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Lee HM, Choi E, Kim YP, Soyol-Erdene TO, Natsagdorj A, Wu Z, Song M, Kim C, Jang KS, Ahn J, Matsuki A, Torabi E, Woo JH, Jung CH, Lee JY. Improvement of the anthropogenic emission rate estimate in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, for 2020-21 winter. Environ Pollut 2024; 349:123870. [PMID: 38548153 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Ulaanbaatar (UB), the fast-growing capital of Mongolia, is known for its world's worst level of particulate matter (PM) concentrations in winter. However, current anthropogenic emission inventories over the UB are based on data from more than fifteen years ago, and satellite observations are scarce because UB is in high latitudes. During the winter of 2020-21, the first period of the Fine Particle Research Initiative in East Asia considering the National Differences (FRIEND), several times higher concentrations of PM in UB compared to other urban sites in East Asia were observed but not reproduced with a chemical transport model mainly due to the underestimated anthropogenic emissions. Therefore, we devised a method for sequentially adjusting emissions based on the reactivity of PM precursors using ground observations. We scaled emission rates for the inert species (CO, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)) to reproduce their observed ambient concentrations, followed by SO2 to reproduce the concentration of SO42-, which was examined to have the least uncertainty based on the abundance of observed NH3, and finally NO and NH3 for NO3-, and NH4+. This improved estimation is compared to regional inventories for Asia and suggests more than an order of magnitude increase in anthropogenic emissions in UB. Using the improved emission inventory, we were able to successfully reproduce independent observation data on PM2.5 concentrations in UB in December 2021 from the U.S. Embassy. During the campaign period, we found more than 50% of the SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+ increased in UB due to the improvement could travel to Beijing, China (BJ), and about 20% of the SO42- could travel to Noto, Japan (NT), more than 3000 km away. Also, the anthropogenic emissions in UB can effectively increase OC, NO3-, and NH4+ concentrations in BJ when Gobi dust storms occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Min Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunlak Choi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tseren-Ochir Soyol-Erdene
- Department of Environmental and Forest Engineering, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Amgalan Natsagdorj
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Zhijun Wu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mijung Song
- Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyuk Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Ahn
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Atsushi Matsuki
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Esmatullah Torabi
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of Advanced Technology Fusion, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Jung
- Department of Health Management, Kyungin Women's University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Kim E, Kim BU, Kim HC, Liu Y, Kang YH, Jacob DJ, Kim YP, Woo JH, Kim J, Wang S, Yoo C, Bae C, Kim Y, Kim S. North Korean CO emissions reconstruction using DMZ ground observations, TROPOMI space-borne data, and the CMAQ air quality model. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:171059. [PMID: 38378062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Emission uncertainty in North Korea can act as an obstacle when developing air pollution management plans in the country and neighboring countries when the transboundary transport of air pollutants is considered. This study introduces a novel approach for adjusting and reallocating North Korean CO emissions, aiming to complement the limited observational and emissions data on the country's air pollutants. We utilized ground observations from demilitarized zone (DMZ) and vertical column density (VCD) data from a TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which were combined with the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) chemistry transport model simulations. The Clean Air Support System (CAPSS) and Satellite Integrated Joint Monitoring of Air Quality (SIJAQ) emissions inventories served as the basis for our initial simulations. A two-step procedure was proposed to adjust both the emission intensity and the spatial distribution of emissions. First, air quality simulations were conducted to explore model sensitivity to changes in North Korean CO emissions with respect to ground concentrations. DMZ observations then constrained these simulations to estimate corresponding emission intensity. Second, the spatial structure of North Korean CO emission sources was reconstructed with the help of TROPOMI CO VCD distributions. Our two-step hybrid method outperformed individual emissions adjustment and spatial reallocation based solely on surface or satellite observations. Validation using ground observations from the Chinese Dandong site near the China-North Korea border revealed significantly improved model simulations when applying the updated CO emissions. The adjusted CO emissions were 10.9 times higher than those derived from the bottom-up emissions used in this study, highlighting the lack of information on North Korean pollutants and emission sources. This approach offers an efficient and practical solution for identifying potential missing emission sources when there is limited on-site information about air quality on emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Byeong-Uk Kim
- Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA 30354, USA
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA; Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yoon Hee Kang
- Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel J Jacob
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jhoon Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chul Yoo
- Emission Inventory Management Team, National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center, Cheongju 28166, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhan Bae
- Emission Inventory Management Team, National Air Emission Inventory and Research Center, Cheongju 28166, Republic of Korea
| | - Younha Kim
- Department of Energy, Climate, and Environment, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea; Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Lee HM, Kim NK, Ahn J, Park SM, Lee JY, Kim YP. When and why PM 2.5 is high in Seoul, South Korea: Interpreting long-term (2015-2021) ground observations using machine learning and a chemical transport model. Sci Total Environ 2024; 920:170822. [PMID: 38365024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Seoul has high PM2.5 concentrations and has not attained the national annual average standard so far. To understand the reasons, we analyzed long-term (2015-2021) hourly observations of aerosols (PM2.5, NO3-, NH4+, SO42-, OC, and EC) and gases (CO, NO2, and SO2) from Seoul and Baekryeong Island, a background site in the upwind region of Seoul. We applied the weather normalization method for meteorological conditions and a 3-dimensional chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem, to identify the effect of policy implementation and aerosol formation mechanisms. The monthly mean PM2.5 ranges between about 20 μg m-3 (warm season) and about 40 μg m-3 (cold season) at both sites, but the annual decreasing rates were larger at Seoul than at Baengnyeong (-0.7 μg m-3 a-1 vs. -1.8 μg m-3 a-1) demonstrating the effectiveness of the local air quality policies including the Special Act on Air Quality in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SAAQ-SMA) and the seasonal control measures. The weather-normalized monthly mean data shows the highest PM2.5 concentration in March and the lowest concentration in August throughout the 7 years with NO3- accounting for about 40 % of the difference between the two months at both sites. Taking together with the GEOS-Chem model results, which reproduced the elevated NO3- in March, we concluded the elevated atmospheric oxidant level increases in HNO3 (which is not available from the observation) and the still low temperatures in March promote rapid production of NO3-. We used Ox (≡ O3 + NO2) from the observation and OH from the GEOS-Chem as a proxy for the atmospheric oxidant level which can be a source of uncertainty. Thus, direct observations of OH and HNO3 are needed to provide convincing evidence. This study shows that reducing HNO3 levels through atmospheric oxidant level control in the cold season can be effective in PM2.5 mitigation in Seoul.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Min Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Na Kyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joonyoung Ahn
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Myung Park
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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Choi NR, Kim YP, Lee JY, Kim E, Kim S, Shin HJ. Impact of ozonation on the formation of particulate nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA) in atmosphere. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140794. [PMID: 38008293 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of ozonation to the formation of particulate nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA) in the aqueous aerosol phase was investigated using measurement data from 2018 in Seoul, Republic of Korea and a box model. The correlation between the NDMA concentration and aerosol liquid water content and box model results showed that aqueous aerosol phase reactions, including nitrosation and ozonation, might contribute to the formation of NDMA. The concentration of NDMA and the ratio of O3/dimethylamine exhibited a negative correlation, suggesting that the contribution of ozonation to NDMA formation may not be significant. Furthermore, when the daily concentration of NDMA exceeded 10 ng/m3, the pH was 3.96 ± 0.48, indicating that the impact of ozonation on NDMA concentration might not be significant. To quantitatively investigate the contribution of ozonation, the ozonation mechanism that forms NDMA was included in the box model developed in our previous study. The model results showed that the ozonation contributed to the ambient concentration of NDMA (7.9 ± 3.8% (winter); 1.9 ± 3.0% (spring); 10.0 ± 0.77% (summer); 3.6 ± 7.3% (autumn)). It is estimated that the relatively higher O3/NOx ratio in summer (1.63 ± 0.69; 0.64 ± 0.52 (winter); 1.14 ± 0.92 (spring); 0.52 ± 0.54 (autumn)) could enhance ozonation and that relatively lower pH in summer (2.2 ± 0.4; 5.3 ± 1.2 (winter); 3.9 ± 1.2 (spring); 3.9 ± 0.7 (autumn)) could hinder nitrosation compared to that in other seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Hye Jung Shin
- Department of Air Quality Research, Climate and Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
