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Meta M, Huber ME, Birk M, Wedele M, Ončák M, Meyer J. Dynamics of carbene formation in the reaction of methane with the tantalum cation in the gas phase. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 38764361 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00171g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The controlled activation of methane has drawn significant attention throughout various disciplines over the last few decades. In gas-phase experiments, the use of model systems with reduced complexity compared to condensed-phase catalytic systems allows us to investigate the intrinsic reactivity of elementary reactions down to the atomic level. Methane is rather inert in chemical reactions, as the weakening or cleavage of a C-H bond is required to make use of methane as C1-building block. The simplest model system for transition-metal-based catalysts is a mono-atomic metal ion. Only a few atomic transition-metal cations activate methane at room temperature. One of the most efficient elements is tantalum, which forms a carbene and releases molecular hydrogen in the reaction with methane: Ta+ + CH4 → TaCH2+ + H2. The reaction takes place at room temperature due to efficient intersystem crossing from the quintet to the triplet surface, i.e., from the electronic ground state of the tantalum cation to the triplet ground state of the tantalum carbene. This multi-state reactivity is often seen for reactions involving transition-metal centres, but leads to their theoretical treatment being a challenge even today. Chemical reactions, or to be precise reactive collisions, are dynamic processes making their description even more of a challenge to experiment and theory alike. Experimental energy- and angle-differential cross sections allow us to probe the rearrangement of atoms during a reactive collision. By interpreting the scattering signatures, we gain insight into the atomistic mechanisms and can move beyond stationary descriptions. Here, we present a study combining collision energy dependent experimentally measured differential cross sections with ab initio calculations of the minimum energy pathway. Product ion velocity distributions were recorded using our crossed-beam velocity map imaging experiment dedicated to studying transition-metal ion molecule reactions. TaCH2+ velocity distributions reveal a significant degree of indirect dynamics. However, the scattering distributions also show signatures of rebound dynamics. We compare the present results to the oxygen transfer reaction between Ta+ and carbon dioxide, which we recently studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Meta
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Maximilian E Huber
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Maurice Birk
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Martin Wedele
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ionenenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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2
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Wensink FJ, Smink CE, Stevenson BC, Steele RP, Bakker JM, Armentrout PB. IR spectroscopic characterization of [M,C,2H] + (M = Ru and Rh) products formed by reacting 4d transition metal cations with oxirane: Spectroscopic evidence for multireference character in RhCH 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11445-11458. [PMID: 38572552 PMCID: PMC11022548 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
A combination of infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations was employed to investigate the [M,C,2H]+ (M = Ru and Rh) species. These ions were formed by reacting laser ablated M+ ions with oxirane (ethylene oxide, c-C2H4O) in a room-temperature ion trap. IRMPD spectra for the Ru species exhibit one major band and two side bands, whereas spectra for the Rh species contain more distinct bands. Comparison with density functional theory (DFT), coupled-cluster (CCSD), and equation-of-motion spin-flip CCSD (EOM-SF-CCSD) calculations allows assignment of the [M,C,2H]+ structures. For the spectrum of [Ru,C,2H]+, a combination of HRuCH+ and RuCH2+ structures reproduces the observed spectrum at all levels of theory. The well-resolved spectrum of [Rh,C,2H]+ could not be assigned unambiguously to any calculated structure using DFT approaches. The EOM-SF-CCSD calculations showed that the ground-state surface has multireference electronic character, and symmetric carbenes in both the 1A1 and 3A2 states are needed to reproduce the observed spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Wensink
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Corry E Smink
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Brandon C Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
| | - Ryan P Steele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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3
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Wensink FJ, Smink CE, Armentrout PB, Bakker JM. IR spectroscopic characterization of 3d transition metal carbene cations, FeCH 2+ and CoCH 2+: periodic trends and a challenge for DFT approaches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9948-9962. [PMID: 38497938 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
