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Nulakani NVR, Ali MA. Unveiling the chemical kinetics of aminomethanol (NH 2CH 2OH): insights into O . H and O 2 photo-oxidation reactions and formamide dominance. Front Chem 2024; 12:1407355. [PMID: 38873406 PMCID: PMC11169873 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1407355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Aminomethanol is released into the atmosphere through various sources, including biomass burning. In this study, we have expounded the chemical kinetics of aminomethanol in the reaction pathways initiated by the hydroxyl radical (O ˙ H) with the aid of ab initio//density functional theory (DFT) i.e., coupled-cluster theory (CCSD(T))//hybrid-DFT (M06-2X/6-311++G (3df, 3pd). We have explored various possible directions of theO ˙ H radical on aminomethanol, as well as the formation of distinct pre-reactive complexes. Our computational findings reveal that the H transfer necessitates activation energies ranging from 4.1 to 6.5 kcal/mol from the -CH2 group, 3.5-6.5 kcal/mol from the -NH2 group and 7-9.3 kcal/mol from the -OH group of three rotational conformers. The H transfer from -CH2, -NH2 and -OH exhibits an estimated total rate constant (k OH) of approximately 1.97 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 300 K. The branching fraction analysis indicates a pronounced dominance of C-centered NH2C ˙ HOH radicals with a favorability of 77%, surpassing the N-centeredN ˙ HCH2OH (20%) and O-centered NH2CH2O ˙ (3%) radicals. Moreover, our investigation delves into the oxidation of the prominently favored carbon-centered NH2C ˙ HOH radical through its interaction with atmospheric oxygen molecules. Intriguingly, our findings reveal that formamide (NH2CHO) emerges as the predominant product in the NH2C ˙ HOH + 3O2 reaction, eclipsing alternative outcomes such as amino formic acid (NH2COOH) and formimidic acid (HN = C(H)-OH). At atmospheric conditions pertinent to the troposphere, the branching fraction value for the formation of formamide is about 99%, coupled with a rate constant of 5.5 × 10-12 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Finally, we have scrutinized the detrimental impact of formamide on the atmosphere. Interaction of formamide with atmospheric hydroxyl radicals could give rise to the production of potentially perilous compounds such as HNCO. Further, unreactedN ˙ HCH2OH radicals may initiate the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines when reacting with trace N-oxides (namely, NO and NO2). This, in turn, escalates the environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad Akbar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for the Catalyst and Separations, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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2
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Zhang X, Tan S, Chen X, Yin S. Computational chemistry of cluster: Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric new particle formation at the molecular level. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136109. [PMID: 36007737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF), which exerts significant influence over human health and global climate, has been a hot topic and rapidly expands field of research in the environmental and atmospheric chemistry recent years. Generally, NPF contains two processes: formation of critical nucleus and further growth of the nucleus. However, due to the complexity of the atmospheric nucleation, which is a multicomponent process, formation of critical clusters as well as their growth is still connected to large uncertainties. Detection limits of instruments in measuring specific gaseous aerosol precursors and chemical compositions at the molecular level call for computational studies. Computational chemistry could effectively compensate the deficiency of laboratory experiments as well as observations and predict the nucleation mechanisms. We review the present theoretical literatures that discuss nucleation mechanism of atmospheric clusters. Focus of this review is on different nucleation systems involving sulfur-containing species, nitrogen-containing species and iodine-containing species. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for the molecular interaction of nucleation precursors and reveal nucleation mechanism at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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3
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Yang B, Wang S, Wang L. Rapid Gas-Phase Autoxidation of Nicotine in the Atmosphere. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6495-6501. [PMID: 36069732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is the most abundant alkaloid chemical in smoke emission. In this work, we investigated the gas-phase oxidation mechanism of nicotine initiated by its reactions with the OH radical and ozone. Both initiation reactions start dominantly by hydrogen atom abstractions from the C1, C3, and -CH3 groups of the methylpyrrolidinyl group and form radicals nicotinyl-1, nicotinyl-3, and nicotinyl-6, respectively. The nicotinyl radicals would recombine rapidly with O2, forming RO2 with rapid intramolecular hydrogen-atom transfers (HATs) with rate coefficients from 4 s-1 to greater than 104 s-1. The rapid HATs in peroxy radicals suggest rapid autoxidation of nicotine in the gas phase. Formation of HCNO and HC(O)NH2, being observed in previous studies, arises likely from secondary reactions or photolysis of intermediate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiran Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Sainan Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Wang Z, Yuan B, Ye C, Roberts J, Wisthaler A, Lin Y, Li T, Wu C, Peng Y, Wang C, Wang S, Yang S, Wang B, Qi J, Wang C, Song W, Hu W, Wang X, Xu W, Ma N, Kuang Y, Tao J, Zhang Z, Su H, Cheng Y, Wang X, Shao M. High Concentrations of Atmospheric Isocyanic Acid (HNCO) Produced from Secondary Sources in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11818-11826. [PMID: 32876440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanic acid (HNCO) is a potentially toxic atmospheric pollutant, whose atmospheric concentrations are hypothesized to be linked to adverse health effects. An earlier model study estimated that concentrations of isocyanic acid in China are highest around the world. However, measurements of isocyanic acid in ambient air have not been available in China. Two field campaigns were conducted to measure isocyanic acid in ambient air using a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) in two different environments in China. The ranges of mixing ratios of isocyanic acid are from below the detection limit (18 pptv) to 2.8 ppbv (5 min average) with the average value of 0.46 ppbv at an urban site of Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in fall and from 0.02 to 2.2 ppbv with the average value of 0.37 ppbv at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) during wintertime, respectively. These concentrations are significantly higher than previous measurements in North America. The diurnal variations of isocyanic acid are very similar to secondary pollutants (e.g., ozone, formic acid, and nitric acid) in PRD, indicating that isocyanic acid is mainly produced by secondary formation. Both primary emissions and secondary formation account for isocyanic acid in the NCP. The lifetime of isocyanic acid in a lower atmosphere was estimated to be less than 1 day due to the high apparent loss rate caused by deposition at night in PRD. Based on the steady state analysis of isocyanic acid during the daytime, we show that amides are unlikely enough to explain the formation of isocyanic acid in Guangzhou, calling for additional precursors for isocyanic acid. Our measurements of isocyanic acid in two environments of China provide important constraints on the concentrations, sources, and sinks of this pollutant in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chenshuo Ye
- State Joint Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - James Roberts
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Armin Wisthaler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Yi Lin
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Tiange Li
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Caihong Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuwen Peng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chaomin Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Sihang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Suxia Yang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jipeng Qi
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorology Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangchuan Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhanyi Zhang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hang Su
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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Ugelow MS, Berry JL, Browne EC, Tolbert MA. The Impact of Molecular Oxygen on Anion Composition in a Hazy Archean Earth Atmosphere. ASTROBIOLOGY 2020; 20:658-669. [PMID: 32159384 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2019.2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric organic hazes are common in planetary bodies in our solar system and likely exoplanet atmospheres as well. In addition, geochemical data support the existence of an organic haze in the early Earth's atmosphere. Much of what is known about organic haze formation derives from studies of Saturn's moon Titan. It is believed that on Titan ions play an important role in haze formation. It is possible, by using Titan as an analog for the Archean Earth, to consider that an Archean haze could have formed by similar processes. Here, we examine the anion chemistry that occurs during laboratory simulations of early Earth haze formation and measure the composition of gaseous anions as a function of O2 mixing ratio. Gaseous anion composition and relative abundances are measured by an atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer and are compared to previous photochemical haze mass loading measurements. Numerous anions are observed spanning from mass-to-charge ratio 26 to 246, with a majority of the identified anions containing carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and/or oxygen. A shift in the anion composition occurs with increasing the precursor O2 mixing ratio. With 0-20 ppmv O2 in CH4/CO2/N2 mixtures, ions contain mostly organic nitrogen, with CNO- being the most intense ion peak. As the precursor O2 is increased to 200 and 2000 ppmv, inorganic nitrogen ions become the dominant chemical group, with NO3- having the most intense ion signal. The clear shift in the ionic composition could be indicative of a modification to the gas-phase chemistry that occurs in the transition from an anoxic atmosphere to an oxygen-containing atmosphere, with potential astrobiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Ugelow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
