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Jeong YC, Yeh SW, Jeong JI, Park RJ, Wang Y. Existence of typical winter atmospheric circulation patterns leading to high PM 2.5 concentration days in East Asia. Environ Pollut 2024; 348:123829. [PMID: 38513943 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the atmospheric circulation patterns responsible for severe air pollution events in East Asia is important because East Asia is one of the most polluted regions in the world, particularly during the boreal winter (December-January-February). Here, by conducting GEOS-Chem simulation with fixed anthropogenic emission sources, we found that there exist three typical atmospheric circulation patterns conducive to leading to high concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in East Asia. These atmospheric circulation patterns are characterized by weakened horizontal winds, which allows PM2.5 to accumulate, and by enhanced relative humidity, which can favor secondary formation of PM2.5. The occurrence of these atmospheric circulation patterns is associated with increased sea ice cover over the Barents Sea and heavy precipitation over the tropical western Indian Ocean. The existence of these atmospheric circulation patterns among typical atmospheric circulation patterns indicates high PM2.5 days in East Asia are unavoidable given current level of anthropogenic emissions in the region. This conclusion indicates that sustained efforts to reduce anthropogenic emission sources in East Asia should be warranted to avoid high PM2.5 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Cheol Jeong
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sang-Wook Yeh
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea.
| | - Jaein I Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Tsompanaki E, Aveyard P, Park RJ, Koutoukidis DA. The impact of low-energy total diet replacement with behavioural support for remission of type 2 diabetes on disordered eating (ARIADNE): Protocol for a non-inferiority randomised controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2024; 142:107542. [PMID: 38685400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2024.107542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The National Health Service (NHS) in England is currently piloting a weight loss programme for remission of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D), where participants replace all food with low-energy nutritionally complete formula products for 12 weeks (total diet replacement, TDR) and receive behavioural support. In a clinical trial, this programme led to remission in nearly half the participants. However, this weight loss programme might also worsen disordered eating and prompt eating disorders in susceptible people. We aim to investigate if the TDR programme is non-inferior to standard care in terms of disordered eating in susceptible individuals. METHODS Fifty six people with newly diagnosed T2D, BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2, and medium to high scores of disordered eating based on the Eating Disorders Examination questionnaire (EDE-Q) will be randomised 1:1 to TDR receiving remote weekly/bi-weekly dietetic support or standard care. Participants will be re-assessed remotely at 1, 3, 4, 6, and 12 months. The primary outcome will be the between-group difference in the score of the EDE-Q. If the sample size can be expanded to 150, we will reduce the non-inferiority boundary. Weight, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), impairment from disordered eating, and distress will be secondary outcomes. Using the recorded consultations, we will evaluate the process in observed changes in eating behaviour and disordered eating. CONCLUSIONS If TDR for T2D remission is deemed non-inferior to standard care, more people may enrol and benefit from T2D remission. If TDR exacerbates disordered eating, screening may reduce unintended harm. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT05744232 (ClinicalTrials.gov, prospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tsompanaki
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - P Aveyard
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R J Park
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D A Koutoukidis
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Jeong JI, Park RJ. Can climate indices forecast daily variations of wintertime PM 2.5 concentrations in East Asia? Sci Total Environ 2023; 881:163505. [PMID: 37062311 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Synoptic meteorological variability plays an important role in determining air quality. In East Asia, the expansion and contraction of the Siberian high-pressure system is an essential mechanism for determining surface particulate matter concentrations (PM2.5) during the winter season. Here, we selected four climate indices that reflected the variability of the Siberian high-pressure system and analyzed their correlation with the daily variability of the observed winter PM2.5 concentrations in China and South Korea over the past six years (2014/15-2019/20). Siberian High Intensity (SHI) and East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) indices were good indicators of daily PM2.5 concentration changes. Two to four days after the daily SHI and EAWM indices exceed the threshold (±1), the daily PM2.5 concentrations in East Asia significantly increased or decreased, up to 40 % compared to the mean winter PM2.5 concentrations. The climate indices associated with the Siberian high-pressure system thus potentially effectively forecast the daily PM2.5 concentrations in East Asia within a period of one week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaein I Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Oak YJ, Park RJ, Lee JT, Byun G. Future air quality and premature mortality in Korea. Sci Total Environ 2023; 865:161134. [PMID: 36587681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We simulate air quality in Korea for the present, the near-term, and the long-term future conditions under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1: most sustainable pathway with strong emissions control, SSP3: most challenging pathway with mild emissions control) using a chemical transport model. Simulated future concentrations of NO2, SO2, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), show, in general, lower values compared to the present with varying degrees depending on SSP scenarios. Significant reductions in precursor emissions result in a decrease in O3 concentrations under a NOx-limited environment in the long-term future under SSP1. Under SSP3, O3 increases in the future under a VOC-limited regime, driven by increased CH4 levels and biogenic VOC emissions under the warming climate. Concentrations of PM2.5 and its components, including sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and organic aerosols (OA), generally decrease in the long-term future under both scenarios. However, the contribution of biogenic secondary OA (BSOA) to PM2.5 will increase in the future. Simulated results are used to estimate cardiorespiratory mortality changes with concentration-response factors from epidemiologic studies in Korea based on national health surveys and Korean cohorts, using projected population structures from the SSP database. The cardiorespiratory health burden of long-term exposure to O3, NO2, SO2, and PM2.5 is estimated to be 10,419 (95 % confidence interval: 1271-17,142), 8630 (0-18,713), 3958 (0-9272), and 10,431 (1411-20,643) deaths in 2019. We find that the total cardiorespiratory excess mortality due to air pollutants under SSP1 decreases by 8 % and 95 % in 2045 and 2095, respectively. Under SSP3, excess mortality increases by 80 % in 2045, and decreases by 22 % in 2095, resulting in a substantial difference in the health outcomes depending on the emission scenario. We also find that the BSOA contribution to total PM2.5 will differ by region, emphasizing the potential health impact of BSOA on a local scale in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin J Oak
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jong-Tae Lee
- School of Health Policy and Management, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Garam Byun
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Jeong YC, Yeh SW, Jeong JI, Park RJ, Yoo C, Yoon JH. Intrinsic atmospheric circulation patterns associated with high PM 2.5 concentration days in South Korea during the cold season. Sci Total Environ 2023; 863:160878. [PMID: 36516924 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Based on observation data and a novel K-mean clustering method, we investigated whether intrinsic atmospheric circulation patterns are related with the occurrence of high particulate matter (PM) concentration days (diameters less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5)), in Seoul, South Korea, during the cold season (December to March). A simple composite map shows that weak horizontal and vertical ventilation over the Korean Peninsula can cause high PM2.5 concentration (High_PM2.5) days. Also, atmospheric circulations are quite different between one day of High_PM2.5 and periods longer than two days. We also found that two intrinsic atmospheric circulation patterns in Asia, which were obtained by adopting K-mean clustering to the daily 850 hPa geopotential height anomalies for 2005-2020, were associated with High_PM2.5 days. These results indicate that High_PM2.5 days in Seoul, South Korea, occur as a result of intrinsic atmospheric circulation patterns, therefore, they are unavoidable unless the anthropogenic emission sources over the Korean Peninsula, East Asia, or both are reduced. In addition, these two intrinsic atmospheric circulation patterns are more prominent for periods longer than two days while there are no favorable intrinsic atmospheric circulation patterns to induce one day of High_PM2.5, which indicates that a single day of High_PM2.5 tends to occur by a stochastic atmospheric circulation rather than the intrinsic atmospheric circulation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Cheol Jeong
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Yeh
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, ERICA, Ansan, South Korea.