A combination of IR multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations was employed to investigate the [M,C,2H]+ (M = Fe and Co) species. These were formed by reacting laser ablated M+ ions with oxirane (ethylene oxide, c-C2H4O) in a room temperature ion trap. IRMPD spectra for the Fe and Co species are very similar and exhibit one major band. Comparison with density functional theory (DFT) and coupled cluster with single and double excitations (CCSD) calculations allows assignment of the spectra to MCH2+ carbene structures. For these 3d transition metal systems, experimental IRMPD spectra compare relatively poorly with DFT calculated IR spectra, but CCSD calculated spectra are a much better match primarily because the M-C stretch gains significant intensity. The origins of this behavior are explored in some detail. The present results are also compared to previous results for the 4d and 5d congeners and the periodic trends in these structures are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Wensink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Corry E Smink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Armentrout PB. Quantitative Aspects of Gas-Phase Metal Ion Chemistry: Conservation of Spin, Participation of f Orbitals, and C-H Activation and C-C Coupling. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9641-9653. [PMID: 37957118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this Featured Article, I reflect on over 40 years of guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry (GIBMS) studies involving atomic metal cations and their clusters throughout the periodic table. Studies that have considered the role of spin conservation (or lack thereof) are a primary focus with a quantitative assessment of the effects examined. A need for state-specific studies of heavier elements is noted, as is a more quantitative assessment of spin-orbit interactions in reactivity. Because GIBMS experiments explicitly evaluate the kinetic energy dependence of reactions over a wide range, several interesting and unusual observations are highlighted. More detailed studies of such unusual reaction events would be welcome. Activation of C-H bonds and ensuing C-C coupling events are reviewed, with future work encouraged. Finally, studies of lanthanides and actinides are examined with an eye on understanding the role of f orbitals in the chemistry, both as participants (or not) in the bonding and as sources/sinks of electron density. This area seems to be ripe for more quantitative experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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5
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Batchelor AG, Marks JH, Ward TB, Duncan MA. Pt +(C 2H 2) n Complexes Studied with Selected-Ion Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37369010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Platinum cation complexes with multiple acetylene molecules are studied with mass spectrometry and infrared laser spectroscopy. Complexes of the form Pt+(C2H2)n are produced in a molecular beam by laser vaporization, analyzed with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and selected by mass for studies of their vibrational spectroscopy. Photodissociation action spectra in the C-H stretching region are compared to the spectra predicted for different structural isomers using density functional theory. The comparison between experiment and theory demonstrates that platinum forms cation-π complexes with up to three acetylene molecules, producing an unanticipated asymmetric structure for the three-ligand complex. Additional acetylenes form solvation structures around this three-ligand core. Reacted structures that couple acetylene molecules (e.g., to form benzene) are found by theory to be energetically favorable, but their formation is inhibited under the conditions of these experiments by large activation barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna G Batchelor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Timothy B Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Michael A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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6
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Blagojevic V, Böhme DK. Relativistic Effects on Rate and Product Formation in the Gas‐Phase Methane Chemistry of Late Atomic Transition Metal Cations. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diethard K. Böhme
- Department of Chemistry York University Toronto Ontario Canada M3J 1P3
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7
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He CC, Hamlow LA, Roy HA, Devereaux ZJ, Hasan MA, Israel E, Cunningham NA, Martens J, Berden G, Oomens J, Rodgers MT. Structural Determination of Lysine-Linked Cisplatin Complexes via IRMPD Action Spectroscopy: NN s and NO - Binding Modes of Lysine to Platinum Coexist. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9246-9260. [PMID: 36326184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite its success as an anticancer drug, cisplatin suffers from resistance and produces side effects. To overcome these limitations, amino-acid-linked cisplatin analogues have been investigated. Lysine-linked cisplatin, Lysplatin, (Lys)PtCl2, exhibited outstanding reactivity toward DNA and RNA that differs from that of cisplatin. To gain insight into its differing reactivity, the structure of Lysplatin is examined here using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy. To probe the influence of the local chemical environment on structure, the deprotonated and sodium-cationized Lysplatin complexes are examined. Electronic structure calculations are performed to explore possible modes of binding of Lys to Pt, their relative stabilities, and to predict their infrared spectra. Comparisons of the measured IRMPD and predicted IR spectra elucidate the structures contributing to the experimental spectra. Coexistence of two modes of binding of Lys to Pt is found where Lys binds via the backbone and side-chain amino nitrogen atoms, NNs, or to the backbone amino and carboxylate oxygen atoms, NO-. Glycine-linked cisplatin and arginine-linked cisplatin complexes have previously been found to bind only via the NO- binding mode. Present results suggest that the NNs binding conformers may be key to the outstanding reactivity of Lysplatin toward DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C He
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - L A Hamlow
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - H A Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Zachary J Devereaux
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - M A Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - E Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - N A Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - J Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M T Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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8