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Jung CH, Lee HM, Park D, Yoon YJ, Choi Y, Um J, Lee SS, Lee JY, Kim YP. Parameterization of below-cloud scavenging for polydisperse fine mode aerosols as a function of rain intensity. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 132:43-55. [PMID: 37336609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The below-cloud aerosol scavenging process by precipitation is one of the most important mechanisms to remove aerosols from the atmosphere. Due to its complexity and dependence on both aerosol and raindrop sizes, wet scavenging process has been poorly treated, especially during the removal of fine particles. This makes the numerical simulation of below-cloud scavenging in large-scale aerosol models unrealistic. To consider the slip effects of submicron particles, a simplified expression for the diffusion scavenging was developed by approximating the Cunningham slip correction factor. The derived analytic solution was parameterized as a simple power function of rain intensity under the assumption of the lognormal size distribution of particles. The resultant approximated expression was compared to the observed data and the results of previous studies including a 3D atmospheric chemical transport model simulation. Compared with the default GEOS-Chem coefficient of 0.00106R0.61 and the observation-based coefficient of 0.0144R0.9268, the coefficient of a and b in Λm = aRb spread in the range of 0.0002- 0.1959 for a and 0.3261- 0.525 for b over a size distribution of GSD of 1.3-2.5 and a geometric mean diameter of 0.01- 2.5 µm. Overall, this study showed that the scavenging coefficient varies widely by orders of magnitude according to the size distribution of particles and rain intensity. This study also demonstrated that the obtained simplified expression could consider the theoretical approach of aerosol polydispersity. Our proposed analytic approach showed that results can be effectively applied for reduced computational burden in atmospheric modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Jung
- Department of Health Management, Kyungin Women's University, Incheon 21041, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Min Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dasom Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Yongjoo Choi
- Department of Environment, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin, Korea
| | - Junshik Um
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Seoung Soo Lee
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Research Center for Climate Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Chong H, Lee S, Cho Y, Kim J, Koo JH, Pyo Kim Y, Kim Y, Woo JH, Hyun Ahn D. Assessment of air quality in North Korea from satellite observations. Environ Int 2023; 171:107708. [PMID: 36571994 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
North Korea's air quality is poorly understood due to a lack of reliable data. Here, we analyzed urban- to national-scale air quality changes in North Korea using multi-year satellite observations. Pyongyang, Nampo, Pukchang, and Munchon were identified as pollution hotspots. On a national scale, we found that North Korea experienced 6.7, 17.8, and 20.6 times greater amounts of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) per unit primary energy supply (PES) than South Korea from 2005 to 2018. Besides, North Korea had a 24.3 times larger aerosol optical depth (AOD) per PES than South Korea from 2011 to 2018. Severe CO and aerosol pollution is aligned with extensive biofuel combustion. High SO2 pollution corresponds with the strong coal dependence of the industry. The change rates of the national average columns for NO2, SO2, and CO were + 3.6, -4.4, and -0.4 % yr-1, respectively. The AOD change rate was -4.8 % yr-1. Overall decreasing trends, except for NO2, are likely due to a decline in coal-fired PES. Positive NO2 trends are consistent with increasing industrial activities. Each pollutant showed consistent patterns of linear trends, even after correcting the influence of transboundary pollution. Flue gas control and biofuel consumption reduction seem necessary to improve North Korea's air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesung Chong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyoung Lee
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Cho
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jhoon Kim
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ja-Ho Koo
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Younha Kim
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Jung-Hun Woo
- Department of Technology Fusion Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dha Hyun Ahn
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Yeo MJ, Kim YP. Long-term trends and affecting factors in the concentrations of criteria air pollutants in South Korea. J Environ Manage 2022; 317:115458. [PMID: 35751262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we used a novel approach to analyze the trends in the concentrations of six national criteria air pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), PM10, PM2.5, and surface ozone (O3), between 2001 and 2018, and the factors affecting the concentrations of CO and SO2 at the district level in South Korea (Korea) between 2011 and 2016. We considered four factors affecting the concentrations of CO and SO2: (1) concentration-to-emission ratio, (2) air pollutant-to-CO2 emission ratio, (3) carbon intensity, and (4) area-weighted energy supply. We found that the most influencing factors determining the concentrations of CO and SO2 in Korea were the air pollutant-to-CO2 emission ratio and the concentration-to-emission ratio. The annual mean concentrations of CO, SO2, PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 generally decreased, while O3 levels showed an increasing trend, over the last 18 years in Korea. We also found that NO2 concentration had strong positive and negative correlations with PM2.5 and O3 concentrations, respectively. However, the relationship between O3 and NO2 levels showed an inverted U shape under NO2 super-rich condition (e.g., > 55 ppb in Seoul), and the daily maximum 8-h values (MDA8O3) increased in proportion to the NO2 level under poor NO2 conditions (e.g., < 25 ppb in Seoul).
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ju Yeo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 003760, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 003760, Republic of Korea
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Choi NR, Park S, Ju S, Lim YB, Lee JY, Kim E, Kim S, Shin HJ, Kim YP. Contribution of liquid water content enhancing aqueous phase reaction forming ambient particulate nitrosamines. Environ Pollut 2022; 303:119142. [PMID: 35292313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contribution of liquid water content (LWC) to the levels of the carcinogenic particulate nitro(so) compounds and the chemistry affecting LWC were investigated based on the observation of seven nitrosamines and two nitramines in rural (Seosan) and urban (Seoul) area in South Korea during October 2019 and a model simulation. The concentrations of both the total nitrosamines and nitramines were higher in Seosan (12.48 ± 16.12 ng/m3 and 0.65 ± 0.71 ng/m3, respectively) than Seoul (7.41 ± 13.59 ng/m3 and 0.24 ± 0.15 ng/m3, respectively). The estimated LWC using a thermodynamic model in Seosan (12.92 ± 9.77 μg/m3) was higher than that in Seoul (6.20 ± 5.35 μg/m3) mainly due to higher relative humidity (75 ± 9% (Seosan); 62 ± 10% (Seoul)) and higher concentrations of free ammonia (0.13 ± 0.09 μmol/m3 (Seosan); 0.08 ± 0.01 μmol/m3 (Seoul)) and total nitric acid (0.09 ± 0.07 μmol/m3 (Seosan); 0.04 ± 0.02 μmol/m3 (Seoul)) in Seosan while neither fog nor rain occurred during the sampling period. The relatively high concentrations of the particulate nitrosamines (>30 ng/m3) only observed probably due to the higher LWC (>10 μg/m3) in Seosan. It implies that aqueous phase reactions involving NO2 and/or uptake from the gas phase enhanced by LWC could be promoted in Seosan. Strong correlation between the concentrations of nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA), an example of nitrosamines, simulated by a kinetic box model including the aqueous phase reactions and the measured concentration of NDMA in Seosan (R = 0.77; 0.37 (Seoul)) indicates that the aqueous phase reactions dominantly enhanced the NDMA concentrations in Seosan. On the other hand, it is estimated that the formation of nitrosamines by aqueous phase reaction was not significant due to the relatively lower LWC in Seoul compared to that in Seosan. Furthermore, it is presumed that nitramines are mostly emitted from the primary emission sources. This study implies that the concentration of the particulate nitrosamines can be promoted by aqueous phase reaction enhanced by LWC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnan National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Seungshik Park
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 34134, South Korea
| | - Seoryeong Ju
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 34134, South Korea
| | - Yong Bin Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environment and Energy Engineering, Chonnan National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Gyeung-gi, 16499, South Korea
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Gyeung-gi, 16499, South Korea
| | - Hye Jung Shin
- Department of Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
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Shimada K, Mizukoshi M, Chan CK, Kim YP, Lin NH, Matsuda K, Itahashi S, Nakashima Y, Kato S, Hatakeyama S. Disentangling the contribution of the transboundary out-flow from the Asian continent to Tokyo, Japan. Environ Pollut 2021; 286:117280. [PMID: 34438477 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the contribution of transboundary air pollutants (TAPs) transported from China to Tokyo using the Pb(0.5<Dp < 1)/Cu(2.5<Dp < 10) index. We conducted intensive observations over four seasons during 2014-2015 and analyzed ionic components and thirteen elements in size-segregated aerosols collected at the top of a 30-m-high tower in a hilly forested area of the Field Museum Tamakyuryo (FM Tama), in a western suburb of Tokyo. In order to evaluate if the Pb(0.5<Dp < 1)/Cu(2.5<Dp < 10) ratio can be applied in Tokyo as the megacity, the annual average concentration of Pb at Cape Hedo, Kumamoto city, on the west side of Japan, was higher than that of Pb at Tokyo, on the east side; this result indicates that TAPs affect western Japan more than eastern Japan. We inferred the main source of Cu to be braking abrasion from cars at local scale on the basis of its enrichment factor and size distribution. From the Pb(0.5<Dp < 1)/Cu(2.5<Dp < 10) ratio and sulfate concentration, we inferred that the highest contribution of TAPs to the total mass concentration in Tokyo occurred in spring, when TAPs accounted for 55%, 72%, and 53% of the total mass concentration in the 0.1 < Dp < 0.5, 0.5 < Dp < 1, and 1 < Dp < 2.5 fractions, respectively. These results can contribute to assessment of TAPs in Tokyo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Shimada
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213 Japan.
