and can successfully combine simulated and measured data for validating theoretical evaporation rates obtained from DLPNO-CCSD(T0)-calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Becker
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jonas Heitland
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | - Jonas Elm
- Aarhus Univerity, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tinja Olenius
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Air Quality Research Unit, Folkborgsvägen 17, SE-601 76 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Sophia Tödter
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Amir Kharrazizadeh
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Zeuch
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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7
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Chen J. Studies on the conformation, thermodynamics, and evaporation rate characteristics of sulfuric acid and amines molecular clusters. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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8
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Kontkanen J, Stolzenburg D, Olenius T, Yan C, Dada L, Ahonen L, Simon M, Lehtipalo K, Riipinen I. What controls the observed size-dependency of the growth rates of sub-10 nm atmospheric particles? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2022; 2:449-468. [PMID: 35694135 PMCID: PMC9119032 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The formation and growth of atmospheric particles involving sulfuric acid and organic vapors is estimated to have significant climate effects. To accurately represent this process in large-scale models, the correct interpretation of the observations on particle growth, especially below 10 nm, is essential. Here, we disentangle the factors governing the growth of sub-10 nm particles in the presence of sulfuric acid and organic vapors, using molecular-resolution cluster population simulations and chamber experiments. We find that observed particle growth rates are determined by the combined effects of (1) the concentrations and evaporation rates of the condensing vapors, (2) particle population dynamics, and (3) stochastic fluctuations, characteristic to initial nucleation. This leads to a different size-dependency of growth rate in the presence of sulfuric acid and/or organic vapors at different concentrations. Specifically, the activation type behavior, resulting in growth rate increasing with the particle size, is observed only at certain vapor concentrations. In our model simulations, cluster–cluster collisions enhance growth rate at high vapor concentrations and their importance is dictated by the cluster evaporation rates, which demonstrates the need for accurate evaporation rate data. Finally, we show that at sizes below ∼2.5–3.5 nm, stochastic effects can importantly contribute to particle population growth. Overall, our results suggest that interpreting particle growth observations with approaches neglecting population dynamics and stochastics, such as with single particle growth models, can lead to the wrong conclusions on the properties of condensing vapors and particle growth mechanisms. A combination of cluster population simulations and chamber experiments was used to disentangle the factors governing the observed growth rates of atmospheric particles.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Kontkanen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tinja Olenius
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Chao Yan
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Lauri Ahonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mario Simon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Tuovinen S, Kontkanen J, Cai R, Kulmala M. Condensation sink of atmospheric vapors: the effect of vapor properties and the resulting uncertainties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2021; 1:543-557. [PMID: 34913038 PMCID: PMC8614186 DOI: 10.1039/d1ea00032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol particles affect the climate and human health. Thus, understanding and accurately quantifying the processes associated with secondary formation of aerosol particles is highly important. The loss rate of vapor to aerosol particles affects the mass balance of that vapor in the atmosphere. The condensation sink (CS) describes the condensation rate of vapor to particles while the effective condensation sink (CSeff) describes the loss rate including both condensation and evaporation of vapor. When the CS is determined, the mass accommodation coefficient (α) is usually assumed to be unity and the condensing vapor is often assumed to be sulfuric acid. In addition, evaporation is assumed to be negligible (CSeff = CS) and the total loss rate of vapor is described by the CS. To study the possible uncertainties resulting from these assumptions, we investigate how vapor properties such as vapor mass and α affect the CS. In addition, the influence of evaporation on the CSeff is evaluated. The CS and CSeff are determined using particle number size distribution data from Beijing, China. Vapors are observed to have differing CSs depending on molecular mass and diffusivity volume and larger molecules are lost at a slower rate. If the condensing vapor is composed, for example, of oxidized organic molecules, which often have larger masses than sulfuric acid molecules, the CS is smaller than for pure sulfuric acid vapor. We find that if α is smaller than unity, the CS can be significantly overestimated if unity is assumed. Evaporation can significantly influence the CSeff for volatile and semi-volatile vapors. Neglecting the evaporation may result in an overestimation of vapor loss rate and hence an underestimation of the fraction of vapor molecules that is left to form clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santeri Tuovinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - Jenni Kontkanen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki Helsinki 00014 Finland .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University Nanjing China.,Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Sciences and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) Beijing China.,Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
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10
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Myllys N, Myers D, Chee S, Smith JN. Molecular properties affecting the hydration of acid-base clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13106-13114. [PMID: 34060578 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01704g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the atmosphere, water in all phases is ubiquitous and plays important roles in catalyzing atmospheric chemical reactions, participating in cluster formation and affecting the composition of aerosol particles. Direct measurements of water-containing clusters are limited because water is likely to evaporate before detection, and therefore, theoretical tools are needed to study hydration in the atmosphere. We have studied thermodynamics and population dynamics of the hydration of different atmospherically relevant base monomers as well as sulfuric acid-base pairs. The hydration ability of a base seems to follow in the order of gas-phase base strength whereas hydration ability of acid-base pairs, and thus clusters, is related to the number of hydrogen binding sites. Proton transfer reactions at water-air interfaces are important in many environmental and biological systems, but a deeper understanding of their mechanisms remain elusive. By studying thermodynamics of proton transfer reactions in clusters containing up to 20 water molecules and a base molecule, we found that that the ability of a base to accept a proton in a water cluster is related to the aqueous-phase basicity. We also studied the second deprotonation reaction of a sulfuric acid in hydrated acid-base clusters and found that sulfate formation is most favorable in the presence of dimethylamine. Molecular properties related to the proton transfer ability in water clusters are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Myllys
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.