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Zhao J, Qi L, Li W, Cheng J, Li Q, Liu S. CH4 activation by PtX+ (X = F, Cl, Br, I). Front Chem 2022; 10:1027465. [PMID: 36226113 PMCID: PMC9548706 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1027465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactions of PtX+ (X = F, Cl, Br, I) with methane have been investigated at the density functional theory (DFT) level. These reactions take place more easily along the low-spin potential energy surface. For HX (X = F, Cl, Br, I) elimination, the formal oxidation state of the metal ion appears to be conserved, and the importance of this reaction channel decreases in going as the sequence: X = F, Cl, Br, I. A reversed trend is observed in the loss of H2 for X = F, Cl, Br, while it is not favorable for PtI+ in the loss of either HI or H2. For HX eliminations, the transfer form of H is from proton to atom, last to hydride, and the mechanisms are from PCET to HAT, last to HT for the sequence of X = F, Cl, Br, I. One reason is mainly due to the electronegativity of halogens. Otherwise, the mechanisms of HX eliminations also can be explained by the analysis of Frontier Molecular Orbitals. While for the loss of H2, the transfer of H is in the form of hydride for all the X ligands. Noncovalent interactions analysis also can be explained the reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenzuo Li
- *Correspondence: Wenzuo Li, ; Qingzhong Li, ; Shaoli Liu,
| | | | - Qingzhong Li
- *Correspondence: Wenzuo Li, ; Qingzhong Li, ; Shaoli Liu,
| | - Shaoli Liu
- *Correspondence: Wenzuo Li, ; Qingzhong Li, ; Shaoli Liu,
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9
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Yamaguchi M, Zhang Y, Lushchikova OV, Bakker JM, Mafuné F. NO Bond Cleavage on Gas-Phase Ir n+ Clusters Investigated by Infrared Multiple Photon Dissociation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6668-6677. [PMID: 36126291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption forms of NO on Irn+ (n = 3-6) clusters were investigated using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Spectral features indicative both for molecular NO adsorption (the NO stretching vibration in the 1800-1900 cm-1 range) and for dissociative NO adsorption (the terminal Ir-O vibration around 940 cm-1) were observed, elucidating the co-existence of molecular and dissociative adsorption of NO. In all calculated structures for molecular adsorption, NO is adsorbed via the N atom on on-top sites. For dissociative adsorption, the O atom adsorbs exclusively on on-top sites (μ1) of the clusters, whereas the N atom is found on either a bridge (μ2) or a hollow (μ3) site. For Ir5+ and Ir6+, the N atom is also found on the on-top sites. The observed propensity for NO dissociation on Irn+ (n = 3-6) is higher than that for Rh6+, which can be explained by the higher metal-oxygen bond strengths for iridium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamaguchi
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fumitaka Mafuné
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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10
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Lushchikova OV, Reijmer S, Armentrout PB, Bakker JM. IR Spectroscopic Characterization of Methane Adsorption on Copper Clusters Cu n+ ( n = 2-4). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1393-1400. [PMID: 35411768 PMCID: PMC9354255 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of CH4 with cationic copper clusters has been studied with infrared-multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. Cun+ (n = 2-4) formed by laser ablation were reacted with CH4. The formed complexes were irradiated with the IR light of the free-electron laser for intracavity experiments (FELICE), and the fragments were mass-analyzed with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The structures of the Cun+-CH4 complexes are assigned on the basis of comparison between the resulting IRMPD spectra to spectra of different isomers calculated with density functional theory (DFT). For all sizes n, the structure found is one with molecularly adsorbed CH4. Only slight deformations of the CH4 molecule have been identified upon adsorption on the clusters, which results in redshifts of the spectroscopic bands. This deformation can be explained by charge transfer from the cluster to the adsorbed methane molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Lushchikova
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stijn Reijmer
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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11
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Wensink FJ, Roos N, Bakker JM, Armentrout PB. C-H Bond Activation and C-C Coupling of Methane on a Single Cationic Platinum Center: A Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11252-11260. [PMID: 35819891 PMCID: PMC9326971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We spectroscopically investigated the activation products
resulting
from reacting one and multiple methane molecules with Pt+ ions. Pt+ ions were formed by laser ablation of a metal
target and were cooled to the electronic ground state in a supersonic
expansion. The ions were then transferred to a room temperature ion
trap, where they were reacted with methane at various partial pressures
in an argon buffer gas. Product masses observed were [Pt,C,2H]+, [Pt,2C,4H]+, [Pt,4C,8H]+, and [Pt,2C,O,6H]+, which were mass-isolated and characterized using infrared
multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy employing the free
electron laser for intra-cavity experiments (FELICE). The spectra
for [Pt,2C,4H]+ and [Pt,4C,8H]+ have several
well-defined bands and, when compared to density functional theory-calculated
spectra for several possible product structures, lead to unambiguous
assignments to species with ethene ligands, proving Pt+-mediated C–C coupling involving up to four methane molecules.