| | - Manatsu Mizukoshi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Chemical. Engineering & Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Atmospheric Science and Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | - Kazuhide Matsuda
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Syuichi Itahashi
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shungo Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-oosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shiro Hatakeyama
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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10
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Choi NR, Ahn YG, Lee JY, Kim E, Kim S, Park SM, Song IH, Shin HJ, Kim YP. Particulate Nitrosamines and Nitramines in Seoul and Their Major Sources: Primary Emission versus Secondary Formation. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:7841-7849. [PMID: 34041906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seven nitrosamines and three nitramines in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 μm (PM2.5) collected in 2018 in Seoul, South Korea, were quantified. Annual mean concentrations of the sum of nitrosamines and nitramines were 9.81 ± 18.51 and 1.12 ± 0.70 ng/m3, respectively, and nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA) and dimethyl-nitramine (DMN) comprised the largest portion of nitrosamines and nitramines, respectively. Statistical analyses such as non-parametric correlation analysis, positive matrix factorization, analysis of covariance, and orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis were carried out to identify contribution of the atmospheric reactions in producing NDMA and DMN. In addition, kinetic calculation using reaction information obtained from the previous chamber studies was performed to estimate concentrations of NDMA and DMN that might be produced from the atmospheric reactions. It was concluded that (1) the atmospheric reactions contributed to the concentrations of NDMA more than they did for those of DMN, (2) the contribution of atmospheric reactions to the concentrations of NDMA and DMN was significant due to high NO2 concentrations in winter, and (3) primary emissions predominantly affected the ambient concentrations of NDMA and DMN in spring, summer, and autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeung-gi 16499, South Korea
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeung-gi 16499, South Korea
| | - Seung Myung Park
- Department of Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - In Ho Song
- Department of Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Hye Jung Shin
- Department of Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea, Incheon 22689, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Seoul 003760, South Korea
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11
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Crawford JH, Ahn JY, Al-Saadi J, Chang L, Emmons LK, Kim J, Lee G, Park JH, Park RJ, Woo JH, Song CK, Hong JH, Hong YD, Lefer BL, Lee M, Lee T, Kim S, Min KE, Yum SS, Shin HJ, Kim YW, Choi JS, Park JS, Szykman JJ, Long RW, Jordan CE, Simpson IJ, Fried A, Dibb JE, Cho S, Kim YP. The Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) field study. Elementa (Wash D C) 2021; 9:1-27. [PMID: 34926709 PMCID: PMC8675105 DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2020.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) field study was conducted during May-June 2016. The effort was jointly sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Research of South Korea and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States. KORUS-AQ offered an unprecedented, multi-perspective view of air quality conditions in South Korea by employing observations from three aircraft, an extensive ground-based network, and three ships along with an array of air quality forecast models. Information gathered during the study is contributing to an improved understanding of the factors controlling air quality in South Korea. The study also provided a valuable test bed for future air quality-observing strategies involving geostationary satellite instruments being launched by both countries to examine air quality throughout the day over Asia and North America. This article presents details on the KORUS-AQ observational assets, study execution, data products, and air quality conditions observed during the study. High-level findings from companion papers in this special issue are also summarized and discussed in relation to the factors controlling fine particle and ozone pollution, current emissions and source apportionment, and expectations for the role of satellite observations in the future. Resulting policy recommendations and advice regarding plans going forward are summarized. These results provide an important update to early feedback previously provided in a Rapid Science Synthesis Report produced for South Korean policy makers in 2017 and form the basis for the Final Science Synthesis Report delivered in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joon-Young Ahn
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Limseok Chang
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jhoon Kim
- Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gangwoong Lee
- Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoo Park
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Chang-Keun Song
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Hong
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Deog Hong
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Kum Kyoung Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Meehye Lee
- Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyoung Lee
- Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Kyung-Eun Min
- Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hye Jung Shin
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Choi
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Park
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - James J. Szykman
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Russell W. Long
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Carolyn E. Jordan
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Alan Fried
- University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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Choi NR, Lee JY, Ahn YG, Kim YP. Determination of atmospheric amines at Seoul, South Korea via gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 2020; 258:127367. [PMID: 32947676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their important roles in salt-producing acid-base reactions, new particle formation (NPF), and as precursors in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) producing reactions, the atmospheric concentrations of particulate volatile amines (dimethylamine (DMA), ethylamine, diethylamine (DEA), propylamine, and butylamine) at Seoul were analyzed and evaluated. To quantify the presence of volatile amines in particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters less than or equal to a nominal 2.5 μm (PM2.5), an efficient and rapid analytical method based on in-matrix ethyl chloroformate (ECF) derivatization followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) was developed and validated using gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The annual mean concentration of the total 5 target amines was 5.56±2.76 ng/m3 and the seasonal difference was small. The concentrations of particulate amines measured in this study were lower than those observed in Zongludak, Turkey, Nanjing, China, and Jeju, Korea but slightly higher than that reported in Kobe, Japan. The concentrations of the nitrosamines (nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)), and of the nitramines (dimethylnitramine (DMN) and diethylnitramine (DEN)) measured along with those of the target amines were used in a simple linear regression analysis. It indicates the contribution of DMA to the formation of NDMA in all seasons (except the fall) and DEA to the formation of NDEA in the summer, while DMA and DEA did not significantly contribute to the formation of nitramines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, 03759, South Korea.
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
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Kang M, Kim K, Choi N, Kim YP, Lee JY. Recent Occurrence of PAHs and n-Alkanes in PM2.5 in Seoul, Korea and Characteristics of their Sources and Toxicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E1397. [PMID: 32098187 PMCID: PMC7068501 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17041397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) were quantified at Seoul, Korea in 2018. The seasonal differences in the total concentration of PAHs and n-Alkanes were clear, where winter showed a higher concentration than that of summer. Compared to the PAHs measurements in 2002 at Seoul, the sum of PAHs concentrations in 2018 were reduced from 26.6 to 5.6 ng m-3. Major sources of the observed PAHs and n-alkanes were deduced from various indicators such as diagnostic ratios for PAHs and Cmax, CPI, and WNA (%) indices for n-alkanes. It was found that in winter coal and biomass combustions, and vehicular exhaust were major sources, while, in summer vehicular exhaust was major source. In addition, in winter, major emission sources were located outside of Seoul. The health effect from the recent level of PAHs was estimated and compared to the previous studies observed in Seoul, and it was found that, recently, the toxicity of PAHs in PM2.5 was significantly decreased, except for in the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (M.K.); (K.K.); (N.C.)
| | - Kiae Kim
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (M.K.); (K.K.); (N.C.)
| | - Narae Choi
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (M.K.); (K.K.); (N.C.)
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (M.K.); (K.K.); (N.C.)
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Miura K, Shimada K, Sugiyama T, Sato K, Takami A, Chan CK, Kim IS, Kim YP, Lin NH, Hatakeyama S. Seasonal and annual changes in PAH concentrations in a remote site in the Pacific Ocean. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12591. [PMID: 31467297 PMCID: PMC6715677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47409-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports the long term observation of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Cape Hedo Atmosphere and Aerosol Monitoring Station, a remote site in the Western Pacific Ocean, from 2008 to 2015. This is the first long-term study that evaluated the contribution of long-range transport of PAHs in East Asia. No obvious trend (P > 0.05) was found in a particular season over the years. However, there are seasonal variations of PAH concentrations with higher in spring and winter. The higher PAH are attributed to air masses from the area including part of China. Source apportionment using three different approaches, i.e., PAH compositional pattern analysis, PAH diagnostic ratio analysis and positive matrix factorization modeling, showed the combined high contribution of biomass burning (18%, 14%) and coal combustion (33%, 24%) in spring and winter. In addition, the contribution of ship emissions (35%) was relatively high in spring, whereas that of vehicle emissions (36%) was relatively high in winter. The contribution of coal combustion to PAH has decreased throughout the years, likely due to changes in energy structure in China. The contribution of biomass burning to PAH has showed no trend, being stable, and that of vehicular emissions has increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kojiro Shimada
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.
