Dissociation Dynamics and Electronic Structures of Highly Excited Ferrocenium Ions Studied by Femtosecond XUV Absorption Spectroscopy

Ab Initio Kinetics of Electrochemical Reactions Using the Computational Fc0/Fc+ Electrode

The current state-of-the-art electron-transfer modeling primarily focuses on the kinetics of charge transfer between an electroactive species and an inert electrode. Experimental studies have revealed that the existing Butler-Volmer model fails to satisfactorily replicate experimental voltammetry results for both solution-based and surface-bound redox couples. Consequently, experimentalists lack an accurate tool for predicting electron-transfer kinetics. In response to this challenge, we developed a density functional theory-based approach for accurately predicting current peak potentials by using the Marcus-Hush model. Through extensive cyclic voltammetry simulations, we conducted a thorough exploration that offers valuable insights for conducting well-informed studies in the field of electrochemistry.

Spin Coupling Effect on Geometry-Dependent X-Ray Absorption of Diradicals

We theoretically investigate the influence of diradical electron spin coupling on the time-resolved X-ray absorption spectra of the photochemical ring opening of furanone. We predict geometry-dependent carbon K-edge signals involving transitions from core orbitals to both singly and unoccupied molecular orbitals. The most obvious features of the ring opening come from the carbon atom directly involved in the bond breaking through its transition to both the newly formed singly occupied and the available lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (SOMO and LUMO, respectively). In addition to this primary feature, the singlet spin coupling of four unpaired electrons that arises in the core-to-LUMO states creates additional geometry dependence in some spectral features with both oscillator strengths and relative excitation energies varying observably as a function of the ring opening. We attribute this behavior to a spin-occupancy-induced selection rule, which occurs when singlet spin coupling is enforced in the diradical state. Notably, one of these geometry-sensitive core-to-LUMO transitions excites core electrons from a backbone carbon not involved in the bond breaking, providing a novel nonlocal X-ray probe of chemical dynamics arising from electron spin coupling.

X-FAST: A versatile, high-throughput, and user-friendly XUV femtosecond absorption spectroscopy tabletop instrument

We present the X-FAST (XUV Femtosecond Absorption Spectroscopy Tabletop) instrument at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The instrument produces femtosecond extreme ultraviolet photon pulses via high-harmonic generation in the range of 40-72 eV, as well as optical pump pulses for transient-absorption experiments. The system implements a gas-cooled sample cell that enables studying the dynamics of thermally sensitive thin-film samples. This paper provides potential users with specifications of the optical, vacuum, data acquisition, and sample cooling systems of the X-FAST instrument, along with performance metrics and data of an ultrafast laser-induced phase transition in a Ni2MnGa Heusler thin film.

Polymer thin films as universal substrates for extreme ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy of molecular transition metal complexes

Polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride thin films are explored as sample supports for extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectroscopy of molecular transition metal complexes. Thin polymer films prepared by slip-coating are flat and smooth, and transmit much more XUV light than silicon nitride windows. Analytes can be directly cast onto the polymer surface or co-deposited within it. The M-edge XANES spectra (40-90 eV) of eight archetypal transition metal complexes (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) are presented to demonstrate the versatility of this method. The films are suitable for pump/probe transient absorption spectroscopy, as shown by the excited-state spectra of Fe(bpy)₃²⁺ in two different polymer supports.

Ultrafast dissociative ionization and large-amplitude vibrational wave packet dynamics of strong-field-ionized di-iodomethane

We employ few-cycle pulses to strong-field-ionize di-iodomethane (CH₂I₂) and femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption spectroscopy to investigate the subsequent ultrafast dissociative ionization and vibrational wave packet dynamics. Probing in the spectral region of the I 4d core-level transitions, the time-resolved XUV differential absorption spectra reveal the population of several electronic states of CH₂I₂ ⁺ by strong-field ionization. Global analysis reveals three distinct time scales for the observed dynamics: 20 ± 2 fs, 49 ± 6 fs, and 157 ± 9 fs, ascribed to relaxation of the CH₂I₂ ⁺ parent ion from the Franck-Condon region, dissociation of high-lying excited states of CH₂I₂ ⁺ to I⁺ (³P₂), CH₂I, and I₂ ⁺ (²Π_3/2,g), and dissociation of CH₂I₂ ⁺ to I (²P_3/2) and CH₂I⁺, respectively. Oscillatory features in the time-resolved XUV differential absorption spectra point to the generation of vibrational wave packets in both the residual CH₂I₂ and the CH₂I₂ ⁺ parent ion. Analysis of the oscillation frequencies and phases reveals, in the case of neutral CH₂I₂, C-I symmetric stretching induced by bond softening and I-C-I bending driven by a combination of bond softening and R-selective depletion. In the case of CH₂I₂ ⁺, both the fundamental and first overtone frequencies of the I-C-I bending mode are observed, indicating large-amplitude I-C-I bending motion, in good agreement with results obtained from ab initio simulations of the XUV transition energy along the I-C-I bend coordinate. These results show that femtosecond XUV absorption spectroscopy is well-suited for studying ultrafast photodissociation and vibrational wave packet dynamics.