These findings contrast with earlier experiments where Pt+ ions were reacted in a flow-tube type reaction channel at significantly
higher pressures of helium buffer gas, resulting in the formation
of a Pt(CH3)2+ product. Our DFT calculations
show a reaction barrier of +0.16 eV relative to the PtCH2+ + CH4 reactants that are required for C–C
coupling. The different outcomes in the two experiments suggest that
the higher pressure in the earlier work could kinetically trap the
dimethyl product, whereas the lower pressure and longer residence
times in the ion trap permit the reaction to proceed, resulting in
ethene formation and dihydrogen elimination. Methane is reacted with gas-phase atomic
platinum cations
in a room temperature ion trap, and the resulting product ions are
characterized using IR light of the Free Electron Laser for Intra-Cavity
Experiments (FELICE). We observed the formation of PtCH2+, Pt(ethene)+, and Pt(ethene)2+. These findings demonstrate the C−H bond activation
and C−C coupling of methane molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Wensink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | - Noa Roos
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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12
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Roithová J, Bakker JM. Ion spectroscopy in methane activation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:513-528. [PMID: 34008884 PMCID: PMC9292810 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to ion spectroscopy studies of complexes relevant for the understanding of methane activation with metal ions and clusters. Methane activation starts with the formation of a complex with a metal ion. The degree of the interaction between an intact methane molecule and the ion can be monitored by the perturbations of C-H stretch vibrations in the methane molecule. Binding mediated by the electrostatic interaction results in a η3 type coordination of methane. In contrast, binding governed by orbital interactions results in a η2 type coordination of methane. We further review the spectroscopic characterization of activation products of metal-methane reactions, such as the metal-carbene and carbyne products resulting from the interaction of selected 5d metals with methane. The focus of recent research in the field has shifted towards the investigation of interactions between methane and metal clusters. We show examples highlighting that metal clusters can be more reactive in methane activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and CatalysisRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryNijmegenThe Netherlands
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13
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Corinti D, Maccelli A, Chiavarino B, Schütz M, Bouchet A, Dopfer O, Crestoni ME, Fornarini S. Cation-π Interactions between a Noble Metal and a Polyfunctional Aromatic Ligand: Ag + (benzylamine). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200300. [PMID: 35412692 PMCID: PMC9325466 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure of an isolated Ag+ (benzylamine) complex is investigated by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy complemented with quantum chemical calculations of candidate geometries and their vibrational spectra, aiming to ascertain the role of competing cation-N and cation-π interactions potentially offered by the polyfunctional ligand. The IRMPD spectrum has been recorded in the 800-1800 cm-1 fingerprint range using the IR free electron laser beamline coupled with an FT-ICR mass spectrometer at the Centre Laser Infrarouge d'Orsay (CLIO). The resulting IRMPD pattern points toward a chelate coordination (N-Ag+ -π) involving both the amino nitrogen atom and the aromatic π-system of the phenyl ring. The gas-phase reactivity of Ag+ (benzylamine) with a neutral molecular ligand (L) possessing either an amino/aza functionality or an aryl group confirms N- and π-binding affinity and suggests an augmented silver coordination in the product adduct ion Ag + ( benzylamine ) ( L ) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Corinti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maccelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Barbara Chiavarino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Markus Schütz
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany.,present address: Eagleyard Photonics GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aude Bouchet
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany.,present address: Université Lille LASIRE Lab Adv Spect Interact React & Environm Cite Sci, CNRS, UMR 8516, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Simonetta Fornarini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185, Roma, Italy
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14
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Guo M, Yi Q, Cui C, Gan W, Luo Z. Gas-Phase Synthesis of Metal Olefins: Plasma-Assisted Methane Dehydrogenation and C═C Bond Formation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1123-1131. [PMID: 35166550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methane dehydrogenation and C-C coupling under mild conditions are very important but challenging in chemistry. Utilizing a customized time of flight mass spectrometer combined with a magnetron sputtering (MagS) cluster source, here, we have conducted a study on the reactions of methane with small silver and copper clusters simply by introducing methane in argon as the working gas for sputtering. Interestingly, a series of [M(CnH2n)]+ (M = Cu and Ag; n = 2-12) clusters were observed, indicating high-efficiency methane dehydrogenation in such a plasma-assisted chamber system. Density functional theory calculations find the lowest energy structures of the [M(CnH2n)]+ series pertaining to olefins indicative of both C-H bond activation of methane and C-C bond coupling. We analyzed the interactions involved in the [Cu(CnH2n)]+ and [Ag(CnH2n)]+ (n = 1-6) clusters and demonstrated the reaction coordinates for the "Cu+ + CH4" and "Ag+ + CH4." It is illustrated that the presence of a second methane molecule enables us to reduce the necessary energy of dehydrogenation, which concurs with the experimental observation of an absence of the metal carbine products Cu+CH2 and Ag+CH2, which are short-lived. Also, it is elucidated that the higher-lying excitation states of Cu+ and Ag+ ions enable more favorable dehydrogenation process and C═C bond formation, shedding light on the plasma assistance of the essence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Qiuhao Yi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Wen Gan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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15