| | - Deanna Myers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Sabrina Chee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - James N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92617, USA
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11
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Hyttinen N, Wolf M, Rissanen MP, Ehn M, Peräkylä O, Kurtén T, Prisle NL. Gas-to-Particle Partitioning of Cyclohexene- and α-Pinene-Derived Highly Oxygenated Dimers Evaluated Using COSMO therm. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:3726-3738. [PMID: 33885310 PMCID: PMC8154597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Oxidized
organic compounds are expected to contribute to secondary
organic aerosol (SOA) if they have sufficiently low volatilities.
We estimated saturation vapor pressures and activity coefficients
(at infinite dilution in water and a model water-insoluble organic
phase) of cyclohexene- and α-pinene-derived accretion products,
“dimers”, using the COSMOtherm19 program.
We found that these two property estimates correlate with the number
of hydrogen bond-donating functional groups and oxygen atoms in the
compound. In contrast, when the number of H-bond donors is fixed,
no clear differences are seen either between functional group types
(e.g., OH or OOH as H-bond donors) or the formation mechanisms (e.g.,
gas-phase radical recombination vs liquid-phase closed-shell esterification).
For the cyclohexene-derived dimers studied here, COSMOtherm19 predicts lower vapor pressures than the SIMPOL.1 group-contribution
method in contrast to previous COSMOtherm estimates
using older parameterizations and nonsystematic conformer sampling.
The studied dimers can be classified as low, extremely low, or ultra-low-volatility
organic compounds based on their estimated saturation mass concentrations.
In the presence of aqueous and organic aerosol particles, all of the
studied dimers are likely to partition into the particle phase and
thereby contribute to SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Hyttinen
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matthieu Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti P Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Otso Peräkylä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nønne L Prisle
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.,Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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12
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Kreinbihl JJ, Frederiks NC, Johnson CJ. Hydration motifs of ammonium bisulfate clusters show complex temperature dependence. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:014304. [PMID: 33412869 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of water in the formation of particles from atmospheric trace gases is not well understood, in large part due to difficulties in detecting its presence under atmospheric conditions and the variety of possible structures that must be screened computationally. Here, we use infrared spectroscopy and variable-temperature ion trap mass spectrometry to investigate the structural motifs adopted by water bound to ammonium bisulfate clusters and their temperature dependence. For clusters featuring only acid-base linkages, water adopts a bridging arrangement spanning an adjacent ammonium and bisulfate. For larger clusters, water can also insert into a bisulfate-bisulfate hydrogen bond, yielding hydration isomers with very similar binding energies. The population of these isomers shows a complex temperature evolution, as an apparent third isomer appears with a temperature dependence that is difficult to explain using simple thermodynamic arguments. These observations suggest that the thermodynamics of water binding to atmospheric clusters such as these may not be straightforward.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kreinbihl
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Nicoline C Frederiks
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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13
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Li C, Krohn J, Lippe M, Signorell R. How volatile components catalyze vapor nucleation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd9954. [PMID: 33523884 PMCID: PMC7806218 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gas phase nucleation is a ubiquitous phenomenon in planetary atmospheres and technical processes, yet our understanding of it is far from complete. In particular, the enhancement of nucleation by the addition of a more volatile, weakly interacting gaseous species to a nucleating vapor has escaped molecular-level experimental investigation. Here, we use a specially designed experiment to directly measure the chemical composition and the concentration of nucleating clusters in various binary CO2-containing vapors. Our analysis suggests that CO2 essentially catalyzes nucleation of the low vapor pressure component through the formation of transient, hetero-molecular clusters and thus provides alternative pathways for nucleation to proceed more efficiently. This work opens up new avenues for the quantitative assessment of nucleation mechanisms involving transient species in multicomponent vapors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Krohn
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Lippe
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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14
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Besel V, Kubečka J, Kurtén T, Vehkamäki H. Impact of Quantum Chemistry Parameter Choices and Cluster Distribution Model Settings on Modeled Atmospheric Particle Formation Rates. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5931-5943. [PMID: 32568535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We tested the influence of various parameters on the new particle formation rate predicted for the sulfuric acid-ammonia system using quantum chemistry and cluster distribution dynamics simulations, in our case, Atmospheric Cluster Dynamics Code (ACDC). We found that consistent consideration of the rotational symmetry number of monomers (sulfuric acid and ammonia molecules, and bisulfate and ammonium ions) leads to a significant rise in the predicted particle formation rate, whereas inclusion of the rotational symmetry number of the clusters only changes the results slightly, and only in conditions where charged clusters dominate the particle formation rate. This is because most of the clusters stable enough to participate in new particle formation have a rotational symmetry number of 1, and few exceptions to this rule are positively charged clusters. In contrast, the application of the quasi-harmonic correction for low-frequency vibrational modes tends to generally decrease predicted new particle formation rates and also significantly alters the slope of the formation rate curve plotted against the sulfuric acid concentration, which is a typical convention in atmospheric aerosol science. The impact of the maximum size of the clusters explicitly included in the simulations depends on the simulated conditions. The errors arising from a limited set of clusters are higher for higher evaporation rates, and thus tend to increase with temperature. Similarly, the errors tend to be higher for lower vapor concentrations. The boundary conditions for outgrowing clusters (that are counted as formed particles) have only a small influence on the results, provided that the definition is chemically reasonable and that the set of simulated clusters is sufficiently large. A comparison with data from the Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber and a cluster distribution dynamics model using older quantum chemistry input data shows improved agreement when using our new input data and the proposed combination of symmetry and quasi-harmonic corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitus Besel
