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Zhang P, Chen T, Ma Q, Chu B, Wang Y, Mu Y, Yu Y, He H. Diesel soot photooxidation enhances the heterogeneous formation of H 2SO 4. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5364. [PMID: 36097270 PMCID: PMC9467980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Both field observation and experimental simulation have implied that black carbon or soot plays a remarkable role in the catalytic oxidation of SO2 for the formation of atmospheric sulfate. However, the catalytic mechanism remains ambiguous, especially that under light irradiation. Here we systematically investigate the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 on diesel soot or black carbon (DBC) under light irradiation. The experimental results show that the presence of DBC under light irradiation can significantly promote the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 to H2SO4, mainly through the heterogeneous reaction between SO2 and photo-induced OH radicals. The detected photo-chemical behaviors on DBC suggest that OH radical formation is closely related to the abstraction and transfer of electrons in DBC and the formation of reactive superoxide radical (•O2−) as an intermediate. Our results extend the known sources of atmospheric H2SO4 and provide insight into the internal photochemical oxidation mechanism of SO2 on DBC. Potential source of H2SO4 remains unclear in the atmosphere. This work first demonstrates that the formation of photoinduced •OH radical can directly promote the heterogeneous conversion of SO2 to H2SO4 on real diesel soot under light irradiation, extending the known sources of atmospheric H2SO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China.
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Yunbo Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085, Beijing, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China. .,Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 361021, Xiamen, China.
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Park DH, Cho C, Kim H, Park RJ, Anderson B, Lee T, Huey GL, Wennberg PO, Weinheimer AJ, Yum SS, Long R, Kim SW. Boundary layer versus free tropospheric submicron particle formation: A case study from NASA DC-8 observations in the Asian continental outflow during the KORUS-AQ campaign. ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH 2021; 264:1-11. [PMID: 36936135 PMCID: PMC10019524 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we contrasted major secondary inorganic species and processes responsible for submicron particle formation (SPF) events in the boundary layer (BL) and free troposphere (FT) over the Korean Peninsula during Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign (May-June, 2016) using aircraft observations. The number concentration of ultrafine particles with diameters between 3 nm and 10 nm (NCN3-10) during the entire KORUS-AQ period reached a peak (7,606 ± 12,003 cm -3) at below 1 km altitude, implying that the particle formation around the Korean Peninsula primarily occurred in the daytime BL. During the BL SPF case (7 May, 2016), the SPF over Seoul metropolitan area was more attributable to oxidation of NO2 rather than SO2-to-sulfate conversion. From the analysis of the relationship between nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and temperature or relative humidity (RH), NOR showed a positive correlation only with temperature. This suggests that homogeneous gas-phase reactions of NO2 with OH or O3 contributed to nitrate formation. From the relationship between NCN3-10 (> 10,000 cm-3) and the NOR (or sulfur oxidation ratio) at Olympic Park in Seoul during the entire KORUS-AQ period, it was regarded that the relative importance of nitrogen oxidation was grown as the NCN3-10 increased. During the FT SPF case (31 May, 2016) over the yellow sea, the SO2-to-sulfate conversion seemed to influence SPF highly. The sulfate/CO ratio had a positive correlation with both the temperature and RH, suggesting that aqueous-phase pathways as well as gas-phase reactions might be attributable to sulfate formation in the FT. In particular, FT SPF event on 31 May was possibly caused by the direct transport of SO2 precursors from the continent above the shallow marine boundary layer under favorable conditions for FT SPF events, such as decreased aerosol surface area and increased solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyeon Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chaeyoon Cho
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonmin Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rokjin J. Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Taehyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea
| | - Greg L. Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Seong Soo Yum
- Department of Atmosphere Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Russell Long
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Liu J, Liang D, Liu L, Ning A, Zhang X. Catalytic sulfate formation mechanism influenced by important constituents of cloud water via the reaction of SO 2 oxidized by hypobromic acid in marine areas. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15935-15949. [PMID: 34296723 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive investigations of the possible formation pathways of sulfate, the main composition of atmospheric aerosol in marine areas, continue to challenge atmospheric chemists. As one of the most important oxidation routes of S(iv) contributing to sulfate formation, the reaction process of S(iv) oxidized by hypobromic acid, which is ubiquitous with the gas-phase mixing ratios of ∼310 ppt and has a well-known oxidative capacity, has attracted wide attention. However, little information is available about the detailed reaction mechanism. Especially, due to the abundant species in cloud water, the potential effect of these compositions on these reaction processes and the corresponding effect mechanism are also uncertain. Using high-level quantum chemical calculations, we theoretically elucidate the two-step mechanism of Br+ transfer proposed by experiment through the verification of the key BrSO3- intermediate formation and subsequent hydrolysis reaction or the uncovered reaction of BrSO3- intermediate with OH-. Further, the novel and more competitive mechanisms (OH+ or O atom transfer pathways) that have not been considered in previous studies, leading to sulfate formation directly, have been found. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that we revealed the effect mechanism of constituents catalyzed in cloud water, especially the important H2O-catalyzed mechanism. In addition, all the above pathways follow this catalytic mechanism. This finding indicates a linkage between the complex nature of the atmospheric constituents and related atmospheric reaction, as well as the enhanced occurrence of atmospheric secondary sulfate formation in the atmosphere. Hence, this exploration of sulfate formation related to hypobromic acid could provide a better understanding about the sources of sulfate in marine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Li J, Tsona NT, Tang S, Zhang X, Du L. Influence of Water on the Gas-Phase Reaction of Dimethyl Sulfide with BrO in the Marine Boundary Layer. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2410-2419. [PMID: 33521479 PMCID: PMC7841951 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a single water molecule on the reaction of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) with BrO reaction has been investigated using quantum chemical calculations at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G**//BH&HLYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. Two reaction mechanisms have been considered both in the absence and the presence of water, namely, oxygen atom transfer and hydrogen abstraction, among which the oxygen atom transfer was predominant. Five reaction channels were found in the absence of water, in which the channels starting from the cis-configuration of the pre-reaction complexes were more favorable because of the low energy barrier. The inclusion of water slightly decreased the energy barrier height of most oxygen atom transfer channels, while making the hydrogen abstraction channels more complex. While the effective rate coefficients for the oxygen atom transfer paths are found to have decreased by 3-7 orders of magnitude in the presence of water relative to the water-free reactions, the negligible fraction of reactants that are effectively clustered with water does not significantly change the overall rate of the formation of dimethyl sulfoxide and Br. The present results show that the overall mechanism and rate of the DMS + BrO reaction may not be affected by humidity under atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Li
- Environment
Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T. Tsona
- Environment
Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shanshan Tang
- Environment
Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment
Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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