- Now at Astrochemistry Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland
- University Space Research Association, Columbia, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Eleanor C Browne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Margaret A Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado
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Hems RF, Wang C, Collins DB, Zhou S, Borduas-Dedekind N, Siegel JA, Abbatt JPD. Sources of isocyanic acid (HNCO) indoors: a focus on cigarette smoke. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1334-1341. [PMID: 30976776 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sources and sinks of isocyanic acid (HNCO), a toxic gas, in indoor environments are largely uncharacterized. In particular, cigarette smoke has been identified as a significant source. In this study, controlled smoking of tobacco cigarettes was investigated in both an environmental chamber and a residence in Toronto, Canada using an acetate-CIMS. The HNCO emission ratio from side-stream cigarette smoke was determined to be 2.7 (±1.1) × 10-3 ppb HNCO/ppb CO. Side-stream smoke from a single cigarette introduced a large pulse of HNCO to the indoor environment, increasing the HNCO mixing ratio by up to a factor of ten from background conditions of 0.15 ppb. Although there was no evidence for photochemical production of HNCO from cigarette smoke in the residence, it was observed in the environmental chamber via oxidation by the hydroxyl radical (1.1 × 107 molecules per cm3), approximately doubling the HNCO mixing ratio after 30 minutes of oxidation. Oxidation of cigarette smoke by O3 (15 ppb = 4.0 × 1017 molecules per cm3) and photo-reaction with indoor fluorescent lights did not produce HNCO. By studying the temporal profiles of both HNCO and CO after smoking, it is inferred that gas-to-surface partitioning of HNCO acts as an indoor loss pathway. Even in the absence of smoking, the indoor HNCO mixing ratios in the Toronto residence were elevated compared to concurrent outdoor measurements by approximately a factor of two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F Hems
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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7
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Leslie MD, Ridoli M, Murphy JG, Borduas-Dedekind N. Isocyanic acid (HNCO) and its fate in the atmosphere: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:793-808. [PMID: 30968101 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanic acid (HNCO) has recently been identified in ambient air at potentially concerning concentrations for human health. Since its first atmospheric detection, significant progress has been made in understanding its sources and sinks. The chemistry of HNCO is governed by its partitioning between the gas and liquid phases, its weak acidity, its high solubility at pH above 5, and its electrophilic chemical behaviour. The online measurement of HNCO in ambient air is possible due to recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques, including chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the detection of weak acids. To date, HNCO has been measured in North America, Europe and South Asia as well as outdoors and indoors, with mixing ratios up to 10s of ppbv. The sources of HNCO include: (1) fossil fuel combustion such as coal, gasoline and diesel, (2) biomass burning such as wildfires and crop residue burning, (3) secondary photochemical production from amines and amides, (4) cigarette smoke, and (5) combustion of materials in the built environment. Then, three losses processes can occur: (1) gas phase photochemistry, (2) heterogenous uptake and hydrolysis, and (3) dry deposition. HNCO lifetimes with respect to photolysis and OH radical oxidation are on the order of months to decades. Consequently, the removal of HNCO from the atmosphere is thought to occur predominantly by dry deposition and by heterogeneous uptake followed by hydrolysis to NH3 and CO2. A back of the envelope calculation reveals that HNCO is an insignificant global source of NH3, contributing only around 1%, but could be important for local environments. Furthermore, HNCO can react due to its electrophilic behaviour with various nucleophilic functionalities, including those present in the human body through a reaction called protein carbamoylation. This protein modification can lead to toxicity, and thus exposure to high concentrations of HNCO can lead to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, as well as cataracts. In this critical review, we outline our current understanding of the atmospheric fate of HNCO and its potential impacts on outdoor and indoor air quality. We also call attention to the need for toxicology studies linking HNCO exposure to health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael David Leslie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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8