| | - Jaein I Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Changhyun Yoo
- Department of Climate and Energy Systems Engineering, Ehwa Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Yoon
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
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Lee HM, Park RJ. Factors determining the seasonal variation of ozone air quality in South Korea: Regional background versus domestic emission contributions. Environ Pollut 2022; 308:119645. [PMID: 35718046 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
South Korea has experienced a rapid increase in ozone concentrations in surface air together with China for decades. Here we use a 3-D global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem nested over East Asia (110 E - 140 E, 20 N-50 N) at 0.25° × 0.3125° resolution, to examine locally controllable (domestic anthropogenic) versus uncontrollable (background) contributions to ozone air quality at the national scale for 2016. We conducted model simulations for representative months of each season: January, April, July, and October for winter, spring, summer, and fall and performed extensive model evaluation by comparing simulated ozone with observations from satellite and surface networks. The model appears to reproduce observed spatial and temporal ozone variations, showing correlation coefficients (0.40-0.87) against each observation dataset. Seasonal mean ozone concentrations in the model are the highest in spring (39.3 ± 10.3 ppb), followed by summer (38.3 ± 14.4 ppb), fall (31.2 ± 9.8 ppb), and winter (24.5 ± 7.9 ppb), which is consistent with that of surface observations. Background ozone concentrations obtained from a sensitivity model simulation with no domestic anthropogenic emissions show a different seasonal variation in South Korea, showing the highest value in spring (46.9 ± 3.4 ppb) followed by fall (38.2 ± 3.7 ppb), winter (33.0 ± 1.9 ppb), and summer (32.1 ± 6.7 ppb). Except for summer, when the photochemical formation is dominant, the background ozone concentrations are higher than the seasonal ozone concentrations in the model, indicating that the domestic anthropogenic emissions play a role as ozone loss via NOx titration throughout the year. Ozone air quality in South Korea is determined mainly by year-round regional background contributions (peak in spring) with summertime domestic ozone formation by increased biogenic VOCs emissions with persistent NOx emissions throughout the year. The domestic NOx emissions reduce MDA8 ozone around large cities (Seoul and Busan) and hardly increase MDA8 in other regions in spring, but it increases MDA8 across the country in summer. Therefore, NOx reduction can be effective in control of MDA8 ozone in summer, but it can have rather countereffect in spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Min Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Now at: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Choi J, Henze DK, Cao H, Nowlan CR, González Abad G, Kwon H, Lee H, Oak YJ, Park RJ, Bates KH, Maasakkers JD, Wisthaler A, Weinheimer AJ. An Inversion Framework for Optimizing Non-Methane VOC Emissions Using Remote Sensing and Airborne Observations in Northeast Asia During the KORUS-AQ Field Campaign. J Geophys Res Atmos 2022; 127:e2021JD035844. [PMID: 35865789 PMCID: PMC9285978 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We aim to reduce uncertainties in CH2O and other volatile organic carbon (VOC) emissions through assimilation of remote sensing data. We first update a three-dimensional (3D) chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem with the KORUSv5 anthropogenic emission inventory and inclusion of chemistry for aromatics and C2H4, leading to modest improvements in simulation of CH2O (normalized mean bias (NMB): -0.57 to -0.51) and O3 (NMB: -0.25 to -0.19) compared against DC-8 aircraft measurements during KORUS-AQ; the mixing ratio of most VOC species are still underestimated. We next constrain VOC emissions using CH2O observations from two satellites (OMI and OMPS) and the DC-8 aircraft during KORUS-AQ. To utilize data from multiple platforms in a consistent manner, we develop a two-step Hybrid Iterative Finite Difference Mass Balance and four-dimensional variational inversion system (Hybrid IFDMB-4DVar). The total VOC emissions throughout the domain increase by 47%. The a posteriori simulation reduces the low biases of simulated CH2O (NMB: -0.51 to -0.15), O3 (NMB: -0.19 to -0.06), and VOCs. Alterations to the VOC speciation from the 4D-Var inversion include increases of biogenic isoprene emissions in Korea and anthropogenic emissions in Eastern China. We find that the IFDMB method alone is adequate for reducing the low biases of VOCs in general; however, 4D-Var provides additional refinement of high-resolution emissions and their speciation. Defining reasonable emission errors and choosing optimal regularization parameters are crucial parts of the inversion system. Our new hybrid inversion framework can be applied for future air quality campaigns, maximizing the value of integrating measurements from current and upcoming geostationary satellite instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyul Choi
- Environmental Engineering ProgramUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Daven K. Henze
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Hansen Cao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | | | | | | | - Hyung‐Min Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringEwha Womans UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yujin J. Oak
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Rokjin J. Park
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kelvin H. Bates
- School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridgeMAUSA
| | | | - Armin Wisthaler
- Institute for Ion Physics and Applied PhysicsUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Andrew J. Weinheimer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling LaboratoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
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8
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Feng Z, Xu Y, Kobayashi K, Dai L, Zhang T, Agathokleous E, Calatayud V, Paoletti E, Mukherjee A, Agrawal M, Park RJ, Oak YJ, Yue X. Ozone pollution threatens the production of major staple crops in East Asia. Nat Food 2022; 3:47-56. [PMID: 37118490 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
East Asia is a hotspot of surface ozone (O3) pollution, which hinders crop growth and reduces yields. Here, we assess the relative yield loss in rice, wheat and maize due to O3 by combining O3 elevation experiments across Asia and air monitoring at about 3,000 locations in China, Japan and Korea. China shows the highest relative yield loss at 33%, 23% and 9% for wheat, rice and maize, respectively. The relative yield loss is much greater in hybrid than inbred rice, being close to that for wheat. Total O3-induced annual loss of crop production is estimated at US$63 billion. The large impact of O3 on crop production urges us to take mitigation action for O3 emission control and adaptive agronomic measures against the rising surface O3 levels across East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yansen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Kazuhiko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Lulu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Arideep Mukherjee
- Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yujin J Oak
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xu Yue
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China.