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Kozubal J, Heck T, Metz RB. Structures of M +(CH 4) n (M = Ti, V) Based on Vibrational Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4143-4151. [PMID: 33961741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photofragment spectroscopy is used to measure the vibrational spectra of M+(CH4)(Ar) and M+(CH4)n (M = Ti, V; n = 1-4) in the C-H stretching region (2550-3100 cm-1). Spectra were measured by monitoring the loss of Ar from M+(CH4)(Ar) and loss of CH4 from the larger clusters. The experimental spectra are then compared to simulations done at the B3LYP/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory to identify the structures of the ions. The spectra all have a peak near 2800 cm-1 due to the symmetric C-H stretch of the hydrogens adjacent to the metal. Some complexes also have a smaller peak due to the corresponding antisymmetric stretch. Most complexes also have a peak near 3000 cm-1 due to the C-H stretch of hydrogens pointing away from the metal. The symmetric proximate C-H stretches of M+(CH4)(Ar) to M+(CH4)4 are red-shifted from the symmetric stretch in bare CH4 by 149, 152, 128, and 107 cm-1 for the titanium complexes and 164, 175, 158, and 146 cm-1, respectively, for the vanadium complexes. In M+(CH4)(Ar) (M = Ti, V), the heavy atoms are collinear. Ti+(CH4)(Ar) has η3 methane hydrogen coordination (∠M-C-H = 180°), while V+(CH4)(Ar) has η2 (∠M-C-H = 124°). The n = 2 complexes have C-M-C linear. Ti+(CH4)2 has C2h symmetry with η3 CH4 while V+(CH4)2 has methane coordination intermediate between η2 and η3 (∠M-C-H = 156°). Both the M+(CH4)3 (M = Ti, V) complexes have C2v symmetry with one methane farther away from the metal in an η2 binding orientation and two methanes close to the metal with a nearly η2 methane for vanadium and coordination between η2 and η3 CH4 for titanium (∠M-C-H = 150°). In Ti+(CH4)4 and V+(CH4)4 all of the methanes have η2 coordination. The titanium complex has a distorted square planar geometry with two different Ti-C bond lengths and the vanadium complex is square planar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Kozubal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Tristan Heck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ricardo B Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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16
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Lengyel J, Levin N, Wensink FJ, Lushchikova OV, Barnett RN, Landman U, Heiz U, Bakker JM, Tschurl M. Carbide Dihydrides: Carbonaceous Species Identified in Ta 4 + -Mediated Methane Dehydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23631-23635. [PMID: 32966698 PMCID: PMC7814672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The products of methane dehydrogenation by gas‐phase Ta4+ clusters are structurally characterized using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations. The obtained spectra of [4Ta,C,2H]+ reveal a dominance of vibrational bands of a H2Ta4C+ carbide dihydride structure over those indicative for a HTa4CH+ carbyne hydride one, as is unambiguously verified by studies employing various methane isotopologues. Because methane dehydrogenation by metal cations M+ typically leads to the formation of either MCH2+ carbene or HMCH+ carbyne hydride structures, the observation of a H2MC+ carbide dihydride structure implies that it is imperative to consider this often‐neglected class of carbonaceous intermediates in the reaction of metals with hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lengyel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Nikita Levin
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Frank J Wensink
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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17
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Lengyel J, Levin N, Wensink FJ, Lushchikova OV, Barnett RN, Landman U, Heiz U, Bakker JM, Tschurl M. Carbid‐Dihydride: kohlenstoffhaltige Spezies identifiziert in der Ta
4
+
‐vermittelten Methandehydrierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lengyel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Nikita Levin
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Frank J. Wensink
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Olga V. Lushchikova
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Robert N. Barnett
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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18
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Li W, Wu X, Liu Z, Wu H, Zhang D, Ding X. C/C Exchange in Activation/Coupling Reaction of Acetylene and Methane Mediated by Os +: A Comparison with Ir +, Pt +, and Au . J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8346-8351. [PMID: 32885973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The activation and coupling reactions of methane and acetylene mediated by M+ (M = Os, Ir, Pt, and Au) have been comparatively studied at room temperature by the techniques of mass spectrometry in conjunction with theoretical calculations. Studies have shown that Os+ and Ir+ can mediate the activation/coupling reaction of CH4 and C2H2, while Pt+ and Au+ cannot, which could be explained by the number of empty valence orbitals in the metal atom. In addition, there are different competition channels for the reaction mediated by Os+ and Ir+: an expected dehydrogenation and an unexpected C/C exchange. We find that if the rare C/C exchange reaction takes place, there are symmetric carbon atoms in the reaction intermediate and the C/C exchange reaction is favored kinetically. The C/C exchange reaction must be considered, which will affect the yield of the products in the primary reaction. This study shows the molecular-level mechanisms which include the C/C exchange reaction in the activation and coupling reaction of organic compounds mediated by different metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing 102206, China
- Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaonan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zizhuang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hechen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xunlei Ding
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing 102206, China
- Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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19