- University of Helsinki, Physicum, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jakub Kubečka
- University of Helsinki, Physicum, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- University of Helsinki, Chemicum, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- University of Helsinki, Physicum, Gustaf Hällströmin Katu 2, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Wu H, Li Z, Li H, Luo K, Wang Y, Yan P, Hu F, Zhang F, Sun Y, Shang D, Liang C, Zhang D, Wei J, Wu T, Jin X, Fan X, Cribb M, Fischer ML, Kulmala M, Petäjä T. The impact of the atmospheric turbulence-development tendency on new particle formation: a common finding on three continents. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa157. [PMID: 34691590 PMCID: PMC8288356 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new mechanism of new particle formation (NPF) is investigated using comprehensive measurements of aerosol physicochemical quantities and meteorological variables made in three continents, including Beijing, China; the Southern Great Plains site in the USA; and SMEAR II Station in Hyytiälä, Finland. Despite the considerably different emissions of chemical species among the sites, a common relationship was found between the characteristics of NPF and the stability intensity. The stability parameter (ζ = Z/L, where Z is the height above ground and L is the Monin-Obukhov length) is found to play an important role; it drops significantly before NPF as the atmosphere becomes more unstable, which may serve as an indicator of nucleation bursts. As the atmosphere becomes unstable, the NPF duration is closely related to the tendency for turbulence development, which influences the evolution of the condensation sink. Presumably, the unstable atmosphere may dilute pre-existing particles, effectively reducing the condensation sink, especially at coarse mode to foster nucleation. This new mechanism is confirmed by model simulations using a molecular dynamic model that mimics the impact of turbulence development on nucleation by inducing and intensifying homogeneous nucleation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhanqing Li
- ESSIC and Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 21029, USA
| | - Hanqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Meteorological Observation Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongjie Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chunsheng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoai Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinxin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Maureen Cribb
- ESSIC and Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 21029, USA
| | - Marc L Fischer
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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16
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Carlsson PTM, Celik S, Becker D, Olenius T, Elm J, Zeuch T. Neutral Sulfuric Acid-Water Clustering Rates: Bridging the Gap between Molecular Simulation and Experiment. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4239-4244. [PMID: 32357300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The role of sulfuric acid during atmospheric new particle formation is an ongoing topic of discussion. In this work, we provide quantitative experimental constraints for quantum chemically calculated evaporation rates for the smallest H2SO4-H2O clusters, characterizing the mechanism governing nucleation on a kinetic, single-molecule level. We compare experimental particle size distributions resulting from a highly supersaturated homogeneous H2SO4 gas phase with the results from kinetic simulations employing quantum chemically derived decomposition rates of electrically neutral H2SO4 molecular clusters up to the pentamer at a large range of relative humidities. By using high H2SO4 concentrations, we circumvent the uncertainties concerning contaminants and competing reactions present in studies at atmospheric conditions. We show good agreement between molecular simulation and experimental measurements and provide the first evaluation of theoretical predictions of the stabilization provided by water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip T M Carlsson
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Steven Celik
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Becker
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tinja Olenius
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry & Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Zeuch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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17
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Schmitz G, Elm J. Assessment of the DLPNO Binding Energies of Strongly Noncovalent Bonded Atmospheric Molecular Clusters. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:7601-7612. [PMID: 32280904 PMCID: PMC7144154 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work assesses the performance of DLPNO-CCSD(T0), DLPNO-MP2, and density functional theory methods in calculating the binding energies of a representative test set of 45 atmospheric acid-acid, acid-base, and acid-water dimer clusters. The performance of the approximate methods is compared to high level explicitly correlated CCSD(F12*)(T)/complete basis set (CBS) reference calculations. Out of the tested density functionals, ωB97X-D3(BJ) shows the best performance with a mean deviation of 0.09 kcal/mol and a maximum deviation of 0.83 kcal/mol. The RI-CC2/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z level of theory severely overpredicts the cluster binding energies with a mean deviation of -1.31 kcal/mol and a maximum deviation up to -3.00 kcal/mol. Hence, RI-CC2/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z should not be utilized for studying atmospheric molecular clusters. The DLPNO variants are tested both with and without the inclusion of explicit correlation (F12) in the wavefunction, with different pair natural orbital (PNO) settings (loosePNO, normalPNO, and tightPNO) and using both double and triple zeta basis sets. The performance of the DLPNO-MP2 methods is found to be independent of PNO settings and yield low mean deviations of -0.84 kcal/mol or below. However, DLPNO-MP2 requires explicitly correlated wavefunctions to yield maximum deviations below 1.40 kcal/mol. For obtaining high accuracy, with maximum deviation below ∼1.0 kcal/mol, either DLPNO-CCSD(T0)/aug-cc-pVTZ (normalPNO) calculations or DLPNO-CCSD(T0)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12 (normalPNO) calculations are required. The most accurate level of theory is found to be DLPNO-CCSD(T0)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12 using a tightPNO criterion which yields a mean deviation of 0.10 kcal/mol, with a maximum deviation of 0.20 kcal/mol, compared to the CCSD(F12*)(T)/CBS reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schmitz