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9
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Park DH, Cho C, Kim H, Park RJ, Anderson B, Lee T, Huey GL, Wennberg PO, Weinheimer AJ, Yum SS, Long R, Kim SW. Boundary layer versus free tropospheric submicron particle formation: A case study from NASA DC-8 observations in the Asian continental outflow during the KORUS-AQ campaign. Atmos Res 2021; 264:1-11. [PMID: 36936135 PMCID: PMC10019524 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we contrasted major secondary inorganic species and processes responsible for submicron particle formation (SPF) events in the boundary layer (BL) and free troposphere (FT) over the Korean Peninsula during Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign (May-June, 2016) using aircraft observations. The number concentration of ultrafine particles with diameters between 3 nm and 10 nm (NCN3-10) during the entire KORUS-AQ period reached a peak (7,606 ± 12,003 cm -3) at below 1 km altitude, implying that the particle formation around the Korean Peninsula primarily occurred in the daytime BL. During the BL SPF case (7 May, 2016), the SPF over Seoul metropolitan area was more attributable to oxidation of NO2 rather than SO2-to-sulfate conversion. From the analysis of the relationship between nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and temperature or relative humidity (RH), NOR showed a positive correlation only with temperature. This suggests that homogeneous gas-phase reactions of NO2 with OH or O3 contributed to nitrate formation. From the relationship between NCN3-10 (> 10,000 cm-3) and the NOR (or sulfur oxidation ratio) at Olympic Park in Seoul during the entire KORUS-AQ period, it was regarded that the relative importance of nitrogen oxidation was grown as the NCN3-10 increased. During the FT SPF case (31 May, 2016) over the yellow sea, the SO2-to-sulfate conversion seemed to influence SPF highly. The sulfate/CO ratio had a positive correlation with both the temperature and RH, suggesting that aqueous-phase pathways as well as gas-phase reactions might be attributable to sulfate formation in the FT. In particular, FT SPF event on 31 May was possibly caused by the direct transport of SO2 precursors from the continent above the shallow marine boundary layer under favorable conditions for FT SPF events, such as decreased aerosol surface area and increased solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyeon Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chaeyoon Cho
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeonmin Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rokjin J. Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Taehyoung Lee
- Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Korea
| | - Greg L. Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Seong Soo Yum
- Department of Atmosphere Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Russell Long
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Cho C, Schwarz JP, Perring AE, Lamb KD, Kondo Y, Park JU, Park DH, Shim K, Park JS, Park RJ, Lee M, Song CK, Kim SW. Light-absorption enhancement of black carbon in the Asian outflow inferred from airborne SP2 and in-situ measurements during KORUS-AQ. Sci Total Environ 2021; 773:145531. [PMID: 33582332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the changes in the size distribution, coating thickness, and mass absorption cross-section (MAC) of black carbon (BC) with aging and estimated the light absorption enhancement (Eabs) in the Asian outflow from airborne in-situ measurements during 2016 KORUS-AQ campaign. The BC number concentration decreased, but mass mean diameter increased with increasing altitude in the West Coast (WC) and Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), reflecting the contrast between freshly emitted BC-containing particles at the surface and more aged aerosol associated with aggregation during vertical mixing and transport. Contradistinctively, BC number and mass size distributions were relatively invariant with altitude over the Yellow Sea (YS) because sufficiently aged BC from eastern China were horizontally transported to all altitudes over the YS, and there are no significant sources at the surface. The averaged inferred MAC of refractory BC in three regions reflecting differences in their size distributions increased to 9.8 ± 1.0 m2 g-1 (YS), 9.3 ± 0.9 m2 g-1 (WC), and 8.2 ± 0.9 m2 g-1 (SMA) as BC coating thickness increased from 20 nm to 120 nm. The absorption coefficient of BC calculated from the coating thickness and MAC were highly correlated with the filter-based absorption measurements with the slope of 1.16 and R2 of 0.96 at 550 nm, revealing that the thickly coated BC had a large MAC and absorption coefficient. The Eabs due to the inferred coatings was estimated as 1.0-1.6, which was about 30% lower than those from climate models and laboratory experiments, suggesting that the increase in the BC absorption by the coatings in the Asian outflow is not as large as calculated in the previous studies. Organics contributed to the largest Eabs accounting for 69% (YS), 61% (WC), and 64% (SMA). This implies that organics are largely responsible for the lensing effect of BC rather than sulfates in the Asian outflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeyoon Cho
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joshua P Schwarz
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Anne E Perring
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Kara D Lamb
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO 80305, USA; Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yutaka Kondo
- National Institute for Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Jong-Uk Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyeon Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuseok Shim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Park
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Meehye Lee
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Song
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Crawford JH, Ahn JY, Al-Saadi J, Chang L, Emmons LK, Kim J, Lee G, Park JH, Park RJ, Woo JH, Song CK, Hong JH, Hong YD, Lefer BL, Lee M, Lee T, Kim S, Min KE, Yum SS, Shin HJ, Kim YW, Choi JS, Park JS, Szykman JJ, Long RW, Jordan CE, Simpson IJ, Fried A, Dibb JE, Cho S, Kim YP. The Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) field study. Elementa (Wash D C) 2021; 9:1-27. [PMID: 34926709 PMCID: PMC8675105 DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2020.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) field study was conducted during May-June 2016. The effort was jointly sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Research of South Korea and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States. KORUS-AQ offered an unprecedented, multi-perspective view of air quality conditions in South Korea by employing observations from three aircraft, an extensive ground-based network, and three ships along with an array of air quality forecast models. Information gathered during the study is contributing to an improved understanding of the factors controlling air quality in South Korea. The study also provided a valuable test bed for future air quality-observing strategies involving geostationary satellite instruments being launched by both countries to examine air quality throughout the day over Asia and North America. This article presents details on the KORUS-AQ observational assets, study execution, data products, and air quality conditions observed during the study. High-level findings from companion papers in this special issue are also summarized and discussed in relation to the factors controlling fine particle and ozone pollution, current emissions and source apportionment, and expectations for the role of satellite observations in the future. Resulting policy recommendations and advice regarding plans going forward are summarized. These results provide an important update to early feedback previously provided in a Rapid Science Synthesis Report produced for South Korean policy makers in 2017 and form the basis for the Final Science Synthesis Report delivered in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joon-Young Ahn
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Limseok Chang
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jhoon Kim
- Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gangwoong Lee
- Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoo Park
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Chang-Keun Song
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Hong
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Deog Hong
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Kum Kyoung Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Meehye Lee
- Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyoung Lee
- Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyung-Eun Min
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hye Jung Shin
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Choi
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Park
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - James J. Szykman
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Russell W. Long
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn E. Jordan
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Alan Fried