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Kozubal J, Heck T, Metz RB. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Intermediates and C–H Activation Products of Sequential Zr+ Reactions with CH4. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8235-8245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Kozubal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Tristan Heck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ricardo B. Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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20
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Liu Z, Li Z, Li G, Wang Z, Lai C, Wang X, Pidko EA, Xiao C, Wang F, Li G, Yang X. Single-Atom Pt + Derived from the Laser Dissociation of a Platinum Cluster: Insights into Nonoxidative Alkane Conversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5987-5991. [PMID: 32633522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we construct a 193 nm ultraviolet laser dissociation high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) platform to produce Pt+ cations with high efficiency, which is in situ applied for monitoring the "Pt+ + alkanes" reactions (where alkanes include methane, ethane, and propane). The conversion intermediates and products could be accurately determined by an orbitrap detector with high resolution (up to 150 000). Importantly, methane conversion by Pt+ cations yields [Pt + ethane]+ and [Pt + ethylene]+ as the sole products formed via the cross-coupling reaction of the Pt-CH2 intermediate with gaseous methane. However, the Pt+ cations promote only the nonoxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and propane to give the corresponding [Pt + alkenes]+ and [Pt + alkynes]+. The details of the reaction mechanism are corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These results highlight the power of HRMS with the laser dissociation of metal clusters in the generation and reaction characterization of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhimin Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanna Li
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Evgeny A Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fanjun Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gao Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Lu SJ, Xu XL, Xu HG, Zheng WJ. Structures and bonding properties of CPt 2 -/0 and CPt 2H -/0: Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:224303. [PMID: 31837696 DOI: 10.1063/1.5130589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a combined anion photoelectron spectroscopic and quantum chemical investigation on the structures and bonding properties of CPt2 -/0 and CPt2H-/0. The experimental vertical detachment energies of CPt2 - and CPt2H- are measured to be 1.91 ± 0.08 and 3.54 ± 0.08 eV, respectively. CPt2 - is identified as a C2v symmetric Pt-C-Pt bent structure, and CPt2 has a D∞h symmetric Pt-C-Pt linear structure. Both anionic and neutral CPt2H adopt a Pt-C-Pt-H chain-shaped structure, in which the ∠PtCPt and ∠CPtH bond angles of CPt2H- are larger than those of CPt2H. The Pt-C bonds in CPt2 -/0 and CPt2H-/0 exhibit covalent double bonding characters. The Pt=C bonds are much stronger than the C-H bond that may explain why the C atom CPt2H-/0 prefers to form Pt=C bonds rather than C-H bonds. It may also explain why platinum can insert into the C-H bond to activate the C-H bond as reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, China
| | - Xi-Ling Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong-Guang Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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22
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Armentrout PB, Stevenson BC, Yang F, Wensink FJ, Lushchikova OV, Bakker JM. Infrared Spectroscopy of Gold Carbene Cation (AuCH 2+): Covalent or Dative Bonding? J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8932-8941. [PMID: 31542925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present work explores the structure of the gold carbene cation, AuCH2+, using infrared multiple photon dissociation action spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). Unlike several other 5d transition-metal cations (M+ = Ta+, W+, Os+, Ir+, and Pt+) that react with methane by dehydrogenation to form MCH2+ species, gold cations are unreactive with methane at thermal energies. Instead, the metal carbene is formed by reacting atomic gold cations formed in a laser ablation source with ethylene oxide (cC2H4O) pulsed into a reaction channel downstream. The resulting [Au,C,2H]+ product photofragmented by loss of H2 as induced by radiation provided by the free-electron laser for intracavity experiments in the 300-1800 cm-1 range. Comparison of the experimental spectrum, obtained by monitoring the appearance of AuC+, and DFT calculated spectra leads to the identification of the ground-state carbene, AuCH2+ (1A1), as the species formed, as previously postulated theoretically. Unlike the covalent double bonds formed by the lighter, open-shell 5d transition metals, the closed-shell Au+ (1S, 5d10) atom binds to methylene by donation of a pair of electrons from CH2(1A1) into the empty 6s orbital of gold coupled with π back-bonding, i.e., dative bonding, as explored computationally. Contributions to the AuC+ appearance spectrum from larger complexes are also considered, and H2CAu+(c-C2H4O) seems likely to contribute one band observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Brandon C Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Frank J Wensink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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23
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Owen CJ, Keyes NR, Xie C, Guo H, Armentrout PB. Bond dissociation energy of Au2+: A guided ion beam and theoretical investigation. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:174305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5092957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J. Owen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Nicholas R. Keyes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Changjian Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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24