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Chemistry and iClimate, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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18
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Chen D, Li D, Wang C, Luo Y, Liu F, Wang W. Atmospheric implications of hydration on the formation of methanesulfonic acid and methylamine clusters: A theoretical study. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125538. [PMID: 31835047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The effect of hydration on the formation mechanism of clusters consisting of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and methylamine (MA) is investigated by quantum chemistry (Density Functional Theory, DFT) and kinetics simulation (Atmospheric Chemical Dynamic Code, ACDC) methods. The results showed that the process of hydration is favorable from the thermodynamic point of view, and the presence of water molecules can promote proton transfer significantly. Although MA has a significant influence on the formation rate of MSA-based clusters at the parts per trillion (ppt) levels, the effective nucleation of MSA-MA anhydrous clusters hardly seems to occur under common typical atmospheric conditions. The high concentrations of precursors ([MSA] > 6 × 107 molecules·cm-3 and [MA] > 1 ppt or [MSA] > 1 × 106 molecules·cm-3 and [MA] > 100 ppt) is necessary for the effective nucleation of the MSA-MA system. The formation rate of the MSA-MA system is enhanced significantly by hydration. The formation rate increases with the relative humidity (RH) and reached up to a factor of 2700 at RH = 40%. The formation mechanism of the hydrous system is different from the anhydrous system. The formation of (MSA)2 and (MSA)(MA) dimers is the rate-determining step of the anhydrous and hydrous systems, respectively. In addition, the growth pathway of clusters was complicated by low temperature and simplified by high humidity, respectively. In general, although humidity is a very favorable factor for the formation of the MSA-MA system, the involvement of other species (such as sulfuric acid) may be more effective to promote the nucleation of the MSA-MA system under typical atmospheric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Chen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Danfeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Changwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yi Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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19
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Ge P, Luo G, Huang W, Xie H, Chen J, Luo Y. Theoretical study of the hydration effects on alkylamine and alkanolamine clusters and the atmospheric implication. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125323. [PMID: 31739252 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amines are important atmospheric nucleation precursors in polluted areas. However, specific roles of various amines in enhancing the stability of pre-nucleation clusters are poorly understood. Herein, different roles of trimethylamine (TMA) and monoethanolamine (MEA) in the formation of sulfuric acid (SA)-based pre-nucleation clusters were investigated. The hydration effects of up to four water (W) molecules on the interaction of the acid-base pairs of (TMA)(SA) and (MEA)(SA) were computationally investigated at the M06-2X/6-311++G (3df, 3pd) level of theory. Results show that the formation thermodynamics of key intermediate clusters are different with amines. Besides, MEA-enhanced formation of pre-nucleation clusters plays an important role in environments with high humidity while TMA may be the dominant nucleation precursors in dry conditions. The concentration of dominant MEA-containing pre-nucleation cluster is at least three orders of magnitude higher than that of TMA and dimethylamine near emission sources at conditions of T = 298.15 K and RH = 60%, indicating that alkanolamine may play an important role in atmospheric nucleation. Furthermore, the hydration of MEA is easier than that of alkylamines. Our results put forward the need to distinguish the performance of different types of amine under specific conditions to better model the new particle formation events in highly polluted areas. Besides, this study indicates that alkanolamines such as MEA are important participator in new particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hongbin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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20
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Perraud V, Xu J, Gerber RB, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Integrated experimental and theoretical approach to probe the synergistic effect of ammonia in methanesulfonic acid reactions with small alkylamines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:305-328. [PMID: 31904037 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While new particle formation events have been observed worldwide, our fundamental understanding of the precursors remains uncertain. It has been previously shown that small alkylamines and ammonia (NH3) are key actors in sub-3 nm particle formation through reactions with acids such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and methanesulfonic acid (CH3S(O)(O)OH, MSA), and that water also plays a role. Because NH3 and amines co-exist in air, we carried out combined experimental and theoretical studies examining the influence of the addition of NH3 on particle formation from the reactions of MSA with methylamine (MA) and trimethylamine (TMA). Experiments were performed in a 1 m flow reactor at 1 atm and 296 K. Measurements using an ultrafine condensation particle counter (CPC) and a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) show that new particle formation was systematically enhanced upon simultaneous addition of NH3 to the MSA + amine binary system, with the magnitude depending on the amine investigated. For the MSA + TMA reaction system, the addition of NH3 at ppb concentrations produced a much greater effect (i.e. order of magnitude more particles) than the addition of ∼12 000 ppm water (corresponding to ∼45-50% relative humidity). The effect of NH3 on the MSA + MA system, which is already very efficient in forming particles on its own, was present but modest. Calculations of energies, partial charges and structures of small cluster models of the multi-component particles likewise suggest synergistic effects due to NH3 in the presence of MSA and amine. The local minimum structures and the interactions involved suggest mechanisms for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Perraud