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Cho Y, Jeong S, Lee D, Kim S, Park RJ, Gibson L, Zheng C, Park C. Foraging trip duration of honeybee increases during a poor air quality episode and the increase persists thereafter. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:1492-1500. [PMID: 33613984 PMCID: PMC7882926 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased concentration of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere alters the degree of polarization of skylight which is used by honeybees for navigation during their foraging trips. However, little has empirically shown whether poor air quality indeed affects foraging performance (foraging trip duration) of honeybee. Here, we show apparent increases in the average duration of honeybee foraging during and after a heavy air pollution event compared with that of the pre-event period. The average foraging duration of honeybees during the event increased by 32 min compared with the pre-event conditions, indicating that 71% more time was spent on foraging. Moreover, the average foraging duration measured after the event did not recover to its pre-event level. We further investigated whether an optical property (Depolarization Ratio, DR) of dominant PM in the atmosphere and level of air pollution (fine PM mass concentration) affect foraging trip duration. The result demonstrates the DR and fine PM mass concentration have significant effects on honeybee foraging trip duration. Foraging trip duration increases with decreasing DR while it increases with increasing fine PM mass concentration. In addition, the effects of fine PM mass concentration are synergistic with overcast skies. Our study implies that poor air quality could pose a new threat to bee foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoori Cho
- Department of Environmental PlanningGraduate School of Environmental StudiesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sujong Jeong
- Department of Environmental PlanningGraduate School of Environmental StudiesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Dowon Lee
- Department of Environmental PlanningGraduate School of Environmental StudiesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Sang‐Woo Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Rokjin J. Park
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Luke Gibson
- School of Environmental Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina
| | - Chan‐Ryul Park
- Urban Forests Research CenterNational Institute of Forest ServicesSeoulKorea
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13
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Abstract
In a search to optimize neutron long counter design for overall efficiency and flat energy response, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for a variety of detector design parameters using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Extended code. Based on the standard long counter design by McTaggart, moderator diameter, moderator back length, and longitudinal hole diameter were sequentially varied, and the sensitivity of each parameter to the long counter response was systematically analyzed. For each design, simulations were done in the neutron energy range of 1 keV to 10 MeV. From the simulation results, it turned out that out of the three moderator parameters, the moderator diameter is most sensitive for optimizing the long counter response. As the last design parameter, the effect of the central slow-neutron counter was investigated, which showed a significant difference in the response. The investigation of each design parameter gave clear insight on its effect on the long counter response and enabled one to determine the optimum condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Park
- Radiation Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University
| | - S H Byun
- Radiation Sciences Graduate Program, McMaster University
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University
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14
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Jeong JI, Park RJ, Yeh SW. Dissimilar effects of two El Niño types on PM 2.5 concentrations in East Asia. Environ Pollut 2018; 242:1395-1403. [PMID: 30142555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of natural variability of meteorological fields on surface PM2.5 concentration changes in East Asia during El Niño periods for the past three decades (1980-2014) through GEOS-Chem 3D global chemical transport model simulations. First, our evaluation of the model with anthropogenic emissions for 2006 and a comparison against observations show that the simulated results accurately reproduced the observed spatial distribution of annual mean aerosol concentrations for 2006-2007 including inorganic (sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate) and carbonaceous (organic and black carbon) aerosols in the surface air. Based on the Oceanic Niño Index, the assimilated meteorological data used in the model simulations indicate that 10 El Niño events occurred for the past three decades (1980-2014). We further classified the 10 El Niño events into 6 central Pacific El Niño (C-type) and 4 eastern Pacific El Niño (E-type) to examine the different roles of two El Niño types in determining seasonal surface PM2.5 concentrations in East Asia. We find opposite impacts on the seasonal surface PM2.5 concentrations depending on two El Niño types, such that the surface PM2.5 concentrations during the E-type period are higher than the climatological mean value, especially in northern East Asia. The peak increase of as much as 20% occurs in winter and is sustained until the following spring. However, the C-type period shows a decrease in seasonal PM2.5 concentrations in northern East Asia compare to the climatological mean, and the peak decrease of as much as 10% occurs in the following spring. The different of two El Niño types also have dissimilar impacts on surface PM2.5 concentrations in southeastern China. Natural variation of aerosol concentrations driven by the different of two El Niño types appears to be significant and would be an important factor in determining the inter-annual variation of aerosol concentrations in East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaein I Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Sang-Wook Yeh
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Jeong JI, Park RJ. Efficacy of dust aerosol forecasts for East Asia using the adjoint of GEOS-Chem with ground-based observations. Environ Pollut 2018; 234:885-893. [PMID: 29248856 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Asian dust storms occur often and have a great impact on East Asia and the western Pacific in spring. Early warnings based on reliable forecasts of dust storms thus are crucial for protecting human health and industry. Here we explore the efficacy of 4-D variational method-based data assimilation in a chemical transport model for dust storm forecasts in East Asia. We use a 3-D global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and its adjoint model with surface PM10 mass concentration observations. We evaluate the model for several severe dust storm events, which occurred in May 2007 and March 2011 in East Asia. First of all, simulated the PM10 mass concentrations with the forward model showed large discrepancies compared with PM10 mass concentrations observed in China, Korea, and Japan, implying large uncertainties of simulated dust emission fluxes in the source regions. Based on our adjoint model constrained by observations for the whole period of each event, the reproduction of the spatial and temporal distributions of observations over East Asia was substantially improved (regression slopes from 0.15 to 2.81 to 0.85-1.02 and normalized mean biases from -74%-151% to -34%-1%). We then examine the efficacy of the data assimilation system for daily dust storm forecasts based on the adjoint model including previous day observations to update the initial condition of the forward model simulation for the next day. The forecast results successfully captured the spatial and temporal variations of ground-based observations in downwind regions, indicating that the data assimilation system with ground-based observations effectively forecasts dust storms, especially in downwind regions. However, the efficacy is limited in nearby the dust source regions, including Mongolia and North China, due to the lack of observations for constraining the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaein I Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.
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16
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Hogrefe C, Liu P, Pouliot G, Mathur R, Roselle S, Flemming J, Lin M, Park RJ. Impacts of different characterizations of large-scale background on simulated regional-scale ozone over the continental United States. Atmos Chem Phys 2018; 18:3839-3864. [PMID: 30079085 PMCID: PMC6071430 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-3839-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes simulated regional-scale ozone burdens both near the surface and aloft, estimates process contributions to these burdens, and calculates the sensitivity of the simulated regional-scale ozone burden to several key model inputs with a particular emphasis on boundary conditions derived from hemispheric or global-scale models. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations supporting this analysis were performed over the continental US for the year 2010 within the context of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII) and Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF-HTAP) activities. CMAQ process analysis (PA) results highlight the dominant role of horizontal and vertical advection on the ozone burden in the mid-to-upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Vertical mixing, including mixing by convective clouds, couples fluctuations in free-tropospheric ozone to ozone in lower layers. Hypothetical bounding scenarios were performed to quantify the effects of emissions, boundary conditions, and ozone dry deposition on the simulated ozone burden. Analysis of these simulations confirms that the characterization of ozone outside the regional-scale modeling domain can have a profound impact on simulated regional-scale ozone. This was further investigated by using data from four hemispheric or global modeling systems (Chemistry - Integrated Forecasting Model (C-IFS), CMAQ extended for hemispheric applications (H-CMAQ), the Goddard Earth Observing System model coupled to chemistry (GEOS-Chem), and AM3) to derive alternate boundary conditions for the regional-scale CMAQ simulations. The regional-scale CMAQ simulations using these four different boundary conditions showed that the largest ozone abundance in the upper layers was simulated when using boundary conditions from GEOS-Chem, followed by the simulations using C-IFS, AM3, and H-CMAQ boundary conditions, consistent with the analysis of the ozone fields from the global models along the CMAQ boundaries. Using boundary conditions from AM3 yielded higher springtime ozone columns burdens in the middle and lower troposphere compared to boundary conditions from the other models. For surface ozone, the differences between the AM3-driven CMAQ simulations and the CMAQ simulations driven by other large-scale models are especially pronounced during spring and winter where they can reach more than 10 ppb for seasonal mean ozone mixing ratios and as much as 15 ppb for domain-averaged daily maximum 8 h average ozone on individual days. In contrast, the differences between the C-IFS-, GEOS-Chem-, and H-CMAQ-driven regional-scale CMAQ simulations are typically smaller. Comparing simulated sur face ozone mixing ratios to observations and computing seasonal and regional model performance statistics revealed that boundary conditions can have a substantial impact on model performance. Further analysis showed that boundary conditions can affect model performance across the entire range of the observed distribution, although the impacts tend to be lower during summer and for the very highest observed percentiles. The results are discussed in the context of future model development and analysis opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hogrefe