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Cao W, Zhang Y, Yang DS. La-mediated dehydrogenation and C C bond cleavage of 1,4-pentadiene and 1-pentyne: Spectroscopy and formation of La(C5H6) and La(C3H4) radicals. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Armentrout PB, Kuijpers SEJ, Lushchikova OV, Hightower RL, Boles GC, Bakker JM. Spectroscopic Identification of the Carbyne Hydride Structure of the Dehydrogenation Product of Methane Activation by Osmium Cations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1781-1790. [PMID: 29633220 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work explores the structures of species formed by dehydrogenation of methane (CH4) and perdeuterated methane (CD4) by the 5d transition metal cation osmium (Os+). Using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT), the structures of the [Os,C,2H]+ and [Os,C,2D]+ products are explored. This study complements previous work on the related species formed by dehydrogenation of methane by four other 5d transition metal cations (M+ = Ta+, W+, Ir+, and Pt+). Osmium cations are formed in a laser ablation source, react with methane pulsed into a reaction channel downstream, and the resulting products spectroscopically characterized through photofragmentation using the Free-Electron Laser for IntraCavity Experiments (FELICE) in the 300-1800 cm-1 range. Photofragmentation was monitored by the loss of H2/D2. Comparison of the experimental spectra and DFT calculated spectra leads to identification of the ground state carbyne hydride, HOsCH+ (2A') as the species formed, as previously postulated theoretically. Further, a full description of the systematic spectroscopic shifts observed for deuterium labeling of these complexes, some of the smallest systems to be studied using IRMPD action spectroscopy, is achieved. A full rotational contour analysis explains the observed linewidths as well as the observation of doublet structures in several bands, consistent with previous observations for HIrCH+ (2A'). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Stach E J Kuijpers
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Randy L Hightower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Georgia C Boles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Cao W, Zhang Y, Nyambo S, Yang DS. Spectroscopy and formation of lanthanum-hydrocarbon radicals formed by C—H and C—C bond activation of 1-pentene and 2-pentene. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:034303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5022771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Silver Nyambo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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27
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Owen CJ, Boles GC, Chernyy V, Bakker JM, Armentrout PB. Structures of the dehydrogenation products of methane activation by 5d transition metal cations revisited: Deuterium labeling and rotational contours. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:044307. [PMID: 29390852 DOI: 10.1063/1.5016820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) study explored the structures of the [M,C,2H]+ products formed by dehydrogenation of methane by four, gas-phase 5d transition metal cations (M+ = Ta+, W+, Ir+, and Pt+). Complicating the analysis of these spectra for Ir and Pt was observation of an extra band in both spectra, not readily identified as a fundamental vibration. In an attempt to validate the assignment of these additional peaks, the present work examines the gas phase [M,C,2D]+ products of the same four metal ions formed by reaction with perdeuterated methane (CD4). As before, metal cations are formed in a laser ablation source and react with methane pulsed into a reaction channel downstream, and the resulting products are spectroscopically characterized through photofragmentation using the free-electron laser for intracavity experiments in the 350-1800 cm-1 range. Photofragmentation was monitored by the loss of D for [Ta,C,2D]+ and [W,C,2D]+ and of D2 in the case of [Pt,C,2D]+ and [Ir,C,2D]+. Comparison of the experimental spectra and DFT calculated spectra leads to structural assignments for all [M,C,2H/2D]+ systems that are consistent with previous identifications and allows a full description of the systematic spectroscopic shifts observed for deuterium labeling of these complexes, some of the smallest systems to be studied using IRMPD action spectroscopy. Further, full rotational contours are simulated for each vibrational band and explain several observations in the present spectra, such as doublet structures in several bands as well as the observed linewidths. The prominent extra bands in the [Pt,C,2D/2H]+ spectra appear to be most consistent with an overtone of the out-of-plane bending vibration of the metal carbene cation structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Owen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Georgia C Boles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Valeriy Chernyy
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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28
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Cao W, Hewage D, Yang DS. Spectroscopy and formation of lanthanum-hydrocarbon radicals formed by association and carbon-carbon bond cleavage of isoprene. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:194302. [PMID: 30307187 DOI: 10.1063/1.5026899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
La atom reaction with isoprene is carried out in a laser-vaporization molecular beam source. The reaction yields an adduct as the major product and C-C cleaved and dehydrogenated species as the minor ones. La(C5H8), La(C2H2), and La(C3H4) are characterized with mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy and quantum chemical computations. The MATI spectra of all three species exhibit a strong origin band and several weak vibronic bands corresponding to La-ligand stretch and ligand-based bend excitations. La(C5H8) is a five-membered metallacycle, whereas La(C2H2) and La(C3H4) are three-membered rings. All three metallacycles prefer a doublet ground state with a La 6s1-based valence electron configuration and a singlet ion. The five-membered metallacycle is formed through La addition and isoprene isomerization, whereas the two three-membered rings are produced by La addition and insertion, hydrogen migration, and carbon-carbon bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dilrukshi Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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29