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. and Institute of Chemistry, The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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21
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Ni S, Bai FY, Pan XM. Can nitrous acid contribute to atmospheric new particle formation from nitric acid and water? NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02992k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The properties of (HNO3)(HONO)(H2O)n (n = 1–6) clusters are reported including thermodynamics, structures, temperature-dependence, intermolecular forces, optical properties, and evaporation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Ni
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
| | - Feng-Yang Bai
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shenyang Normal University
- Shenyang
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Mei Pan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry
- National & Local United Engineering Lab for Power Battery
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
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22
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Shen J, Xie HB, Elm J, Ma F, Chen J, Vehkamäki H. Methanesulfonic Acid-driven New Particle Formation Enhanced by Monoethanolamine: A Computational Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14387-14397. [PMID: 31710478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Amines are recognized as significant enhancing species on methanesulfonic acid (MSA)-driven new particle formation (NPF). Monoethanolamine (MEA) has been detected in the atmosphere, and its concentration could be significantly increased once MEA-based postcombustion CO2 capture technology is widely implemented. Here, we evaluated the enhancing potential of MEA on MSA-driven NPF by examining the formation of MEA-MSA clusters using a combination of quantum chemical calculations and kinetics modeling. The results indicate that the -OH group of MEA can form at least one hydrogen bond with MSA or MEA in all MEA-containing clusters. The enhancing potential of MEA is higher than that of the strongest enhancing agent known so far, methylamine (MA), for MSA-driven NPF. Such high enhancing potential can be ascribed to not only the higher gas-phase basicity but also the role of the additional -OH group of MEA in increasing the binding free energy by forming additional hydrogen bonds. This clarifies the importance of hydrogen-bonding capacity from the nonamino group of amines in enhancing MSA-driven NPF. The main growth pathway for MEA-MSA clusters proceeds via the initial formation of the (MEA)1(MSA)1 cluster, followed by alternately adding one MSA and one MEA molecule, differing from the case of MA-MSA clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiewen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK-8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
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23
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Waller SE, Yang Y, Castracane E, Kreinbihl JJ, Nickson KA, Johnson CJ. Electrospray Ionization-Based Synthesis and Validation of Amine-Sulfuric Acid Clusters of Relevance to Atmospheric New Particle Formation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2267-2277. [PMID: 31506909 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) is the process by which atmospheric trace gases such as sulfuric acid, ammonia, and amines cluster and grow into climatically relevant particles. The mechanism by which these particles form and grow has remained unclear, in large part due to difficulties in obtaining molecular-level information about the clusters as they grow. Mass spectrometry-based methods using electrospray ionization (ESI) as a cluster source have shed light on this process, but the produced cluster distributions have not been rigorously validated against experiments performed in atmospheric conditions. Ionic clusters are produced by ESI of solutions containing the amine and bisulfate or by spraying a sulfuric acid solution and introducing trace amounts of amine gas into the ESI environment. The amine content of clusters can be altered by increasing the amount of amine introduced into the ESI environment, and certain cluster compositions can only be made by the vapor exchange method. Both approaches are found to yield clusters with the same structures. Aminium bisulfate cluster distributions produced in a controlled and isolated ESI environment can be optimized to closely resemble those observed by chemical ionization in the CLOUD chamber at CERN. These studies indicate that clusters generated by ESI are also observed in traditional atmospheric measurements, which puts ESI mass spectrometry-based studies on firmer footing and broadens the scope of traditional mass spectrometry experiments that may be applied to NPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Waller
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Eleanor Castracane
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - John J Kreinbihl
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Kathleen A Nickson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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24
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Ma F, Xie HB, Elm J, Shen J, Chen J, Vehkamäki H. Piperazine Enhancing Sulfuric Acid-Based New Particle Formation: Implications for the Atmospheric Fate of Piperazine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8785-8795. [PMID: 31287292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Piperazine (PZ), a cyclic diamine, is one of 160 detected atmospheric amines and an alternative solvent to the widely used monoethanolamine in post-combustion CO2 capture. Participating in H2SO4 (sulfuric acid, SA)-based new particle formation (NPF) could be an important removal pathway for PZ. Here, we employed quantum chemical calculations and kinetics modeling to evaluate the enhancing potential of PZ on SA-based NPF by examining the formation of PZ-SA clusters. The results indicate that PZ behaves more like a monoamine in stabilizing SA and can enhance SA-based NPF at the parts per trillion (ppt) level. The enhancing potential of PZ is less than that of the chainlike diamine putrescine and greater than that of dimethylamine, which is one of the strongest enhancing agents confirmed by ambient observations and experiments. After the initial formation of the (PZ)1(SA)1 cluster, the cluster mainly grows by gradual addition of SA or PZ monomer, followed by addition of (PZ)1(SA)1 cluster. We find that the ratio of PZ removal by NPF to that by the combination of NPF and oxidations is 0.5-0.97 at 278.15 K. As a result, we conclude that participation in the NPF pathway could significantly alter the environmental impact of PZ compared to only considering oxidation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate , Aarhus University , Langelandsgade 140 , DK- 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Jiewen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
