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Niedner‐Schatteburg G, Kappes MM. Advancing Inorganic Coordination Chemistry by Spectroscopy of Isolated Molecules: Methods and Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:15027-15042. [PMID: 34636096 PMCID: PMC8596414 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A unique feature of the work carried out in the Collaborative Research Center 3MET continues to be its emphasis on innovative, advanced experimental methods which hyphenate mass-selection with further analytical tools such as laser spectroscopy for the study of isolated molecular ions. This allows to probe the intrinsic properties of the species of interest free of perturbing solvent or matrix effects. This review explains these methods and uses examples from past and ongoing 3MET studies of specific classes of multicenter metal complexes to illustrate how coordination chemistry can be advanced by applying them. As a corollary, we will show how the challenges involved in providing well-defined, for example monoisomeric, samples of the molecular ions have helped to further improve the methods themselves thus also making them applicable to many other areas of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76128KarlsruheGermany
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2
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Schissler C, Schneider EK, Lebedkin S, Weis P, Niedner‐Schatteburg G, Kappes MM, Bräse S. Novel Cofacial Porphyrin-Based Homo- and Heterotrimetallic Complexes of Transition Metals. Chemistry 2021; 27:15201-15207. [PMID: 34415066 PMCID: PMC8597099 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a straightforward and generally applicable synthesis route for cofacially linked homo- and heterotrimetallic trisporphyin complexes. The protocol encompasses synthesising the first aryl-based, trans-o-phenylene trisporphyrin starting from pyrrole and benzaldehyde with an overall yield of 3.6 %. It also allows investigating the respective cis-isomer as the first conformationally restricted planar-chiral trisporphyrin. The free-base ligand was used in subsequent metalation reactions to afford the corresponding homotrimetallic Mn(III)-, Fe(III)-, Ni(II)-, Cu(II)-, Zn(II)- and Pd(II) complexes - additionally, a small adaptation of the protocol resulted in the defined Ni(II)Fe(III)Ni(II) complex in a total yield of 2.3 %. By monitoring Ni(II) insertion into the empty trimeric ligands, we affirmed that the outer porphyrin rings are filled before the internal ring. The molecular species were characterised by 1 H NMR, UV-Vis, photoluminescence, IR, MS, CID, and high-resolution IMS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schissler
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Erik K. Schneider
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Gereon Niedner‐Schatteburg
- Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMASTechnische Universität Kaiserslautern67663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems – Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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3
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Gibbard JA, Clarke CJ, Verlet JRR. Photoelectron spectroscopy of the protoporphyrin IX dianion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18425-18431. [PMID: 34612383 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03075b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional photoelectron spectroscopy using nanosecond and femtosecond lasers has been used to study the protopophyrin IX dianion at photon energies between 1.8-4.1 eV. The photoelectron spectra indicated the presence of two direct detachment channels, tunnelling through the repulsive Coulomb barrier (RCB) and thermionic emission from monoanions. A direct detachment feature suggested a near 0 eV electron affinity, which may be attributable to the repulsive through space interaction of the unshielded carboxylate groups. The minimum height of the repulsive Coulomb barrier (RCB) was found to be between 1.4-1.9 eV. Adiabatic tunnelling through the RCB was seen to occur on a timescale faster than rotational dephasing of the molecule. The observation of thermionic emission below the RCB in the nanosecond spectra originated from monoanions, which were produced via photon-cycling of the dianion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma A Gibbard
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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Lloyd Williams OH, Rijs NJ. Reaction Monitoring and Structural Characterisation of Coordination Driven Self-Assembled Systems by Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Front Chem 2021; 9:682743. [PMID: 34169059 PMCID: PMC8217442 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.682743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature creates exquisite molecular assemblies, required for the molecular-level functions of life, via self-assembly. Understanding and harnessing these complex processes presents an immense opportunity for the design and fabrication of advanced functional materials. However, the significant industrial potential of self-assembly to fabricate highly functional materials is hampered by a lack of knowledge of critical reaction intermediates, mechanisms, and kinetics. As we move beyond the covalent synthetic regime, into the domain of non-covalent interactions occupied by self-assembly, harnessing and embracing complexity is a must, and non-targeted analyses of dynamic systems are becoming increasingly important. Coordination driven self-assembly is an important subtype of self-assembly that presents several wicked analytical challenges. These challenges are "wicked" due the very complexity desired confounding the analysis of products, intermediates, and pathways, therefore limiting reaction optimisation, tuning, and ultimately, utility. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry solves many of the most challenging analytical problems in separating and analysing the structure of both simple and complex species formed via coordination driven self-assembly. Thus, due to the emerging importance of ion mobility mass spectrometry as an analytical technique tackling complex systems, this review highlights exciting recent applications. These include equilibrium monitoring, structural and dynamic analysis of previously analytically inaccessible complex interlinked structures and the process of self-sorting. The vast and largely untapped potential of ion mobility mass spectrometry to coordination driven self-assembly is yet to be fully realised. Therefore, we also propose where current analytical approaches can be built upon to allow for greater insight into the complexity and structural dynamics involved in self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole J. Rijs
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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5
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Schissler C, Schneider EK, Felker B, Weis P, Nieger M, Kappes MM, Bräse S. A Synthetic Strategy for Cofacial Porphyrin-Based Homo- and Heterobimetallic Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:3047-3054. [PMID: 33459421 PMCID: PMC7898677 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a straightforward and generally applicable synthesis route for cofacially linked homo- and heterobimetallic porphyrin complexes. The protocol allows the synthesis of unsymmetrical aryl-based meso-meso as well as β-meso-linked porphyrins. Our method significantly increases the overall yield for the published compound known as o-phenylene-bisporphyrin (OBBP) by a factor of 6.8. Besides the synthesis of 16 novel homobimetallic complexes containing MnIII , FeIII , NiII , CuII , ZnII , and PdII , we achieved the first single-crystal X-ray structure of an unsymmetrical cofacial benzene-linked porphyrin dimer containing both planar-chiral enantiomers of a NiII 2 complex. Additionally, this new methodology allows access to heterobimetallic complexes such as the FeIII -NiII containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase active site analogue. The isolated species were investigated by various techniques, including ion mobility spectrometry, DFT calculations, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. This allowed us to probe the influence of interplane distance on Soret band splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schissler