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Jašíková L, Roithová J. Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation Spectroscopy with Free-Electron Lasers: On the Road from Small Molecules to Biomolecules. Chemistry 2018; 24:3374-3390. [PMID: 29314303 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy is commonly used to determine the structure of isolated, mass-selected ions in the gas phase. This method has been widely used since it became available at free-electron laser (FEL) user facilities. Thus, in this Minireview, we examine the use of IRMPD/FEL spectroscopy for investigating ions derived from small molecules, metal complexes, organometallic compounds and biorelevant ions. Furthermore, we outline new applications of IRMPD spectroscopy to study biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jašíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Roithová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, Prague 2, 128 43, Czech Republic
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30
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Cao W, Hewage D, Yang DS. Lanthanum-mediated dehydrogenation of butenes: Spectroscopy and formation of La(C4H6) isomers. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:044312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5017615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dilrukshi Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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31
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Gentleman AS, Green AE, Price DR, Cunningham EM, Iskra A, Mackenzie SR. Infrared Spectroscopy of Au +(CH 4) n Complexes and Vibrationally-Enhanced C-H Activation Reactions. Top Catal 2017; 61:81-91. [PMID: 31258301 PMCID: PMC6560929 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-017-0868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A combined spectroscopic and computational study of gas-phase Au+(CH4)n (n = 3–8) complexes reveals a strongly-bound linear Au+(CH4)2 core structure to which up to four additional ligands bind in a secondary coordination shell. Infrared resonance-enhanced photodissociation spectroscopy in the region of the CH4a1 and t2 fundamental transitions reveals essentially free internal rotation of the core ligands about the H4C–Au+–CH4 axis, with sharp spectral features assigned by comparison with spectral simulations based on density functional theory. In separate experiments, vibrationally-enhanced dehydrogenation is observed when the t2 vibrational normal mode in methane is excited prior to complexation. Clear infrared-induced enhancement is observed in the mass spectrum for peaks corresponding 4u below the mass of the Au+(CH4)n=2,3 complexes corresponding, presumably, to the loss of two H2 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Gentleman
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Alice E Green
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Daniel R Price
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Ethan M Cunningham
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Andreas Iskra
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Stuart R Mackenzie
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
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32
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Chernyy V, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U. Selective C−H Bond Cleavage in Methane by Small Gold Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Valeriy Chernyy
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Robert N. Barnett
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0430 USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0430 USA
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33
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Chernyy V, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U. Selective C-H Bond Cleavage in Methane by Small Gold Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13406-13410. [PMID: 28869784 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Methane represents the major constituent of natural gas. It is primarily used only as a source of energy by means of combustion, but could also serve as an abundant hydrocarbon feedstock for high quality chemicals. One of the major challenges in catalysis research nowadays is therefore the development of materials that selectively cleave one of the four C-H bonds of methane and thus make it amenable for further chemical conversion into valuable compounds. By employing infrared spectroscopy and first-principles calculations it is uncovered herein that the interaction of methane with small gold cluster cations leads to selective C-H bond dissociation and the formation of hydrido methyl complexes, H-Aux+ -CH3 . The distinctive selectivity offered by these gold clusters originates from a fine interplay between the closed-shell nature of the d states and relativistic effects in gold. Such fine balance in fundamental interactions could prove to be a tunable feature in the rational design of a catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Valeriy Chernyy
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0430, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0430, USA
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34
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Cao W, Hewage D, Yang DS. Lanthanum-mediated dehydrogenation of 1- and 2-butynes: Spectroscopy and formation of La(C4H4) isomers. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:064303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4997567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dilrukshi Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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35
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Hewage D, Cao W, Kumari S, Silva R, Li TH, Yang DS. Spectroscopy and formation of lanthanum-hydrocarbon radicals formed by C—C bond cleavage and coupling of propene. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4982949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dilrukshi Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Sudesh Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Ruchira Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Tao Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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36
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Copeland CW, Ashraf MA, Boyle EM, Metz RB. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Fe3+(CH4)n (n = 1–3) and Fe4+(CH4)4. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2132-2137. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Copeland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 United States
| | - Muhammad Affawn Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 United States
| | - Emily M. Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 United States
| | - Ricardo B. Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 United States
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