- Graduate School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Taichi Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - In Sun Kim
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemical, Engineering & Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Atmospheric Science and Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Shiro Hatakeyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, Kazo, Saitama, Japan
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15
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Ahn YG, Jeon SH, Lim HB, Choi NR, Hwang GS, Kim YP, Lee JY. Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Aerosols by Using One-Dimensional and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Combined with Mass Spectrometric Method: A Comparative Study. J Anal Methods Chem 2018; 2018:8341630. [PMID: 29805841 PMCID: PMC5901813 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8341630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Advanced separation technology paired with mass spectrometry is an ideal method for the analysis of atmospheric samples having complex chemical compositions. Due to the huge variety of both natural and anthropogenic sources of organic compounds, simultaneous quantification and identification of organic compounds in aerosol samples represents a demanding analytical challenge. In this regard, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) has become an effective analytical method. However, verification and validation approaches to quantify these analytes have not been critically evaluated. We compared the performance of gas chromatography with quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-qMS) and GC×GC-TOFMS for quantitative analysis of eighteen target polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The quantitative obtained results such as limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), and recoveries of target PAHs were approximately equivalent based on both analytical methods. Furthermore, a larger number of analytes were consistently identified from the aerosol samples by GC×GC-TOFMS compared to GC-qMS. Our findings suggest that GC×GC-TOFMS would be widely applicable to the atmospheric and related sciences with simultaneous target and nontarget analysis in a single run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyeon Jeon
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Bae Lim
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
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Jeon SH, Kim YP, Kho Y, Shin JH, Ji WH, Ahn YG. Development and Validation of Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometric Method for Quantitative Determination of Regulated Plasticizers in Medical Infusion Sets. J Anal Methods Chem 2018; 2018:9470254. [PMID: 29629214 PMCID: PMC5832103 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9470254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for the quantitative determination of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in medical infusion sets was developed and validated using gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Solvent extraction with polymer dissolution for sample preparation was employed prior to GC-MS/MS analysis. Average recoveries of the eight target analytes are typically in the range of 91.8-122% with the relative standard deviations of 1.8-17.8%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) of the analytical method were in the ranges of 54.1 to 76.3 ng/g. Analysis using GC-MS/MS provided reliable performance, as well as higher sensitivity and selectivity than GC-MS analysis, especially for the presence of minority plasticizers at different concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hyeon Jeon
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment & Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeoung Hwa Shin
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyun Ji
- Institute of Mine Reclamation Technology, Mine Reclamation Corporation, Wonju 26464, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Gyong Ahn
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
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Jung CH, Lee JY, Kim YP. Multicomponent aerosol mass efficiency with various mixture types for polydispersed aerosol. Particulate Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2017.1313796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Jung
- Department of Health Management, Kyungin Women’s University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Kim YP, Haam SJ, Lee S, Lee GD, Joo SM, Yum TJ, Lee KH. Effectiveness of Ambulatory Tru-Close Thoracic Vent for the Outpatient Management of Pneumothorax: A Prospective Pilot Study. Korean J Radiol 2017; 18:519-525. [PMID: 28458604 PMCID: PMC5390621 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2017.18.3.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to assess the technical feasibility, procedural safety, and long-term therapeutic efficacy of a small-sized ambulatory thoracic vent (TV) device for the treatment of pneumothorax. Materials and Methods From November 2012 to July 2013, 18 consecutive patients (3 females, 15 males) aged 16–64 years (mean: 34.7 ± 14.9 years, median: 29 years) were enrolled prospectively. Of these, 15 patients had spontaneous pneumothorax and 3 had iatrogenic pneumothorax. A Tru-Close TV with a small-bore (11- or 13-Fr) catheter was inserted under bi-plane fluoroscopic assistance. Results Technical success was achieved in all patients. Complete lung re-expansion was achieved at 24 hours in 88.9% of patients (16/18 patients). All patients tolerated the procedure and no major complications occurred. The patients' mean numeric pain intensity score was 2.4 (range: 0–5) in daily life activity during the TV treatment. All patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent outpatient follow-up. The mean time to TV removal was 4.7 (3–13) days. Early surgical conversion rate of 16.7% (3/18 patients) occurred in 2 patients with incomplete lung expansion and 1 patient with immediate pneumothorax recurrence post-TV removal; and late surgical conversion occurred in 2 of 18 patients (11.1%). The recurrence-free long-term success rate was 72.2% (13/18 patients) during a 3-year follow-up period from November 2012 to June 2016. Conclusion TV application was a simple, safe, and technically feasible procedure in an outpatient clinic, with an acceptable long-term recurrence-free rate. Thus, TV could be useful for the immediate treatment of pneumothorax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Seok Jin Haam
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sungsoo Lee
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Geun Dong Lee
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Seung-Moon Joo
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Yum
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hun Lee
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 06273, Korea
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Kim IS, Wee D, Kim YP, Lee JY. Development and application of three-dimensional potential source contribution function (3D-PSCF). Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:16946-16954. [PMID: 27151242 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A potential source contribution function (PSCF) can indicate the source areas of high air pollutant concentrations using backward trajectories. However, the conventional two-dimensional PSCF (2D-PSCF) cannot consider the emission and transport height of air pollutants. That missing information might be critical because injection height varies depending on the source type, such as with biomass burning. We developed a simple algorithm to account for the height of trajectories with high concentrations and combined it with the conventional PSCF to devise 3D-PSCF. We demonstrate the applicability of the 3D-PSCF by applying it to particulate PAH data collected from September 2006 to August 2007 in Seoul. We found variation in the results from 3D-PSCF with threshold heights from 3,000 to 1,500 m. Applying 2,000 m as the threshold height in the PSCF calculation most clearly determined the possible source areas of air pollutants from biomass fuel burning that were affecting the air quality in Seoul.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Sun Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Daehyun Wee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Korea.
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, BK21 Team for Biohydrogen Production, Chosun University, 309, Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Korea
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Joo SM, Kim YP, Yum TJ, Eun NL, Lee D, Lee KH. Optimized Performance of FlightPlan during Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Importance of the Proportion of Segmented Tumor Area. Korean J Radiol 2016; 17:771-8. [PMID: 27587967 PMCID: PMC5007405 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2016.17.5.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate retrospectively the clinical effectiveness of FlightPlan for Liver (FPFL), an automated tumor-feeding artery detection software in cone-beam CT angiography (CBCTA), in identifying tumor-feeding arteries for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using three different segmentation sensitivities. Materials and Methods The study included 50 patients with 80 HCC nodules who received transarterial chemoembolization. Standard digital subtracted angiography (DSA) and CBCTA were systematically performed and analyzed. Three settings of the FPFL software for vascular tree segmentation were tested for each tumor: the default, Group D; adjusting the proportion of segmented tumor area between 30 to 50%, Group L; and between 50 to 80%, Group H. Results In total, 109 feeder vessels supplying 80 HCC nodules were identified. The negative predictive value of DSA, FPFL in groups D, L, and H was 56.8%, 87.7%, 94.2%, 98.5%, respectively. The accuracy of DSA, FPFL in groups D, L, and H was 62.6%, 86.8%, 93.4%, 95.6%, respectively. The sensitivity, negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of FPFL were higher in Group H than in Group D (p = 0.041, 0.034, 0.005). All three segmentation sensitivity groups showed higher specificity, positive predictive value, NPV, and accuracy of FPFL, as compared to DSA. Conclusion FlightPlan for Liver is a valuable tool for increasing detection of HCC tumor feeding vessels, as compared to standard DSA analysis, particularly in small HCC. Manual adjustment of segmentation sensitivity improves the accuracy of FPFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Moon Joo
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Yum
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Na Lae Eun
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Dahye Lee
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea
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Jeon SH, Shin JH, Kim YP, Ahn YG. Determination of volatile alkylpyrazines in microbial samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with head space-solid phase microextraction. J Anal Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-016-0096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Choi NR, Lee SP, Lee JY, Jung CH, Kim YP. Speciation and source identification of organic compounds in PM₁₀ over Seoul, South Korea. Chemosphere 2016; 144:1589-1596. [PMID: 26517386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Seventy three individual organic compounds in the atmospheric particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to a nominal 10 μm (PM10) over Seoul were identified and quantified from April 2010 to April 2011 using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These organic compounds were classified into five groups, n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mono-carboxylic acids, di-carboxylic acids (DCAs), and sugars based on their chemical structures and properties. The organic compounds showed higher seasonal average concentrations from fall to winter than from spring to summer due to source strength, except some organic compounds among mono-carboxylic acids, DCAs, sugars such as undecanoic acid, methylmalonic acid, and fructose. Through qualitative data analysis using seasonal concentration variations and relevant diagnostic parameters, it was found that (1) anthropogenic sources such as combustion of fossil fuel and biomass burning attributed more to the formation of the organic aerosols than biogenic sources, and (2) the ambient level of n-alkanes, PAHs, and some compounds of DCAs and sugars was elevated in winter due to the increased primary emissions and larger transport from outside of the organic compounds in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Se Pyo Lee
- Department of Renewable Energy Convergence, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Renewable Energy Convergence, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, South Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Jung
- Department Health Management, Kyungin Women's College, Incheon 407-740, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.