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- National Research Council Fellow at National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - George Pouliot
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shawn Roselle
- Computational Exposure Division, National Exposure Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Meiyun Lin
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Rokjin J. Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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17
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Liang CK, West JJ, Silva RA, Bian H, Chin M, Davila Y, Dentener FJ, Emmons L, Flemming J, Folberth G, Henze D, Im U, Jonson JE, Keating TJ, Kucsera T, Lenzen A, Lin M, Lund MT, Pan X, Park RJ, Pierce RB, Sekiya T, Sudo K, Takemura T. HTAP2 multi-model estimates of premature human mortality due to intercontinental transport of air pollution and emission sectors. Atmos Chem Phys 2018; 18:10497-10520. [PMID: 33204242 PMCID: PMC7668558 DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-10497-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution from ozone and fine particulate matter is associated with premature mortality. As emissions from one continent influence air quality over others, changes in emissions can also influence human health on other continents. We estimate global air pollution-related premature mortality from exposure to PM2.5 and ozone, and the avoided deaths from 20% anthropogenic emission reductions from six source regions, North America (NAM), Europe (EUR), South Asia (SAS), East Asia (EAS), Russia/Belarus/Ukraine (RBU) and the Middle East (MDE), three global emission sectors, Power and Industry (PIN), Ground Transportation (TRN) and Residential (RES) and one global domain (GLO), using an ensemble of global chemical transport model simulations coordinated by the second phase of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (TF-HTAP2), and epidemiologically-derived concentration-response functions. We build on results from previous studies of the TF-HTAP by using improved atmospheric models driven by new estimates of 2010 anthropogenic emissions (excluding methane), with more source and receptor regions, new consideration of source sector impacts, and new epidemiological mortality functions. We estimate 290,000 (95% CI: 30,000, 600,000) premature O3-related deaths and 2.8 million (0.5 million, 4.6 million) PM2.5-related premature deaths globally for the baseline year 2010. While 20% emission reductions from one region generally lead to more avoided deaths within the source region than outside, reducing emissions from MDE and RBU can avoid more O3-related deaths outside of these regions than within, and reducing MDE emissions also avoids more PM2.5-related deaths outside of MDE than within. Our findings that most avoided O3-related deaths from emission reductions in NAM and EUR occur outside of those regions contrast with those of previous studies, while estimates of PM2.5-related deaths from NAM, EUR, SAS and EAS emission reductions agree well. In addition, EUR, MDE and RBU have more avoided O3-related deaths from reducing foreign emissions than from domestic reductions. For six regional emission reductions, the total avoided extra-regional mortality is estimated as 6,000 (-3,400, 15,500) deaths/year and 25,100 (8,200, 35,800) deaths/year through changes in O3 and PM2.5, respectively. Interregional transport of air pollutants leads to more deaths through changes in PM2.5 than in O3, even though O3 is transported more on interregional scales, since PM2.5 has a stronger influence on mortality. For NAM and EUR, our estimates of avoided mortality from regional and extra-regional emission reductions are comparable to those estimated by regional models for these same experiments. In sectoral emission reductions, TRN emissions account for the greatest fraction (26-53% of global emission reduction) of O3-related premature deaths in most regions, in agreement with previous studies, except for EAS (58%) and RBU (38%) where PIN emissions dominate. In contrast, PIN emission reductions have the greatest fraction (38-78% of global emission reduction) of PM2.5-related deaths in most regions, except for SAS (45%) where RES emission dominates, which differs with previous studies in which RES emissions dominate global health impacts. The spread of air pollutant concentration changes across models contributes most to the overall uncertainty in estimated avoided deaths, highlighting the uncertainty in results based on a single model. Despite uncertainties, the health benefits of reduced intercontinental air pollution transport suggest that international cooperation may be desirable to mitigate pollution transported over long distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciao-Kai Liang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J. Jason West
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raquel A. Silva
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education at US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Huisheng Bian
- Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mian Chin
- Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Yanko Davila
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Louisa Emmons
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Daven Henze
- European Commission, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
| | - Ulas Im
- Aarhus University, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Terry J. Keating
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tom Kucsera
- Universities Space Research Association, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Allen Lenzen
- Space Science & Engineering Center, University of Wisconsin -Madison, WI, USA
| | - Meiyun Lin
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Xiaohua Pan
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - R. Bradley Pierce
- NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Kengo Sudo
- Nagoya University, Furocho, Chigusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takemura
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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18
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Huang M, Carmichael GR, Pierce RB, Jo DS, Park RJ, Flemming J, Emmons LK, Bowman KW, Henze DK, Davila Y, Sudo K, Jonson JE, Lund MT, Janssens-Maenhout G, Dentener FJ, Keating TJ, Oetjen H, Payne VH. Impact of intercontinental pollution transport on North American ozone air pollution: an HTAP phase 2 multi-model study. Atmos Chem Phys 2017; 17:5721-5750. [PMID: 29780406 PMCID: PMC5954439 DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-5721-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The recent update on the US National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of the ground-level ozone (O3/ can benefit from a better understanding of its source contributions in different US regions during recent years. In the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution experiment phase 1 (HTAP1), various global models were used to determine the O3 source-receptor (SR) relationships among three continents in the Northern Hemisphere in 2001. In support of the HTAP phase 2 (HTAP2) experiment that studies more recent years and involves higher-resolution global models and regional models' participation, we conduct a number of regional-scale Sulfur Transport and dEposition Model (STEM) air quality base and sensitivity simulations over North America during May-June 2010. STEM's top and lateral chemical boundary conditions were downscaled from three global chemical transport models' (i.e., GEOS-Chem, RAQMS, and ECMWF C-IFS) base and sensitivity simulations in which the East Asian (EAS) anthropogenic emissions were reduced by 20 %. The mean differences between STEM surface O3 sensitivities to the emission changes and its corresponding boundary condition model's are smaller than those among its boundary condition models, in terms of the regional/period-mean (<10 %) and the spatial distributions. An additional STEM simulation was performed in which the boundary conditions were downscaled from a RAQMS (Realtime Air Quality Modeling System) simulation without EAS anthropogenic emissions. The scalability of O3 sensitivities to the size of the emission perturbation is spatially varying, and the full (i.e., based on a 100% emission reduction) source contribution obtained from linearly scaling the North American mean O3 sensitivities to a 20% reduction in the EAS anthropogenic emissions may be underestimated by at least 10 %. The three boundary condition models' mean O3 sensitivities to the 20% EAS emission perturbations are ~8% (May-June 