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Kiss B, Picaud S, Szőri M, Jedlovszky P. Adsorption of Formamide at the Surface of Amorphous and Crystalline Ices under Interstellar and Tropospheric Conditions. A Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation Study. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2935-2948. [PMID: 30839213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of formamide is studied both at the surface of crystalline (Ih) ice at 200 K and at the surface of low density amorphous (LDA) ice in the temperature range of 50-200 K by grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation. These systems are characteristic of the upper troposphere and of the interstellar medium (ISM), respectively. Our results reveal that while no considerable amount of formamide is dissolved in the bulk ice phase in any case, the adsorption of formamide at the ice surface under these conditions is a very strongly preferred process, which has to be taken into account when studying the chemical reactivity in these environments. The adsorption is found to lead to the formation of multimolecular adsorption layer, the occurrence of which somewhat precedes the saturation of the first molecular layer. Due to the strong lateral interaction acting between the adsorbed formamide molecules, the adsorption isotherm does not follow the Langmuir shape. Adsorption is found to be slightly stronger on LDA than Ih ice under identical thermodynamic conditions, due to the larger surface area exposed to the adsorption. Indeed, the monomolecular adsorption capacity of the LDA and Ih ice surfaces is found to be 10.5 ± 0.7 μmol/m2 and 9.4 μmol/m2, respectively. The first layer formamide molecules are very strongly bound to the ice surface, forming typically four hydrogen bonds with each other and the surface water molecules. The heat of adsorption at infinitely low surface coverage is found to be -105.6 kJ/mol on Ih ice at 200 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Kiss
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Miskolc , Egyetemváros A/2 , H-3515 Miskolc , Hungary.,University of Lille, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, LASIR (UMR CNRS 8516), 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq , France
| | - Sylvain Picaud
- Institut UTINAM (CNRS UMR 6213), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray , F-25030 Besançon , France
| | - Milán Szőri
- Institute of Chemistry , University of Miskolc , Egyetemváros A/2 , H-3515 Miskolc , Hungary
| | - Pál Jedlovszky
- Department of Chemistry , Eszterházy Károly University , Leányka u. 6 , H-3300 Eger , Hungary
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Ge P, Luo G, Luo Y, Huang W, Xie H, Chen J. A molecular-scale study on the hydration of sulfuric acid-amide complexes and the atmospheric implication. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:453-462. [PMID: 30245222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Amides are ubiquitous in atmosphere. However, the role of amides in new particle formation (NPF) is poorly understood. Herein, the interaction of urea and formamide with sulfuric acid (SA) and up to four water (W) molecules has been studied at the M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory. The structures and properties of (Formamide)(SA)(W)n (n = 0-4) and (Urea)(SA)(W)n (n = 0-4) clusters were investigated. Results show that the interaction of SA with the CO group of amides plays a more important role in amide clusters compared with the NH2 group. Proton transfer to water molecule become dominant in highly hydrated amide clusters at lower temperatures. There is no proton transfer to CO group in formamide clusters. The Rayleigh light scattering intensities of amide clusters are comparable to that of amine and oxalic acid clusters reported previously. Moreover, unhydrated (Amide)(SA) clusters have similar or even higher ability than hydrated SA clusters to participate in ion-induced nucleation. In comparison with formamide, urea has more interacting sites and its clusters have higher Rayleigh light scattering intensities, larger dipole moment, stronger interaction with SA and lower water affinity. The intermolecular interaction in (Formamide)(SA) is slightly weaker than that of SA dimer, which may be compensated by the high concentration of formamide, thus enabling formamide to participate in initial steps of NPF. This study may bring new insight into the role of amides in initial steps of NPF from molecular scale and could help better understand the properties of amide-containing organic aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Gen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Environmental Science & Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hongbin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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10