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Kim YP, Lee S, Park HS, Park CH, Kim TH. Sclerosing Pneumocytoma with a Wax-and-Wane Pattern of Growth: A Case Report on Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings and a Literature Review. Korean J Radiol 2015; 16:947-50. [PMID: 26175598 PMCID: PMC4499563 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.4.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerosing pneumocytoma (SP) of the lung is a rare benign neoplasm. Here, we describe an unusual presentation of SP with a wax-and-wane pattern of growth in a 47-year-old woman. Tumor diameter decreased over a 3-year follow-up period and then increased on serial follow-up computed tomography scans. The mass showed high signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted chest magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and early enhancement with a plateau on dynamic MRI. We speculate that intratumoral bleeding and resorption processes accounted for the changes in tumor size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Sungsoo Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Heae Surng Park
- Department of Pathology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Chul Hwan Park
- Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of Radiology and the Research Institute of Radiological Science, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
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Abstract
Adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) pyrophosphohydrolase (ADPR-PPase), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ADPR to yield adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and ribose-5'-phosphate, was assayed in human penile foreskin. Since ADPR is formed from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by NAD glycohydrolase (NADase), NADase was also assayed in human skin. The skin tissue obtained by circumcision was separated into three layers; epidermis of the outer prepuce, epidermis of the inner prepuce, and dermis. ADPR-PPase was found to be present in all of the three layers with nearly equal activity. NADase was also present in the epidermis of both the outer and inner prepuce, being about two times higher in the latter, but no activity was found in the dermis. When expressed in units of the same specific activity; i.e., micromoles product formed per hour per mg protein, the ADPR-PPase of human skin had two to five times greater activity than did NADase. The ADPR-PPase of human skin was activated by Mg(+2), but inhibited by AMP and ATP. These results suggest that the breakdown of NAD occurs in human skin via ADPR to AMP and ribose-5'-phosphate by sequential action of NADase and ADPR-PPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam University Medical School and Chonnam University Hospital, Kwang-Ju, Chonnam, Korea
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Kim NK, Kim YP, Morino Y, Kurokawa JI, Ohara T. Verification of NOx emission inventories over North Korea. Environ Pollut 2014; 195:236-244. [PMID: 25074425 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the top-down NOx emissions estimated from satellite observations of NO2 vertical column densities over North Korea from 1996 to 2009 were analyzed. Also, a bottom-up NOx emission inventory from REAS 1.1 from 1980 to 2005 was analyzed with several statistics. REAS 1.1 was in good agreement with the top-down approach for both trend and amount. The characteristics of NOx emissions in North Korea were quite different from other developed countries including South Korea. In North Korea, emissions from industry sector was the highest followed by transportation sector in the 1980s. However, after 1990, the NOx emissions from other sector, mainly agriculture, became the 2nd highest. Also, no emission centers such as urban areas or industrial areas were distinctively observed. Finally, the monthly NOx emissions were high during the warm season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kyung Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yu Morino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kurokawa
- Atmospheric Research Department, Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Ohara
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Kim YP, Kannengiesser S, Paek MY, Kim S, Chung TS, Yoo YH, Yoon CS, Song HT, Lee YH, Suh JS. Differentiation between focal malignant marrow-replacing lesions and benign red marrow deposition of the spine with T2*-corrected fat-signal fraction map using a three-echo volume interpolated breath-hold gradient echo Dixon sequence. Korean J Radiol 2014; 15:781-91. [PMID: 25469090 PMCID: PMC4248634 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2014.15.6.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the feasibility of T2*-corrected fat-signal fraction (FF) map by using the three-echo volume interpolated breath-hold gradient echo (VIBE) Dixon sequence to differentiate between malignant marrow-replacing lesions and benign red marrow deposition of vertebrae. Materials and Methods We assessed 32 lesions from 32 patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging after being referred for assessment of a known or possible vertebral marrow abnormality. The lesions were divided into 21 malignant marrow-replacing lesions and 11 benign red marrow depositions. Three sequences for the parameter measurements were obtained by using a 1.5-T MR imaging scanner as follows: three-echo VIBE Dixon sequence for FF; conventional T1-weighted imaging for the lesion-disc ratio (LDR); pre- and post-gadolinium enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted images for the contrast-enhancement ratio (CER). A region of interest was drawn for each lesion for parameter measurements. The areas under the curve (AUC) of the parameters and their sensitivities and specificities at the most ideal cutoff values from receiver operating characteristic curve analysis were obtained. AUC, sensitivity, and specificity were respectively compared between FF and CER. Results The AUCs of FF, LDR, and CER were 0.96, 0.80, and 0.72, respectively. In the comparison of diagnostic performance between the FF and CER, the FF showed a significantly larger AUC as compared to the CER (p = 0.030), although the difference of sensitivity (p = 0.157) and specificity (p = 0.157) were not significant. Conclusion Fat-signal fraction measurement using T2*-corrected three-echo VIBE Dixon sequence is feasible and has a more accurate diagnostic performance, than the CER, in distinguishing benign red marrow deposition from malignant bone marrow-replacing lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Stephan Kannengiesser
- MR Applications Development, Siemens AG, Healthcare Sector, Erlangen D-91052, Germany, Korea
| | | | - Sungjun Kim
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Tae-Sub Chung
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Yeon Hwa Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Choon-Sik Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
| | - Ho-Taek Song
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Young Han Lee
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Jin-Suck Suh
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Shin HJ, Roh SA, Kim JC, Lee SJ, Kim YP. Temporal variation of volatile organic compounds and their major emission sources in Seoul, Korea. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2013; 20:8717-8728. [PMID: 23728967 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1843-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their major emission sources at the Bulgwang site in Seoul, Korea. The annual levels of VOCs (96.2-121.1 ppb C) have shown a decreasing trend from 2004 to 2008. The most abundant component in Seoul was toluene, which accounted for over 23.5 % of the total VOCs on the parts per billion on a carbon basis, and the portions of alkanes with two to six carbons constituted the largest major lumped group, ranging from 40.1 to 48.4 % (45.3 ± 3.7 %) of the total VOCs. Major components of the solvent (toluene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, and ethylbenzene) showed high in daytime and summer and low in nighttime and winter due mainly to the variation of the ambient temperature. The species mostly emitted from gasoline vapor (i/n-butane, i/n-pentane, n-hexane, and 2-methylpentane) and vehicular exhaust (ethylene, acetylene, and benzene) showed bimodal peaks in the diurnal variation around the commuting hours because of the high traffic volume. For the 14 out of 15 highest concentration species, the weekend effect was only evident on Sundays because of the stepwise implementation of the 5-day work-week system. Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied in order to identify the sources of the 15 highest concentration VOCs and, as a result, three principal components such as gasoline vapor (48.9 %), vehicular exhaust (17.9 %), and evaporation of solvents (9.8 %) were obtained to explain a total of 76.6 % of the data variance. Most influential contributing sources at the sampling site were traffic-related ones although the use of solvent was the dominant emission source based on the official emission inventory.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Shin
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Kyungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon, 404-708, Korea
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Shin HJ, Kim JC, Lee SJ, Kim YP. Evaluation of the optimum volatile organic compounds control strategy considering the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol in Seoul, Korea. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2013; 20:1468-1481. [PMID: 22886781 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1108-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their annual trends in Seoul, Korea were investigated, with their optimal control strategy suggested. The annual concentration of VOCs (96.2-121.1 ppbC) has shown a decreasing trend from 2004 to 2008, suggesting the control strategy via the "Special Measures for Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement," which was implemented in 2005, has been successful. The contributions of individual VOC to the production of ambient ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) are discussed to assess the adequacy of current control strategies. The contribution of aromatics (C6-C10) to the production of ozone accounted for 38.7-46.3 % of the total ozone production, followed by low carbon alkanes (C2-C6) (27.0-35.9 %). The total SOA formation potential of VOCs was found to range from 2.5 to 3.5 μg m(-3), mainly as a result of aromatics (C6-C10) (over 85 %). Considering the contributions from ozone and SOA production, it was concluded that solvent use was the most important emission source, followed by vehicle exhaust emissions. Thus, the current emission control strategy focused on these two emission sources is appropriate to reduce the VOCs related pollution level of the Seoul Metropolitan Region. Still, an additional control strategy, such as controlling the emissions from meat cooking, which is an emission source of high carbon alkanes (C7-C10), needs to be considered to further reduce the VOCs related pollution level in Seoul.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Shin
- Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Kyungseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon, 404-708, Korea
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Yeo MJ, Kim YP. Flexible operation of the Cap-and-Trade System for the air pollutants in the Seoul Metropolitan area. J Environ Manage 2012; 105:138-143. [PMID: 22542982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To improve the air quality in the Seoul Metropolitan area (SMA), the Korean government has implemented special measures in the 1990s. As part of these measures, the Cap-and-Trade System (CATS) was introduced and executed in July 1, 2007 for the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulfur (SOx) to provide added flexibility for large sources to meet the required emission reductions. However, the trade via the SMA CATS for the air pollutants has not been active because of the limited buyers and sellers within the system as well as limited tradable species. For more flexible operation of the SMA CATS, following strategies have been suggested and their merits are discussed; (1) to link the SMA CATS with the Korea Voluntary Emission Reduction (KVER) program which is a program to manage greenhouse gases (GHGs), and (2) to extend the system, such as extension of the tradable species, participants, and introducing a project-based certification mechanism for pollutants reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yeo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 11-1 Daehyun-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Choi SD, Ghim YS, Lee JY, Kim JY, Kim YP. Factors affecting the level and pattern of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Gosan, Korea during a dust period. J Hazard Mater 2012; 227-228:79-87. [PMID: 22633880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in both gas and total suspended particles were measured at Gosan, Jeju Island in Korea, a remote background site, for 15 days (March 29-April 12, 2002). During the sampling period, a severe three-day Asian dust (AD) event originating from Mongolia and northern China was observed throughout the Korean Peninsula and Jeju Island. In addition, pollution (PO) and normal (NO) periods were also identified based on the levels of anthropogenic pollutants. Despite a large difference of PM(10) concentrations between the AD and PO periods, the levels of particulate PAHs in both periods were comparable (2.7±1.0 and 2.4±0.5 ng m(-3), respectively) since they were determined by the concentration of anthropogenic PM(2.5) transported from industrial areas of China. In the AD period, the level of gaseous PAHs, which were mostly from local sources, was the lowest due to strong winds; the gas/particle partitioning was close to equilibrium as the effect of long-range transport was manifested. The results of backward air trajectories, correlation analysis, and diagnostic ratios show that long-range transport of particulate PAHs produced by coal/biomass burning in China could strongly affect the levels and patterns of PAHs at Gosan, Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Deuk Choi
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Lee SH, Lee HJ, Kim SJ, Lee HM, Kang H, Kim YP. Identification of airborne bacterial and fungal community structures in an urban area by T-RFLP analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. Sci Total Environ 2010; 408:1349-1357. [PMID: 19913878 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the characteristics of bacterial and fungal communities of total suspended particles (TSP) in the atmosphere by using various molecular methods. TSP samples were collected on a glass fiber filter at an urban location in the middle of the Korean Peninsula (Seoul) between middle autumn and early winter in 2007. From the aerosol samples, DNA could be extracted and DNA sequences were determined for bacteria and fungi. Terminal restriction length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis was applied to analyze the community structure of them. To estimate the concentration of DNA originating from bacterial and fungal communities, we used the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). Sequence analyses were also used to determine the identity of biological organisms. The number of bacteria and fungi in the air were between 5.19x10(1) and 4.31x10(3) cellsm(-3) and from 9.56x10(1) to 4.22x10(4) cellsm(-3), respectively and bacterium/fungus ratios ranged from 0.09 to 0.76 across the seven sampling dates. Most of the bacterial sequences found in our TSP samples were from Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. The fungal sequences were characteristic for Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomeromycota which are known to actively discharge spores into the atmosphere. The plant sequences could be also detected. We found that large shifts in the community structure of bacteria and fungi were present in our TSP samples collected on different dates. The results demonstrated that in our TSP samples collected at the urban site; (1) there were very diverse bacterial and fungal groups including potential pathogens and allergens and (2) there were temporal shifts in both bacterial and fungal communities in terms of both diversity and abundances across an inter-seasonal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hoon Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee JY, Kim YP, Kang CH, Ghim YS, Kaneyasu N. Temporal trend and long-range transport of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at Gosan in northeast Asia between 2001 and 2004. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Temporal trends and spatial distributions of visibility measured by the human eye over 60 stations in Korea between 1980 and 2000 are analyzed and discussed. Generally, visibility is lowest on winter mornings and highest on summer afternoons throughout Korea. Visibility in Seoul is now in an increasing trend while it has decreased nationwide, especially in clean coastal areas. Spatial distribution of visibility in the 1990s was related negatively to that of relative humidity (RH). However, visibility generally decreased despite an overall decrease in RH throughout the country. Air pollutants should have played a role in this dissonant variation, particularly in relatively clean areas and on summer afternoons. It was interpreted that the visibility increase in major metropolitan areas, including the greater Seoul area, in the 1990s was caused mainly by the reduction in pollutant emissions by rigorous government policy. But the effect of the emission reduction was manifested with decreasing RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sung Ghim
- Air Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea.
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Na K, Kim YP, Moon I, Moon KC. Chemical composition of major VOC emission sources in the Seoul atmosphere. Chemosphere 2004; 55:585-94. [PMID: 15006511 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2003] [Revised: 12/12/2003] [Accepted: 01/06/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a chemical analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for five emission sources in Seoul. The source categories included motor vehicle exhaust, gasoline evaporation, paint solvents, natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). These sources were selected because they have been known to emit significant quantities of VOCs in the Seoul area (more than 5% of the total emission inventory). Chemical compositions of the five emission sources are presented for a group of 45 C2-C9 VOCs. Motor vehicle exhaust profiles were developed by conducting an urban tunnel study. These emissions profiles were distinguished from the other emission profiles by a high weight percentage of butanes over seasons and propane in the wintertime. It was found that this is due to the wide use of butane-fueled vehicles. To obtain gasoline vapor profiles, gasoline samples from five major brands for each season were selected. The brands were blended on the basis of the marketshare of these brands in Seoul area. Raoult's law was used to calculate gasoline evaporative compositions based on the liquid gasoline compositions. The measured and estimated gasoline vapor compositions were found to be in good agreement. Vehicle and gasoline evaporation profiles were made over seasons because of the seasonal change in their compositions. Paint solvent emissions profiles were produced based on a product-use survey and sales figures. These profiles are a composite of four major oil-based paints and thinning solvent. The source profile of natural gas was made on a methane-free basis. It was found that Ethane and propane were the most abundant compounds accounting for 95% of the natural gas composition. LPG was largely composed of propane and ethane and the remaining components were minor contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsam Na
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-Ku, Shinchon-Dong 134, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
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Abstract
To investigate the regional cycle of aerosols and their ionic constituents, three field intensive campaigns were conducted during fall and winter of 1997 and spring of 1998. The concentrations of most ionic species were found to decrease significantly across fall, winter, and spring such that the sum for all cation (and anion) species of each season is computed as: 193 > 96 > 73.7 nequiv m(-3) (and 240 > 104 > 51.5 nequiv m(-3)). To examine the fundamental characteristics of aerosol compositions in the study area, we conducted correlation analysis in various manners. The results indicated that the concentrations of major ionic species were strongly affected by some meteorological parameters including wind speed. It was also seen that relative strengths of correlations between important parameters (e.g., between wind speed and most of major inorganic species) maintain close relationships with the factors associated with the air mass origin. In addition, the results of factor analysis indicated the existence of at least three major sources in the study area which include: sea-salt aerosol, secondary aerosol, and organic aerosol component. The springtime occurrence of unexpectedly low concentrations of most ionic constituents is found to sensitively reflect the influence of the inflow of southeasterly winds that prevailed during spring, while it is not common for that season of the year. Because most of those changes are closely tied with the variabilities in the regional circulation patterns for each measurement period, assessment of the ionic composition in concert with the temporal variations of meteorological conditions provided valuable insights into the source signals of different air masses that passed by the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sejong University, Kwang Jin Goo, Seoul, South Korea.