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Erik K. Schneider
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Benjamin Felker
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute for NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular, Systems, (IBCS-FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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Xia Y, Shuai L, Wang Y, Ma Y, Han L, Qiu M, Zhang Z, Leung MKH. Designing bifuncitonal molecular devices with a metalloporphyrin dimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4080-4085. [PMID: 32031181 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05079e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many organic molecules have unique magnetic properties and can potentially serve as excellent molecular spin devices, which is worth exploring deeply. Here, the spin transport properties of Mn, Fe, Co and Cu porphyrin dimer devices are investigated based on the first principles method. The spin filtering efficiencies of these molecular devices are maintained at 100% within certain applied voltage ranges and magnetoresistance ratios are higher than 108% which increase as the voltage increases. To explain the excellent spin-filtering and giant magnetoresistance effects, analysis of spin electron densities and transmission spectra indicates that magnetic properties are mainly contributed by the metal atoms and their neighbouring N atoms. From the transmission pathway studies, spin electrons come mainly through the π-conjugated structure of the metal porphyrin ring. Interestingly, in the Cu porphyrin dimer device, magnetic moments of the Cu-N structure in the Cu porphyrin dimer device show spin behaviors different from those of Mn, Fe and Co porphyrin dimer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, College of Physical Science and Technology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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Valadbeigi Y, Ilbeigi V, Michalczuk B, Sabo M, Matejcik S. Study of Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mechanism in Corona Discharge Ion Source with and without NH3 Dopant by Ion Mobility Spectrometry combined with Mass Spectrometry: A Theoretical and Experimental Study. J Phys Chem A 2018; 123:313-322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b11417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Younes Valadbeigi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Vahideh Ilbeigi
- TOF Tech. Pars Company, Isfahan Science & Technology Town, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bartosz Michalczuk
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Sabo
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Stefan Matejcik
- Department of Experimental Physics, Comenius University, Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Schneider E, Brendle K, Jäger P, Weis P, Kappes MM. Ion Mobility Measurements of Multianionic Metalloporphyrin Dimers: Structural Changes Induced by Countercation Exchange. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1431-1441. [PMID: 29667165 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1941-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present gas-phase structures of dimers of MnIII and FeIII meso-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin multianions with various amounts of sodium and hydrogen counterions. The structural assignments are achieved by combining mass spectrometry, ion mobility measurements, quantum chemical calculations, and trajectory method collision cross section calculations. For a common charge state, we observe significant topological variations in the dimer structures of [(MTPPS)2+nX](6-n)- (M=MnIII, FeIII; X=H, Na; n = 1-3) induced by replacing hydrogen counterions by sodium. For sodium, the dimer structures are much more compact, a finding that can be rationalized by the stronger interactions of the sodium cations with the anionic sulfonic acid groups of the porphyrins as compared to hydrogen. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrina Brendle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Jäger
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Jäger P, Brendle K, Schneider E, Kohaut S, Armbruster MK, Fink K, Weis P, Kappes MM. Photodissociation of Free Metalloporphyrin Dimer Multianions. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:2974-2982. [PMID: 29490134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Jäger
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3630, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrina Brendle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erik Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan Kohaut
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3630, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Markus K. Armbruster
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3630, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3630, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3630, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Brendle K, Kordel M, Schneider E, Wagner D, Bräse S, Weis P, Kappes MM. Collision Induced Dissociation of Benzylpyridinium-Substituted Porphyrins: Towards a Thermometer Scale for Multiply Charged Ions? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:382-392. [PMID: 29086339 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have determined breakdown curves for a range of multiply charged benzylpyridinium-substituted porphyrin cations by collision induced dissociation measurements (CID) as mediated by resonant pulsed radio-frequency (rf) excitation in a helium-filled linear ion trap. Measurements were compared with the predictions of DFT calculations. We find a linear correlation between experimental fragmentation thresholds (in instrumental units of "normalized collision energy") and theoretical dissociation energies, suggesting that these species can be used as calibrants to gauge the fragmentation energetics of closely related systems. We have confirmed this by also studying the fragmentation thresholds of metalloporphyrin-based ions - including multiply negatively charged metalloporphyrin oligomers. Unfortunately, the slope of the linear correlation obtained for benzylpyridinium-substituted porphyrin multications differs significantly from that obtained by us for a set of smaller, singly charged substituted benzylpyridines put forward as "thermometer" ions in previous work. Multiplying the threshold energies in an ad hoc fashion by the ion charge basically reconciles both calibration curves. We conclude that one should use caution when applying small, singly charged benzylpyridines as calibrants to gauge the CID of large, multiply charged ions in ion-trap mass spectrometers. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Brendle
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Max Kordel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erik Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Danny Wagner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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