2010)/~11% (2010 annual) lower than those estimated by eight global models, and the multi-model ensemble estimates are higher than the HTAP1 reported 2001 conditions. GEOS-Chem sensitivities indicate that the EAS anthropogenic NO x emissions matter more than the other EAS O3 precursors to the North American O3, qualitatively consistent with previous adjoint sensitivity calculations. In addition to the analyses on large spatial-temporal scales relative to the HTAP1, we also show results on subcontinental and event scales that are more relevant to the US air quality management. The EAS pollution impacts are weaker during observed O3 exceedances than on all days in most US regions except over some high-terrain western US rural/remote areas. Satellite O3 (TES, JPL-IASI, and AIRS) and carbon monoxide (TES and AIRS) products, along with surface measurements and model calculations, show that during certain episodes stratospheric O3 intrusions and the transported EAS pollution influenced O3 in the western and the eastern US differently. Free-running (i.e., without chemical data assimilation) global models underpredicted the transported background O3 during these episodes, posing difficulties for STEM to accurately simulate the surface O3 and its source contribution. Although we effectively improved the modeled O3 by incorporating satellite O3 (OMI and MLS) and evaluated the quality of the HTAP2 emission inventory with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute-Ozone Monitoring Instrument (KNMI-OMI) nitrogen dioxide, using observations to evaluate and improve O3 source attribution still remains to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - R. Bradley Pierce
- NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin W. Bowman
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Yanko Davila
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kengo Sudo
- Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hilke Oetjen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Vivienne H. Payne
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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19
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Jeong JI, Park RJ. Winter monsoon variability and its impact on aerosol concentrations in East Asia. Environ Pollut 2017; 221:285-292. [PMID: 27939624 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the relationship between winter aerosol concentrations over East Asia and variability in the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) using GEOS-Chem 3-D global chemical transport model simulations and ground-based aerosol concentration data. We find that both observed and modeled surface aerosol concentrations have strong relationships with the intensity of the EAWM over northern (30-50°N, 100-140°E) and southern (20-30°N, 100-140°E) East Asia. In strong winter monsoon years, compared to weak winter monsoon years, lower and higher surface PM2.5 concentrations by up to 25% are shown over northern and southern East Asia, respectively. Analysis of the simulated results indicates that the southward transport of aerosols is a key process controlling changes in aerosol concentrations over East Asia associated with the EAWM. Variability in the EAWM is found to play a major role in interannual variations in aerosol concentrations; consequently, changes in the EAWM will be important for understanding future changes in wintertime air quality over East Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaein I Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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20
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Lee HM, Park RJ, Henze DK, Lee S, Shim C, Shin HJ, Moon KJ, Woo JH. PM 2.5 source attribution for Seoul in May from 2009 to 2013 using GEOS-Chem and its adjoint model. Environ Pollut 2017; 221:377-384. [PMID: 27931881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Enforcement of an air quality standard for PM2.5 in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) was enacted in 2015. From May to June of 2016, an international airborne and surface measurement campaign took place to investigate air pollution mechanisms in the SMA. The total and speciated PM2.5 concentrations since 2008 have been measured at an intensive monitoring site for the SMA operated by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). To gain insight on the trends and sources of PM2.5 in the SMA in May, we analyze PM2.5 concentrations from 2009 to 2013 using the measurements and simulations from a 3-dimensional global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem and its adjoint. The model is updated here with the latest regional emission inventory and diurnally varying NH3 emissions. Monthly average PM2.5 concentration measured by β-ray attenuation ranges from 28 (2010) to 45 (2013) μg/m3, decreased from 2009 to 2010, and then continuously increased until 2013. The model shows good agreement with the measurements for the daily average PM2.5 concentrations (R ≥ 0.5), and reproduces 10 out of 17 measured episodes exceeding the daily air quality standard (50 μg/m3). Using the GEOS-Chem adjoint model, we find that anthropogenic emissions from the Shandong region have the largest modeled influence on PM2.5 in Seoul in May. Average contributions to the high PM2.5 episodes simulated by the model are 39% from the Shandong region, 16% from the Shanghai region, 14% from the Beijing region, and 15% from South Korea. Anthropogenic SO2 emissions from South Korea are negligible with 90% of the total contribution originating from China. Findings from this study may guide interpretation of observations obtained in the KORUS-AQ measurement campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Min Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Daven K Henze
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Seungun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsub Shim
- Korea Environment Institute, 370 Sicheong-daro, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jung Shin
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Joo Moon
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of New Technology and Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Bae SY, Jeong JI, Park RJ, Lim KSS, Hong SY. Weekly variability of precipitation induced by anthropogenic aerosols: A case study in Korea in summer 2004. Sci Total Environ 2016; 541:1531-1539. [PMID: 26479919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We examine the effect of anthropogenic aerosols on the weekly variability of precipitation in Korea in summer 2004 by using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) models. We conduct two WRF simulations including a baseline simulation with empirically based cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentrations and a sensitivity simulation with our implementation to account for the effect of aerosols on CCN number concentrations. The first simulation underestimates observed precipitation amounts, particularly in northeastern coastal areas of Korea, whereas the latter shows higher precipitation amounts that are in better agreement with the observations. In addition, the sensitivity model with the aerosol effects reproduces the observed weekly variability, particularly for precipitation frequency with a high R at 0.85, showing 20% increase of precipitation events during the weekend than those during weekdays. We find that the aerosol effect results in higher CCN number concentrations during the weekdays and a three-fold increase of the cloud water mixing ratio through enhanced condensation. As a result, the amount of warm rain is generally suppressed because of the low auto-conversion process from cloud water to rain water under high aerosol conditions. The inefficient conversion, however, leads to higher vertical development of clouds in the mid-atmosphere with stronger updrafts in the sensitivity model, which increases by 21% cold-phase hydrometeors including ice, snow, and graupel relative to the baseline model and ultimately results in higher precipitation amounts in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ya Bae
- Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaein I Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | | | - Song-You Hong
- Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Atmospheric Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim ER, Park RJ, Lee DG, Kim JJ. A Study on the Characteristics of Flow and Reactive Pollutants' Dispersion in Step-up Street Canyons Using a CFD Model. Atmosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.14191/atmos.2015.25.3.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yeh SW, Park RJ, Kim MJ, Jeong JI, Song CK. Effect of anthropogenic sulphate aerosol in China on the drought in the western-to-central US. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14305. [PMID: 26391405 PMCID: PMC4585750 DOI: 10.1038/srep14305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, droughts have occurred in the western-to-central United States (US), significantly affecting food production, water supplies, ecosystem health, and the propagation of vector-borne diseases. Previous studies have suggested natural sea surface temperature (SST) forcing in the Pacific as the main driver of precipitation deficits in the US. Here, we show that the aerosol forcing in China, which has been known to alter the regional hydrological cycle in East Asia, may also contribute to reducing the precipitation in the western-to-central US through atmospheric teleconnections across the Pacific. Our model experiments show some indications that both the SST forcing and the increase in regional sulphate forcing in China play a similar role in modulating the western-to-central US precipitation, especially its long-term variation. This result indicates that regional air quality regulations in China have important implications for hydrological cycles in East Asia, as well as in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Wook Yeh
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Korea
| | - Rokjin J. Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minjoong J. Kim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaein I. Jeong