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Na K, Moon KC, Kim YP. Determination of non-methane hydrocarbon emission factors from vehicles in a Tunnel in Seoul in May 2000. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02697153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ro CU, Oh KY, Kim HK, Kim YP, Lee CB, Kim KH, Kang CH, Osán J, de Hoog J, Worobiec A, Van Grieken R. Single-particle analysis of aerosols at Cheju Island, Korea, using low-Z electron probe X-ray microanalysis: a direct proof of nitrate formation from sea salts. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35:4487-4494. [PMID: 11757606 DOI: 10.1021/es0155231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A recently developed electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA), called low-Z EPMA, employing an ultrathin window energy-dispersive X-ray detector, was applied to characterize aerosol particles collected at two sampling sites, namely, Kosan and 1100 Hill of Cheju Island, Korea, on a summer day in 1999. Since low-Z EPMA can provide quantitative information on the chemical composition of aerosol particles, the collected aerosol particles were classified and analyzed based on their chemical species. Many different particle types were identified, such as marine-originated, carbonaceous, soil-derived, and anthropogenic particles. Marine-originated particles, such as NaNO3- and Na2SO4-containing particles, are very frequently encountered in the two samples. In this study, it was directly proven that the observed nitrate particles were from sea salts. In addition, two types of nitrate particles from sea salts were observed, with and without Mg. The sodium nitrate particles without Mg were believed to be collected as crystalline form, either with the sodium nitrate particles being fractionally recrystallized within evaporating seawater drops or with recrystallized sodium chloride particles having reacted with gaseous nitrogen species in the air to form the crystalline sodium nitrate particles. The other seemed to be collected as seawater drops, where the atmospheric reaction had occurred in the droplets, and thus sodium as well as magnesium nitrates were observed. Carbonaceous particles are the most abundant in the samples at both sites. From this study, it was found that about three-quarters of the carbonaceous particles in the samples were biogenic, which partially explains a previously reported observation of a large concentration of organic carbon particles as compared to elemental carbon. Various soil-derived particles were also observed. In addition to aluminosilicate- and iron oxide-containing particles, which are ubiquitous components in soil-derived particles, CaCO3-, Al2O3- and Cr-containing particles were also frequently encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C U Ro
- Department of Chemistry, Hallym University, Chun Cheon, Kang Won Do, Korea.
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Kim YP, Ban HS, Lim SS, Kimura N, Jung SH, Ji J, Lee S, Ryu N, Keum SR, Shin KH, Ohuchi K. Inhibition of prostalglandin E2 production by 2'-hydoxychalcone derivatives and the mechanism of action. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53:1295-302. [PMID: 11578113 DOI: 10.1211/0022357011776595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 14 synthetic 2'-hydroxychalcone derivatives on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in rat peritoneal macrophages stimulated by the protein kinase C activator, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), were examined to clarify the structure-activity relationship. 2',4-Dihydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone (compound 3), 2',4-dihydroxy-6'-methoxychalcone (compound 8) and 2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone (compound 9) suppressed PGE2 production more potently than the other compounds. The IC50 (50% Inhibitory concentration) value for compounds 3, 8 and 9 was calculated to be 3 microM. The activity of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 was inhibited slightly by compound 9, but that of COX-2 was not inhibited. At concentrations that inhibited the production of PGE2, compound 9 had no effect on the release of radioactivity from [3H]arachidonic acid-labelled macrophages stimulated by TPA. Western-blot analysis revealed that the induction of COX-2 protein by TPA was inhibited by compound 9 in parallel with the inhibition of PGE2 production. Compounds 3 and 8 had similar effects. These findings suggest that 4'-methoxyl and 6'-methoxyl groups are required for the expression of more potent inhibitory activity against PGE2 production, and that the inhibition of PGE2 production by these 2'-hydroxychalcone derivatives is due to the inhibition of TPA-induced COX-2 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Kim
- Laboratory of Pathophysiological Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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Fujimoto H, Nakamura E, Kim YP, Okuyama E, Ishibashi M, Sassa T. Immunomodulatory constituents from an Ascomycete, Eupenicillium crustaceum, and revised absolute structure of macrophorin D. J Nat Prod 2001; 64:1234-1237. [PMID: 11575965 DOI: 10.1021/np010152n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fractionation guided by immunomodulatory activity of the EtOAc extract of the Ascomycete Eupenicillium crustaceum has afforded two new naturally occurring products, 4'-oxomacrophorin D (1) and 4'-oxomacrophorin A (2), as the immunosuppressive components of this fungus [1: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG) conjugate of 2]. The structures including the absolute configurations of 1 and 2 have been determined on the basis of chemical correlation of 1 with macrophorin D (3). The absolute configuration of the HMG moiety in 3 has been revised from 3R to 3S.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
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Lim BV, Jang MH, Shin MC, Kim HB, Kim YJ, Kim YP, Chung JH, Kim H, Shin MS, Kim SS, Kim EH, Kim CJ. Caffeine inhibits exercise-induced increase in tryptophan hydroxylase expression in dorsal and median raphe of Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurosci Lett 2001; 308:25-8. [PMID: 11445277 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effect of caffeine on the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), rate limiting enzyme of serotonin synthesis, in dorsal and median raphe was investigated via immunohistochemistry. In exercise groups, Sprague-Dawley rats were put on treadmill running for 30 min per day for 6 consecutive days. On the seventh day, animals of control-with-caffeine group were injected subcutaneously with 4 mg/kg caffeine, while control-without-caffeine group were injected with 0.9% NaCl, sacrificed 2 h later. Exercise-with-caffeine group and exercise-without-caffeine group were injected with caffeine and NaCl, respectively; all-out time was determined 1 h after injection, and then sacrificed. Caffeine increased all-out time in exercised rats, and inhibited the exercise-induced elevation in TPH expression. The suppressive effect of caffeine on TPH expression in exercised rats can be suggested as one possible ergogenic mechanism of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Lim
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim YP, Lee EB, Kim SY, Li D, Ban HS, Lim SS, Shin KH, Ohuchi K. Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production by platycodin D isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum. Planta Med 2001; 67:362-364. [PMID: 11458457 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Platycodin D, isolated from the root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC. (Campanulaceae) suppressed prostaglandin E2 production at 10 and 30 microM in rat peritoneal macrophages stimulated by the protein kinase C activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Platycodin D3 and oleanolic acid showed no effect at these concentrations. Western blot analysis revealed that the induction of COX-2 protein by TPA was inhibited by platycodin D in parallel with the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production. Platycodin D showed no direct effect on COX-1 and COX-2 activities. TPA-induced release of [3H]arachidonic acid from pre-labeled macrophages was also not inhibited by platycodin D.