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25
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Zhao F, Feng YJ, Liu YR, Jiang S, Huang T, Wang ZH, Xu CX, Huang W. Enhancement of Atmospheric Nucleation by Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules: A Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5367-5377. [PMID: 31199633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) by gas-particle conversion is the main source of atmospheric aerosols. Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) and sulfuric acid (SA) are important NPF participants. 2-Methylglyceric acid (MGA), a kind of HOMs, is a tracer of isoprene-derived secondary organic aerosols. The nucleation mechanisms of MGA with SA were studied using density functional theory and atmospheric cluster dynamics simulation in this study, along with that of MGA with methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as a comparison. Our theoretical works indicate that the (MGA)(SA) and (MGA)(MSA) clusters are the most stable ones in the (MGA) i(SA) j ( i = 1-2, j = 1-2) and (MGA) i(MSA) j ( i = 1-2, j = 1-2) clusters, respectively. Both the formation rates of (MGA)(SA) and (MGA)(MSA) clusters are quite large and could have significant contributions to NPF. The results imply that the homomolecular nucleation of MGA is unlikely to occur in the atmosphere, and MGA and SA can effectively contribute to heteromolecular nucleation mainly in the form of heterodimers. MSA exhibits properties similar to SA in its ability to form clusters with MGA but is slightly weaker than SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , China.,School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Ya-Juan Feng
- School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Yi-Rong Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Teng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , China
| | - Zi-Hang Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Cai-Xin Xu
- School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Wei Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics & Fine Mechanics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei , Anhui 230031 , China.,School of Information Science and Technology , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China.,Center for Excellent in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen , Fujian 361021 , China
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26
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Ma X, Sun Y, Huang Z, Zhang Q, Wang W. A density functional theory study of the molecular interactions between a series of amides and sulfuric acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:781-790. [PMID: 30296766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Amides, a class of nitrogen-containing organic pollutants in the atmosphere, may affect the formation of atmospheric aerosols by the interactions with sulfuric acid. Here, the molecular interactions of sulfuric acid with formamide, methylformamide, dimethylformamide, acetamide, methylacetamide and dimethylacetamide was investigated by density functional theory. Geometry optimization and Gibbs free energy calculation were carried out at M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level. The results indicate that the addition of amides to H2SO4 might have a promoting effect on atmospheric new particle formation at 298.15 K and 1 atm. In the initial stage of new particle formation, the binding capacity of amides and sulfuric acid is stronger than ammonia, but weaker than methylamine. It is worth noting that the trans-methylacetamide could have similar capabilities of stabilizing sulfuric acid as dimethylamine. In the presence of water, amides are found to only have a weak enhancement capability on new particle formation. In addition, we can infer from evaporation rate that the small molecule clusters of formamide and sulfuric acid may be more energetically favorable than macromolecule clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Yanhui Sun
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Zixiao Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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27
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Yang Y, Johnson CJ. Hydration motifs of ammonium bisulfate clusters of relevance to atmospheric new particle formation. Faraday Discuss 2019; 217:47-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00206a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the binding motifs of water bound to a prototypical cluster containing three ammonium cations and two bisulfate anions using mass-selective vibrational spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
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28
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Yang Y, Waller SE, Kreinbihl JJ, Johnson CJ. Direct Link between Structure and Hydration in Ammonium and Aminium Bisulfate Clusters Implicated in Atmospheric New Particle Formation. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5647-5652. [PMID: 30203654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The acid-base chemistry of amines and sulfuric acid promotes growth in the early stages of atmospheric new particle formation, with more basic amines enhancing growth rates. Hydration of these particles has been proposed to depend on acidity or basicity but is difficult to quantify; therefore, the role of water in this process is not well understood. Using tandem mass spectrometry coupled to a temperature-controlled ion trap, we show that water uptake by aminium bisulfate clusters depends on the total number of free hydrogen bond donors in the cluster and is unaffected by the interchange of amines featuring the same number of substituents but differing gas-phase basicity. Analyzing this trend reveals site-specific propensities for hydration. These results indicate that hydration is determined by structural factors and that reported dependences on acidity or basicity arise from the weaker correlation between the number of hydrogen bond donors of amines and their gas-phase basicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Sarah E Waller