Tracking the Metal-Centered Triplet in Photoinduced Spin Crossover of Fe(phen)32+ with Tabletop Femtosecond M-Edge X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure Spectroscopy

Fe(II) coordination complexes are promising alternatives to Ru(II) and Ir(III) chromophores for photoredox chemistry and solar energy conversion, but rapid deactivation of the initial metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) state to low-lying (d,d) states limits their performance. Relaxation to a long-lived quintet state is postulated to occur via a metal-centered triplet state, but this mechanism remains controversial. We use femtosecond extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption spectroscopy to measure the excited-state relaxation of Fe(phen)₃²⁺ and conclusively identify a ³T intermediate that forms in 170 fs and decays to a vibrationally hot ⁵T_2g state in 39 fs. A coherent vibrational wavepacket with a period of 249 fs and damping time of 0.63 ps is observed on the ⁵T_2g surface, and the spectrum of this oscillation serves as a fingerprint for the Fe-N symmetric stretch. The results show that the shape of the M_2,3-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectrum is sensitive to the electronic structure of the metal center, and the high-spin sensitivity, fast time resolution, and tabletop convenience of XUV transient absorption make it a powerful tool for studying the complex photophysics of transition metal complexes.

Tunable high-order frequency mixing for XUV transient absorption and photoelectron spectroscopies

We generate tunable extreme ultraviolet emission through high-order frequency mixing between a strong near-infrared field and a weak shortwave-infrared pulse whose wavelength can be adjusted. In this two-color driving scheme, new harmonics appear in between the single-color harmonics at energies which are linear combinations of photons from the two pulses. We demonstrate the utility of tunable two-color harmonics by employing them for XUV transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. We show that the two-color harmonics can be used to address the dynamics associated with excited states in Helium and Oxygen which are inaccessible using single-color harmonics. Specifically, we show the ability to switch between excitation of 3p and 4p states in Helium, control of transitions to the light induced states, observe new four-wave-mixing emissions, and selectively address different principal and vibrational quantum numbers associated with Oxygen Rydberg states.

Ab initio investigation of Br-3d core-excited states in HBr and HBr+ toward XUV probing of photochemical dynamics

Ultrafast X-ray/XUV transient absorption spectroscopy is a powerful tool for real-time probing of chemical dynamics. Interpretation of the transient absorption spectra requires knowledge of core-excited potentials, which necessitates assistance from high-level electronic-structure computations. In this study, we investigate Br-3d core-excited electronic structures of hydrogen bromide (HBr) using spin-orbit general multiconfigurational quasidegenerate perturbation theory (SO-GMC-QDPT). Potential energy curves and transition dipole moments are calculated from the Franck-Condon region to the asymptotic limit and used to construct core-to-valence absorption strengths for five electronic states of HBr (Σ 1 0 + ,   3 Π 1 ,   1 Π 1 ,   3 Π 0 + ,   3 Σ 1 ) and two electronic states of HBr+ (2Π3∕2, 2Σ1∕2). The results illustrate the capabilities of Br-3d edge probing to capture transitions of the electronic-state symmetry as well as nonadiabatic dissociation processes that evolve across avoided crossings. Furthermore, core-to-valence absorption spectra are simulated from the neutralΣ 1 0 + state and the ionicΠ 2 1 / 2 , 3 / 2 states by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and exhibit excellent agreement with the experimental spectrum. The comprehensive and quantitative picture of the core-excited states obtained in this work allows for transparent analysis of the core-to-valence absorption signals, filling gaps in the theoretical understanding of the Br-3d transient absorption spectra.

Improved charge transfer multiplet method to simulate M- and L-edge X-ray absorption spectra of metal-centered excited states

Charge transfer multiplet (CTM) theory is a computationally undemanding and highly mature method for simulating the soft X-ray spectra of first-row transition metal complexes. However, CTM theory has seldom been applied to the simulation of excited-state spectra. In this article, the CTM4XAS software package is extended to simulate M_2,3- and L_2,3-edge spectra for the excited states of first-row transition metals and also interpret CTM eigenfunctions in terms of Russell-Saunders term symbols. These new programs are used to reinterpret the recently reported excited-state M_2,3-edge difference spectra of photogenerated ferrocenium cations and to propose alternative assignments for the electronic state of these cations responsible for the spectroscopic features. These new programs were also used to model the L_2,3-edge spectra of Fe^II compounds during nuclear relaxation following photoinduced spin crossover and to propose spectroscopic signatures for their vibrationally hot states.

Femtosecond x-ray spectroscopy of an electrocyclic ring-opening reaction

The ultrafast light-activated electrocyclic ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene is a fundamental prototype of photochemical pericyclic reactions. Generally, these reactions are thought to proceed through an intermediate excited-state minimum (the so-called pericyclic minimum), which leads to isomerization via nonadiabatic relaxation to the ground state of the photoproduct. Here, we used femtosecond (fs) soft x-ray spectroscopy near the carbon K-edge (~284 electron volts) on a tabletop apparatus to directly reveal the valence electronic structure of this transient intermediate state. The core-to-valence spectroscopic signature of the pericyclic minimum observed in the experiment was characterized, in combination with time-dependent density functional theory calculations, to reveal overlap and mixing of the frontier valence orbital energy levels. We show that this transient valence electronic structure arises within 60 ± 20 fs after ultraviolet photoexcitation and decays with a time constant of 110 ± 60 fs.