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Keun Song
- Department of Climate and Air Quality, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea
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Park RJ, Moon JD. Low transferrin saturation is associated with impaired fasting glucose and insulin resistance in the South Korean adults: the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabet Med 2015; 32:673-8. [PMID: 25444086 DOI: 10.1111/dme.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The associations of transferrin saturation with diabetes have not been well evaluated and conflicting results have been reported. The purpose of this study is to examine the association of iron indices (serum ferritin and transferrin saturation) with risk of impaired fasting glucose and insulin resistance. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2413 individuals (1150 men and 1263 women) aged 20-50 years who participated in the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were free of diabetes, malignancy, liver cirrhosis, chronic renal failure, anaemia, pregnancy and menopause. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured as the outcomes. RESULTS Impaired fasting glucose was more prevalent in the highest compared with the lowest serum ferritin quartile among men (odds ratio [OR], 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-3.24) after adjustment for multiple covariates. Following the same adjustment, impaired fasting glucose was less prevalent in the highest compared with the lowest transferrin saturation quartile among men (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.25-0.80) and women (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.14-0.77). Moreover, a higher ferritin level was significantly associated with higher HOMA-IR after adjusting for confounders in men. Lower transferrin saturation was also significantly associated with higher insulin levels and HOMA-IR in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Lower transferrin saturations were associated with an increased risk of impaired fasting glucose and insulin resistance among general South Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gwangyang Sarang General Hospital, Gwangyang-si, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Park RJ, Moon JD. Coffee and depression in Korea: the fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 69:501-4. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Baek KH, Kim JH, Park RJ, Chance K, Kurosu TP. Validation of OMI HCHO data and its analysis over Asia. Sci Total Environ 2014; 490:93-105. [PMID: 24840284 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OMI HCHO is validated over the continental US (CONUS), and used to analyze regional sources in Northeast Asia (NA) and Southeast Asia (SA). OMI HCHO Version 2.0 data show unrealistic trends, which prompted the production of a corrected OMI HCHO data set. EOF and SVD are utilized to compare the spatial and temporal variability between OMI HCHO against GOME and SCIAMACHY, and against GEOS-Chem. CONUS HCHO chemistry is well studied; its concentrations are greatest in the southeastern US with annual cycle maximums corresponding to the summer vegetation. The corrected OMI HCHO agrees with this understanding as well as with the other sensors measurements and has no unrealistic trends. In NA the annual cycle is super-posed by extremely large concentrations in polluted mega-cities. The other sensors generally agree with NA's OMI HCHO regional distribution, but megacity signal is not seen in GEOS-Chem. Our study supports the findings proposed by others that the emission inventory used in GEOS-Chem significantly underestimates anthropogenic influence on HCHO emission over megacities. The persistent mega-city signal is also present in SA. In SA the spatial and temporal patterns of OMI HCHO show a maximum in the dry season. The patterns are in remarkably good agreement with fire counts, which illustrates that the variability of HCHO over SA is strongly influenced by biomass burning. The corrected OMI HCHO data has realistic trends, conforms to well-known sources over CONUS, and has shown a stationary large concentration over polluted Asian mega-cities, and a widespread biomass burning in SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Baek
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae H Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rokjin J Park
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kelly Chance
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, USA
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Tuccella P, Curci G, Visconti G, Bessagnet B, Menut L, Park RJ. Modeling of gas and aerosol with WRF/Chem over Europe: Evaluation and sensitivity study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Anenberg SC, West IJ, Fiore AM, Jaffe DA, Prather MJ, Bergmann D, Cuvelier K, Dentener FJ, Duncan BN, Gauss M, Hess P, Jonson JE, Lupu A, Mackenzie IA, Marmer E, Park RJ, Sanderson MG, Schultz M, Shindell DT, Szopa S, Vivanco MG, Wild O, Zeng G. Intercontinental impacts of ozone pollution on human mortality. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:6482-7. [PMID: 19764205 DOI: 10.1021/es900518z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ozone exposure is associated with negative health impacts, including premature mortality. Observations and modeling studies demonstrate that emissions from one continent influence ozone air quality over other continents. We estimate the premature mortalities avoided from surface ozone decreases obtained via combined 20% reductions of anthropogenic nitrogen oxide, nonmethane volatile organic compound, and carbon monoxide emissions in North America (NA), EastAsia (EA), South Asia (SA), and Europe (EU). We use estimates of ozone responses to these emission changes from several atmospheric chemical transportmodels combined with a health impactfunction. Foreign emission reductions contribute approximately 30%, 30%, 20%, and >50% of the mortalities avoided by reducing precursor emissions in all regions together in NA, EA, SA and EU, respectively. Reducing emissions in NA and EU avoids more mortalities outside the source region than within, owing in part to larger populations in foreign regions. Lowering the global methane abundance by 20% reduces mortality mostin SA,followed by EU, EA, and NA. For some source-receptor pairs, there is greater uncertainty in our estimated avoided mortalities associated with the modeled ozone responses to emission changes than with the health impact function parameters.
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Bullock OR, Atkinson D, Braverman T, Civerolo K, Dastoor A, Davignon D, Ku J, Lohman K, Myers TC, Park RJ, Seigneur C, Selin NE, Sistla G, Vijayaraghavan K. An analysis of simulated wet deposition of mercury from the North American Mercury Model Intercomparison Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recovery from anorexia nervosa (AN) is often confounded by intrusive, anxious preoccupations with control of eating, weight and shape. These are distressing and represent a potential barrier to psychological change. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that performing a concurrent visuospatial task reduces the emotional intensity of distressing images. We assessed whether the visuospatial task of knitting influences the anxious preoccupation experienced by inpatients with AN. METHOD Prospective interventional cohort. SUBJECTS Thirty-eight women with AN admitted to a specialized eating disorder unit. INTERVENTION All subjects were given knitting lessons and free access to supplies. MEASURE Subjects were asked to report the qualitative effects of knitting on their psychological state using a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS Patients reported a subjective reduction in anxious preoccupation when knitting. In particular, 28/38 (74%) reported it lessened the intensity of their fears and thoughts and cleared their minds of eating disorder preoccupations, 28/38 (74%) reported it had a calming and therapeutic effect and 20/38 (53%) reported it provided satisfaction, pride and a sense of accomplishment. DISCUSSION This preliminary data suggests that knitting may benefit inpatients with eating disorders by reducing their anxious preoccupations about eating, weight and shape control. The specificity of this effect is yet to be determined. This preliminary outcome requires further controlled study in AN subjects. From a clinical perspective, knitting is inexpensive, easily learned, can continue during social interaction, and can provide a sense of accomplishment. The theoretical and empirical rationale for this observation, and implications for deriving alternative strategies to augment treatment in AN, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clave-Brule