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - John J Kreinbihl
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
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29
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Kildgaard JV, Mikkelsen KV, Bilde M, Elm J. Hydration of Atmospheric Molecular Clusters: A New Method for Systematic Configurational Sampling. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5026-5036. [PMID: 29741906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present a new systematic configurational sampling algorithm for investigating the potential energy surface of hydrated atmospheric molecular clusters. The algorithm is based on creating a Fibonacci sphere around each atom in the cluster and adding water molecules to each point in nine different orientations. For the sampling of water molecules to existing hydrogen bonds, the cluster is displaced along the hydrogen bond, and a water molecule is placed in between in three different orientations. Generated redundant structures are eliminated based on minimizing the root-mean-square distance of different conformers. Initially, the clusters are sampled using the semiempirical PM6 method and subsequently using density functional theory (M06-2X and ωB97X-D) with the 6-31++G(d,p) basis set. Applying the developed algorithm, we study the hydration of sulfuric acid with up to 15 water molecules. We find that the addition of the first four water molecules "saturate" the sulfuric acid molecule and that they are more thermodynamically favorable than the addition of water molecules 5-15. Using the large generated set of conformers, we assess the performance of approximate methods (ωB97X-D, M06-2X, PW91, and PW6B95-D3) in calculating the binding energies and assigning the global minimum conformation compared to high level CCSD(T)-F12a/VDZ-F12 reference calculations. The tested DFT functionals systematically overestimate the binding energies compared to coupled cluster calculations, and we find that this deficiency can be corrected by a simple scaling factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry and iClimate , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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30
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Kumar M, Li H, Zhang X, Zeng XC, Francisco JS. Nitric Acid–Amine Chemistry in the Gas Phase and at the Air–Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6456-6466. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao Cheng Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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31
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Temelso B, Morrison EF, Speer DL, Cao BC, Appiah-Padi N, Kim G, Shields GC. Effect of Mixing Ammonia and Alkylamines on Sulfate Aerosol Formation. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1612-1622. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Berhane Temelso
- Provost’s
Office and Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Elizabeth F. Morrison
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - David L. Speer
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Bobby C. Cao
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Nana Appiah-Padi
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Grace Kim
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - George C. Shields
- Provost’s
Office and Department of Chemistry, Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
- Dean’s
Office, College of Arts and Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
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32
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Xu J, Perraud V, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Gerber RB. Uptake of water by an acid–base nanoparticle: theoretical and experimental studies of the methanesulfonic acid–methylamine system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22249-22259. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03634a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Uptake of water by nanoparticles composed by methanesulfonic acid and methylamine using a combination of theoretical calculations and laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
| | | | | | - R. Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
- Institute of Chemistry
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33
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Xu J, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Gerber RB. Nanoparticles grown from methanesulfonic acid and methylamine: microscopic structures and formation mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:31949-31957. [PMID: 29177355 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06489f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of particle formation and growth in the atmosphere are of great interest due to their impacts on climate, health and visibility. However, the microscopic structures and related properties of the smallest nanoparticles are not known. In this paper we pursue computationally a microscopic description for the formation and growth of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and methylamine (MA) particles under dry conditions. Energetic and dynamics simulations were used to assess the stabilities of proposed model structures for these particles. Density functional theory (DFT) and semi-empirical (PM3) calculations suggest that (MSA-MA)4 is a major intermediate in the growth process, with the dissociation energies, enthalpies and free energies indicating considerable stability for this cluster. Dynamics simulations show that this species is stable for at least 100 ps at temperatures up to 500 K, well above atmospheric temperatures. In order to reach experimentally detectable sizes (>1.4 nm), continuing growth is suggested to occur via clustering of (MSA-MA)4. The dimer (MSA-MA)4(MSA-MA)4 may be one of the smaller experimentally measured particles. Step by step addition of MSA to (MSA-MA)4, is also a likely potential growth mechanism when MSA is excess. In addition, an MSA-MA crystal is predicted to exist. These studies demonstrate that computations of particle structure and dynamics in the nano-size range can be useful for molecular level understanding of processes that grow clusters into detectable particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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34
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Elm J. Elucidating the Limiting Steps in Sulfuric Acid–Base New Particle Formation. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8288-8295. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Elm
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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35