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Butkovskaya NI, Setser DW. Infrared Chemiluminescence Study of the Reaction of Hydroxyl Radical with Formamide and the Secondary Unimolecular Reaction of Chemically Activated Carbamic Acid. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:3735-3746. [PMID: 29614222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of OH and OD radicals with NH2CHO and ND2CHO were studied by Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy of the product molecules from a fast-flow reactor at 298 K. Vibrational distributions of the HOD and H2O molecules from the primary reactions with the C-H bond were obtained by computer simulation of the emission spectra. The vibrational distributions resemble those for other direct H atom abstraction reactions, such as with acetaldehyde. The highest observed level gives an estimate of the C-H bond dissociation energy in formamide of 90.5 ± 1.3 kcal mol-1. Observation of CO2, ammonia, and secondary water chemiluminescence gave evidence that recombination of OH and NH2CO forms carbamic acid (NH2COOH) with excitation energy of 103 kcal mol-1, which decomposes through two pathways forming either NH3 + CO2 or H2O + HNCO. The branching fraction for ammonia formation was estimated to be 2-3 times larger than formation of water. This observation was confirmed by RRKM calculation of the decomposition rate constants. A new simulation method was developed to analyze infrared emission from NH3, NH2D, ND2H, and ND3. Dynamical aspects of the primary and secondary reactions are discussed based on the vibrational distributions of CO2 and those of H/D isotopes of water and ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Butkovskaya
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - D W Setser
- Department of Chemistry , Kansas State University , Manhattan , Kansas 66506 , United States
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Sarkar S, Mallick S, Kumar P, Bandyopadhyay B. Ammonolysis of ketene as a potential source of acetamide in the troposphere: a quantum chemical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13437-13447. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01650j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations at the CCSD(T)/CBS//MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ levels of theory have been carried out to investigate a potential new source of acetamide in Earth's atmosphere through the ammonolysis of the simplest ketene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry
- Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur
- Jaipur
- India
| | - Subhasish Mallick
- Department of Chemistry
- Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur
- Jaipur
- India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur
- Jaipur
- India
| | - Biman Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry
- Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur
- Jaipur
- India
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12
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Yuan B, Koss AR, Warneke C, Coggon M, Sekimoto K, de Gouw JA. Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry: Applications in Atmospheric Sciences. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13187-13229. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yuan
- Institute
for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Abigail R. Koss
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Matthew Coggon
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kanako Sekimoto
- Chemical
Sciences Division, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Graduate
School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Joost A. de Gouw
- Cooperative
Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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13
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Jankowski MJ, Olsen R, Thomassen Y, Molander P. Comparison of air samplers for determination of isocyanic acid and applicability for work environment exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1075-1085. [PMID: 28762425 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00174f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Isocyanic acid (ICA) is one of the most abundant isocyanates formed during thermal decomposition of polyurethane (PUR), and other nitrogen containing polymers. Hot-work, such as flame cutting, forging, grinding, turning and welding may give rise to thermal decomposition of said polymers potentially forming significant amounts of ICA. A newly launched dry denuder sampler for airborne isocyanates using di-n-butylamine (DBA) demonstrated build-up of background ICA-DBA over time. Build-up of background ICA-DBA was not observed when stored at inert conditions (Ar atmosphere) for 84 days. Thus, freshly prepared denuders were used. The sampling efficiency of ICA using freshly prepared denuder samplers (0.2 L min-1), impinger + filter samplers (0.5 L min-1) using DBA and 1-(2-methoxyphenyl) piperazine (2MP)-impregnated filter cassette samplers (1 L min-1) was investigated. PTR-MS measurements of ICA were used as a quantitative reference. Dynamically generated standard ICA atmospheres covered the range 5.6 to 640 ppb at absolute humidities (AH) 4.0 and 16 g m-3. Recovered ICA was found to be 73-115% (denuder), 89-115% (impinger + filter) and 62-100% (2MP filter cassette). The method limit of detection (LOD) was equal to an amount of ICA of 24 ng (denuder), 8.9 ng (impinger + filter) and 9.4 ng (2MP filter cassette). The PTR-MS LOD for ICA was 1.8 and 2.8 ppb in atmospheres with an AH of 4 and 16 g m-3. Denuder samplers were used for personal (n = 176) and stationary (n = 31) air sampling during hot-work at six industrial sites (n = 23 workers). ICA was detected above method LOD in 66% and 58% of the personal and stationary samples, respectively. ICA workroom air concentrations were determined to be 1.8-320 ppb (median 12 ppb) (personal samples), and 1.5-44 ppb (median 6.6 ppb) (stationary samples).