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Choi YS, Park RJ, Ho CH. Estimates of ground-level aerosol mass concentrations using a chemical transport model with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol observations over East Asia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd011041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Alexander B, Park RJ, Jacob DJ, Gong S. Transition metal-catalyzed oxidation of atmospheric sulfur: Global implications for the sulfur budget. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Bullock OR, Atkinson D, Braverman T, Civerolo K, Dastoor A, Davignon D, Ku JY, Lohman K, Myers TC, Park RJ, Seigneur C, Selin NE, Sistla G, Vijayaraghavan K. The North American Mercury Model Intercomparison Study (NAMMIS): Study description and model-to-model comparisons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd009803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang J, Hoffmann AA, Park RJ, Jacob DJ, Martin ST. Global distribution of solid and aqueous sulfate aerosols: Effect of the hysteresis of particle phase transitions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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In HJ, Byun DW, Park RJ, Moon NK, Kim S, Zhong S. Impact of transboundary transport of carbonaceous aerosols on the regional air quality in the United States: A case study of the South American wildland fire of May 1998. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Selin NE, Jacob DJ, Park RJ, Yantosca RM, Strode S, Jaeglé L, Jaffe D. Chemical cycling and deposition of atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Park RJ. Estimating ground-level PM2.5using aerosol optical depth determined from satellite remote sensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Heald CL, Jacob DJ, Park RJ, Alexander B, Fairlie TD, Yantosca RM, Chu DA. Transpacific transport of Asian anthropogenic aerosols and its impact on surface air quality in the United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of subjective experience of dysphoria may predict persistence of depression, independently of severity. This is tested in a clinic sample of adolescents with first episode of major depression using the Depressed States Checklist adapted for adolescents. METHOD Ninety-four adolescents with DSM-IV major depressive disorder (MDD) were followed up at 12 months. Self-devaluative components of dysphoric experience, ruminative style, over-general autobiographical memory, and self-reported and observer-rated measures of depression severity were assessed at presentation and evaluated as predictors of persistent MDD. RESULTS Persistent MDD was predicted by the independent additive effects of the higher self-devaluative component of dysphoria, lower general intelligence and greater observer-rated severity of depression at presentation. Neither self-reported depression score, overgeneral memory retrieval nor ruminative style contributed. CONCLUSIONS High levels of self-devaluative dysphoric experience increase the liability for persistence of first-episode MDD. Other affective-cognitive components also contribute. The adolescent version of the Depressed States Checklist is a useful brief measure of cognitive vulnerability for persistence in currently depressed young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Park
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Liu Y, Park RJ, Jacob DJ, Li Q, Kilaru V, Sarnat JA. Mapping annual mean ground-level PM2.5concentrations using Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol optical thickness over the contiguous United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Rokjin J. Park
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Daniel J. Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Qinbin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Vasu Kilaru
- National Exposure Research Laboratory; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA
| | - Jeremy A. Sarnat
- Department of Environmental Health; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts USA
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Park RJ, Goodyer IM, Teasdale JD. Effects of induced rumination and distraction on mood and overgeneral autobiographical memory in adolescent Major Depressive Disorder and controls. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45:996-1006. [PMID: 15225341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In adults there is evidence that the affective-cognitive processes of rumination and overgeneral autobiographical memory retrieval may play a part in maintaining depression. This study investigated the effects of induced rumination as compared to distraction on mood and categoric overgeneral memory in adolescents with first episode Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and the specificity of any effects to MDD. METHOD Three subject groups; adolescents with first episode MDD (N = 75), non-depressed psychiatric participants (N = 26) and community controls (N = 33) were recruited. An experimental design was used, with repeated measures of 'in the moment' depressed mood and categoric overgeneral memory before and after rumination and distraction, induced on separate occasions and counterbalanced in order across participants. RESULTS In adolescents with MDD, induced rumination as compared to distraction differentially increased depressed mood. There were no significant differences in this effect between full current MDD participants and those in partial remission. This differential effect was also seen in community controls but was absent in non-MDD psychiatric participants. In addition, rumination as compared to distraction increased overgeneral memories to negative cues in MDD participants, but this increase was not significantly related to mood change, and was specific to MDD, being absent in non-MDD psychiatric and community control groups. CONCLUSIONS Experimentally induced rumination as compared to distraction increases depressed mood and negative categoric memories in adolescents with first episode MDD. These results suggest that rumination has a deleterious effect on mood and memory retrieval processes in adolescents with first episode MDD. Increased negative overgeneral memories with rumination may be a process of particular importance for adolescents with MDD rather than psychiatric disorder in general. The findings imply that strategies to interrupt ruminative processes may be helpful in minimising persistence of first episode MDD in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Park
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, UK.
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Park RJ. Natural and transboundary pollution influences on sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosols in the United States: Implications for policy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research provides evidence for specific disturbance in feeding and growth in children of mothers with eating disorders. AIM To investigate the impact of maternal eating disorders during the post-natal year on the internal world of children, as expressed in children's representations of self and their mother in pretend mealtime play at 5 years of age. METHODS Children of mothers with eating disorders (n = 33) and a comparison group (n = 24) were videotaped enacting a family mealtime in pretend play. Specific classes of children's play representations were coded blind to group membership. Univariate analyses compared the groups on representations of mother and self. Logistic regression explored factors predicting pretend play representations. RESULTS Positive representations of the mother expressed as feeding, eating or body shape themes were more frequent in the index group. There were no other significant group differences in representations. In a logistic regression analysis, current maternal eating psychopathology was the principal predictor of these positive maternal representations. Marital criticism was associated with negative representations of the mother. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that maternal eating disorders may influence the development of a child's internal world, such that they are more preoccupied with maternal eating concerns. However, more extensive research on larger samples is required to replicate these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Park
- Developmental Psychiatry Section, University of Cambridge, 18b Trumpington Road, Cambridge Community NHS Trust, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Categoric, overgeneral autobiographical memory is more common in depressed adults than controls and predicts persistence of depression. This cross-sectional study investigated whether, compared with non-depressed psychiatric cases and community controls, first episode major depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents is associated with categoric overgeneral memory retrieval. METHODS Ninety-six clinically referred adolescents (aged 12-17 years) with MDD, 26 non-depressed psychiatric cases and a sample of 33 community controls were recruited. All subjects were assessed using the Kiddie-Schedule for Schizophrenia and Affective Disorders, and completed Williams' cued Autobiographical Memory Test and the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire. Hamilton Depression Rating Scales were completed with MDD subjects, as an index of depression severity. RESULTS Adolescents with current first episode MDD retrieved more categoric overgeneral memories than controls, but not than non-depressed psychiatric cases. Adolescents in full remission from a recent episode of MDD retrieved more categoric memories to positive cues than controls. Categoric memory in MDD was related to observer-rated and self-reported severity, but not to the pattern of co-morbid diagnoses. There were negative correlations between IQ and categoric memories in both clinical cases and controls. A positive correlation between categoric memory to negative cues and self-reported depressive symptoms was found in clinical cases (but not controls). CONCLUSIONS In adolescents, increased categoric overgeneral memory is associated with, but not specific to first episode MDD. Positive categoric memories are also increased in fully remitted MDD as compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Park
- Developmental Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge
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Park RJ. The attitudes of leading New England transcendentalists toward healthful exercise, active recreation and proper care of the body: 1830-1860. J Sport Hist 2001; 4:34-50. [PMID: 11614817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Park RJ. Physiologists, physicians, and physical educators: nineteenth century biology and exercise, hygienic and educative. J Sport Hist 2001; 14:28-60. [PMID: 11617512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Park RJ. "Embodied selves": the rise and development of concern for physical education, active games and recreation for American women, 1776-1865. J Sport Hist 2001; 5:5-41. [PMID: 11614818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Park RJ. Edward M. Hartwell and physical training at the Johns Hopkins University, 1879-1890. J Sport Hist 2001; 14:108-19. [PMID: 11617511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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