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Xie HB, Elm J, Halonen R, Myllys N, Kurtén T, Kulmala M, Vehkamäki H. Atmospheric Fate of Monoethanolamine: Enhancing New Particle Formation of Sulfuric Acid as an Important Removal Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8422-8431. [PMID: 28651044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Monoethanolamine (MEA), a potential atmospheric pollutant from the capture unit of a leading CO2 capture technology, could be removed by participating H2SO4-based new particle formation (NPF) as simple amines. Here we evaluated the enhancing potential of MEA on H2SO4-based NPF by examining the formation of molecular clusters of MEA and H2SO4 using combined quantum chemistry calculations and kinetics modeling. The results indicate that MEA at the parts per trillion (ppt) level can enhance H2SO4-based NPF. The enhancing potential of MEA is less than that of dimethylamine (DMA), one of the strongest enhancing agents, and much greater than methylamine (MA), in contrast to the order suggested solely by their basicity (MEA < MA < DMA). The unexpectedly high enhancing potential is attributed to the role of -OH of MEA in increasing cluster binding free energies by acting as both a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor. After the initial formation of one H2SO4 and one MEA cluster, the cluster growth mainly proceeds by first adding one H2SO4, and then one MEA, which differs from growth pathways in H2SO4-DMA and H2SO4-MA systems. Importantly, the effective removal rate of MEA due to participation in NPF is comparable to that of oxidation by hydroxyl radicals at 278.15 K, indicating NPF as an important sink for MEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roope Halonen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Hanson DR, Bier I, Panta B, Jen CN, McMurry PH. Computational Fluid Dynamics Studies of a Flow Reactor: Free Energies of Clusters of Sulfuric Acid with NH3 or Dimethyl Amine. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3976-3990. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Hanson
- Augsburg College, Minneapolis Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - I. Bier
- Augsburg College, Minneapolis Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - B. Panta
- Augsburg College, Minneapolis Minnesota 55454, United States
| | - C. N. Jen
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - P. H. McMurry
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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37
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Xu J, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Gerber RB. Proton Transfer in Mixed Clusters of Methanesulfonic Acid, Methylamine, and Oxalic Acid: Implications for Atmospheric Particle Formation. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2377-2385. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | | | - R. Benny Gerber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Institute
of Chemistry, Fritz Haber Research Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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38
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Chen H, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. New Particle Formation from Methanesulfonic Acid and Amines/Ammonia as a Function of Temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:243-252. [PMID: 27935699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that methanesulfonic acid (MSA) reacts with amines and ammonia to form particles, which is expected to be particularly important in coastal and agricultural areas. We present the first systematic study of temperature dependence of particle formation from the reactions of MSA with trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), methylamine (MA), and ammonia over the range of 21-28 °C and 0.4-5.9 s in a flow reactor under dry conditions and in the presence of 3 × 1017 cm-3 water vapor. Overall activation energies (Eoverall) for particle formation calculated from the dependence of rates of particle formation on temperature for all of these bases are negative. The negative Eoverall is interpreted in terms of reverse reactions that decompose intermediate clusters in competition with the forward reactions that grow the clusters into particles. The average values of Eoverall for the formation of detectable particles are: TMA, -(168 ± 19) kcal mol-1; DMA, -(134 ± 30) kcal mol-1; MA, -(68 ± 23) kcal mol-1; NH3, -(110 ± 16) kcal mol-1 (±1σ). The strong inverse dependence of particle formation with temperature suggests that particle formation may not decline proportionally with concentrations of MSA and amines if temperature also decreases, for example at higher altitudes or in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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39
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Arquero KD, Xu J, Gerber RB, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Particle formation and growth from oxalic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trimethylamine and water: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:28286-28301. [PMID: 29028063 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04468b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combined experimental-theoretical study on the effect of oxalic acid on particle formation and growth from the reaction of MSA with trimethylamine in the absence and presence of water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
- Institute of Chemistry
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40
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Partanen L, Vehkamäki H, Hansen K, Elm J, Henschel H, Kurtén T, Halonen R, Zapadinsky E. Effect of Conformers on Free Energies of Atmospheric Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8613-8624. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Partanen
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaff Hällströmin
katu 2a), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Klavs Hansen
- Tianjin
International Center of Nanoparticles and Nanosystems, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai district, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Department
of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaff Hällströmin
katu 2a), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henning Henschel
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaff Hällströmin
katu 2a), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Laboratory
of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Roope Halonen
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaff Hällströmin
katu 2a), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Evgeni Zapadinsky
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaff Hällströmin
katu 2a), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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