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14
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Zhao H, Tang S, Xu X, Du L. Hydrogen Bonding Interaction between Atmospheric Gaseous Amides and Methanol. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 18:ijms18010004. [PMID: 28042825 PMCID: PMC5297639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Amides are important atmospheric organic–nitrogen compounds. Hydrogen bonded complexes of methanol (MeOH) with amides (formamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetamide, N-methylacetamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide) have been investigated. The carbonyl oxygen of the amides behaves as a hydrogen bond acceptor and the NH group of the amides acts as a hydrogen bond donor. The dominant hydrogen bonding interaction occurs between the carbonyl oxygen and the OH group of methanol as well as the interaction between the NH group of amides and the oxygen of methanol. However, the hydrogen bonds between the CH group and the carbonyl oxygen or the oxygen of methanol are also important for the overall stability of the complexes. Comparable red shifts of the C=O, NH- and OH-stretching transitions were found in these MeOH–amide complexes with considerable intensity enhancement. Topological analysis shows that the electron density at the bond critical points of the complexes fall in the range of hydrogen bonding criteria, and the Laplacian of charge density of the O–H∙∙∙O hydrogen bond slightly exceeds the upper value of the Laplacian criteria. The energy decomposition analysis further suggests that the hydrogen bonding interaction energies can be mainly attributed to the electrostatic, exchange and dispersion components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Shanshan Tang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiang Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Road 700, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China.
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Shanda South Road 27, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China.
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15
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Borduas N, Abbatt JPD, Murphy JG, So S, da Silva G. Gas-Phase Mechanisms of the Reactions of Reduced Organic Nitrogen Compounds with OH Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11723-11734. [PMID: 27690404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on the fate of reduced organic nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere has gained momentum since the identification of their crucial role in particle nucleation and the scale up of carbon capture and storage technology which employs amine-based solvents. Reduced organic nitrogen compounds have strikingly different lifetimes against OH radicals, from hours for amines to days for amides to years for isocyanates, highlighting unique functional group reactivity. In this work, we use ab initio methods to investigate the gas-phase mechanisms governing the reactions of amines, amides, isocyanates and carbamates with OH radicals. We determine that N-H abstraction is only a viable mechanistic pathway for amines and we identify a reactive pathway in amides, the formyl C-H abstraction, not currently considered in structure-activity relationship (SAR) models. We then use our acquired mechanistic knowledge and tabulated literature experimental rate coefficients to calculate SAR factors for reduced organic nitrogen compounds. These proposed SAR factors are an improvement over existing SAR models because they predict the experimental rate coefficients of amines, amides, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, carbamates and thiocarbamates with OH radicals within a factor of 2, but more importantly because they are based on a sound fundamental mechanistic understanding of their reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Borduas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jennifer G Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sui So
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gabriel da Silva
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010, Australia
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