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Lee SC, Chae HZ, Lee JE, Kwon BD, Lee JB, Won YH, Ahn KY, Kim YP. Peroxiredoxin is ubiquitously expressed in rat skin: isotype-specific expression in the epidermis and hair follicle. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 115:1108-14. [PMID: 11121149 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins are a family of peroxidases that are ubiquitously and abundantly expressed in mammalian tissues; however, comparatively less is known about their expression in the skin. In this study, we examined the expression of three isotypes of peroxiredoxins (I-III) in rat skin. Western blot analyses showed strong expression of peroxiredoxins I-III in the epidermis and dermis of intact skin. Additionally, they were expressed in cultured rat keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Confocal image analyses revealed that peroxiredoxin II was present in the cytoplasm as a diffuse, reticulated pattern. In immunohistochemical staining of rat skin, peroxiredoxin expression was mainly localized to the epidermis, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. In the epidermis, peroxiredoxins I and II were expressed in all layers with a gradient of increasing expression to the granular layer. In contrast, peroxiredoxin III was expressed in all layers with a gradient of expression decreasing to the granular layer. In the hair follicle, peroxiredoxins I-III were mainly expressed in the outer root sheath, except peroxiredoxin II, which was strongly expressed in the inner root sheath. In situ hybridization showed that mRNA expression was commensurate with the level of protein. Ultraviolet B radiation increased peroxiredoxin II expression in rat skin within 15 min after irradiation. From this study we conclude that peroxiredoxin isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in rat skin, and expression of at least peroxiredoxin II can be regulated by ultraviolet irradiation as a peroxidase in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 115:1108-1114 2000
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Kwangju, South Korea.
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Fukami A, Nakamura T, Kim YP, Shiomi K, Hayashi M, Nagai T, Yamada H, Komiyama K, Omura S. A new anti-influenza virus antibiotic, 10-norparvulenone from Microsphaeropsis sp. FO-5050. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2000; 53:1215-8. [PMID: 11132970 DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.53.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Fukami
- The Kitasato Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim KH, Lee G, Kim YP. Dimethylsulfide and its oxidation products in coastal atmospheres of Cheju Island. Environ Pollut 2000; 110:147-155. [PMID: 15092864 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00273-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/1999] [Accepted: 10/04/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) in air and its oxidation products in aerosols were measured from the coastal atmospheres of Cheju Island, Korea, during three exploratory field experiments conducted over September 1997 through April 1998. According to our measurements, there were large fluctuations in the distribution of DMS and relevant species in the coastal atmospheres; the magnitude of variations was significant both within each measurement period and across different measurement periods. The mean mixing ratios of atmospheric DMS from the whole data sets were found within the range of 19 to 1140 pptv (n=84) with the grand mean value of 100 pptv. Like DMS, large variations in the data distribution were consistently seen from other species investigated concurrently. The concentrations of aerosol ions including non-seasalt sulfate (NSSS), seasalt sulfate (SSS), and methane sulfonate (MSA) spanned over two orders of magnitude such as 0.24-88 (mean 32), 0.08-17.2 (mean 3.70), and 0.01-0.78 (mean 0.16) nmol m(-3), respectively. The molar ratios of those ions were measured as: (1) NSSS/SSS in 1.26-95 (mean 44); (2) MSA/NSSS in 0.0002-0.063 (mean 0.009); and (3) NSSS/NO(3) in 0.21-9.5 (mean 2.35). Examinations of our measurement data indicated that the concentrations of DMS and relevant ions varied significantly across day/night periods and across different seasons. It was also seen that there are strong differences in seasonal distribution patterns between fall, winter, and spring. Detailed analysis of the data sets revealed that changes in their distribution patterns were in strong compliance with changes in meteorological conditions. Especially, large fluctuations in magnitudes and amplitudes of springtime DMS concentrations were coinciding with the intrusion of southeasterly winds, suggesting the possibility that the DMS-rich air masses were brought into the study area from the productive waters of the southeast coastal area of Cheju. Similarly to the case of DMS, the occurrence of unusual wind patterns during spring contributed to changes in the content and composition of aerosol ions. Although the introduction of southeasterly winds during spring helped maintain high DMS and MSA levels, the concentrations of aerosol ions dropped significantly because of depositional loss during the passage of air mass over land area. According to the procedures of Wylie and De Mora, we reached the conclusion that the magnitude of annual DMS emissions in the western Korean sea were in the range of 5 to 18 Gg S.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Kim
- Atmospheric Environment Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Sejong University/Sejong Institution, Kun Ja Dong, Kwang Jin Goo, Seoul 143-747, South Korea.
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Lee SC, Lee JW, Jung JE, Lee HW, Chun SD, Kang IK, Won YH, Kim YP. Protective role of nitric oxide-mediated inflammatory response against lipid peroxidation in ultraviolet B-irradiated skin. Br J Dermatol 2000; 142:653-9. [PMID: 10792214 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is known to induce serious oxidative damage in the skin via lipid peroxidation. Nitric oxide (NO) synthesized by keratinocytes, melanocytes and endothelial cells in response to proinflammatory cytokines and UV radiation, has been reported to prevent UV-induced apoptosis in the skin. We have examined the effects of NO on UVB-induced lipid peroxidation in murine skin in vivo. UVB induced a dose-dependent increase in lipid peroxidation of skin extracts in vitro; however, lipid peroxidation in the skin in vivo remained unaffected at irradiation doses of less than 1.0 J cm-2 and decreased significantly at doses over 1.5 J cm-2 (P < 0.01). Time-delayed inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the skin in vivo was observed after irradiation at 1.5 J cm-2. Administration of N G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of NO synthesis, enhanced lipid peroxidation (P < 0.05), while it suppressed the ear-swelling response (ESR), a biological marker of inflammation. By contrast, administration of sodium nitroprusside, an NO enhancer, suppressed lipid peroxidation (P < 0. 01), while it enhanced the ESR. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was observed from 12 to 48 h postirradiation at doses of 0.4-1.6 J cm-2. The UVB-induced iNOS expression was markedly inhibited by L-NAME, suggesting that iNOS is a major enzyme in the production of NO. These results suggest that NO acts as a mediator of the inflammatory response in UVB-irradiated skin, and that lipid peroxidation is inversely regulated with the NO-mediated inflammatory response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam University Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-ku, Kwangju 501-757, Korea.
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Shin KH, Kim YP, Lim SS, Lee S, Ryu N, Yamada M, Ohuchi K. Inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production by the isoflavones tectorigenin and tectoridin isolated from the rhizomes of Belamcanda chinensis. Planta Med 1999; 65:776-777. [PMID: 10630127 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-960868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K H Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Korea
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Kim YP, Yamada M, Lim SS, Lee SH, Ryu N, Shin KH, Ohuchi K. Inhibition by tectorigenin and tectoridin of prostaglandin E2 production and cyclooxygenase-2 induction in rat peritoneal macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999; 1438:399-407. [PMID: 10366782 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tectorigenin and tectoridin, isolated from the rhizomes of Korean Belamcanda chinensis (Iridaceae) which are used as Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, suppressed prostaglandin E2 production by rat peritoneal macrophages stimulated by the protein kinase C activator, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), or the endomembrane Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor, thapsigargin. Tectorigenin inhibited prostaglandin E2 production more potently than tectoridin. Neither compound inhibited the release of radioactivity from [3H]arachidonic acid-labeled macrophages stimulated by TPA or thapsigargin. In addition, activities of isolated cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 were not inhibited by the two compounds. Western blot analysis revealed that the induction of COX-2 by TPA or thapsigargin was inhibited by the two compounds in parallel with the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production. These findings suggest that one of the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activities of the rhizomes of Belamcanda chinensis is the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 production by tectorigenin and tectoridin due to the inhibition of the induction of COX-2 in the inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Kim
- Department of Pathophysiological Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
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Lee SC, Lee JB, Kook JP, Seo JJ, Nam KI, Park SS, Kim YP. Expression of differentiation markers during fetal skin development in humans: immunohistochemical studies on the precursor proteins forming the cornified cell envelope. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 112:882-6. [PMID: 10383733 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cornified cell envelope is formed during the terminal differentiation of epidermis through cross-linking of specific proteins by transglutaminases. The specific arrangement of individual protein in the cornified cell envelope and participation of individual protein in the cornified cell envelope at different regions of skin, i.e., palm, foreskin, lips, etc. are not clearly understood. In order to understand the pattern and expression schedule of each individual precursor protein during the differentiation and formation of cornified cell envelope, the expression of precursor proteins in developing human fetal skins from the first to the third trimester were examined by immunohistochemical studies. Involucrin was found in the periderm and intermediate layer from 14 wk estimated gestational age, while loricrin and small proline-rich protein 1 were found in the periderm from 16 wk estimated gestational age. Filaggrin and trichohyalin that are absent in the adult cornified cell envelope were found in the granular and horny layers from 24 wk estimated gestational age. The precursor proteins except trichohyalin did not change their patterns after the onset of initial expression during development. Trichohyalin was transiently expressed in the granular and horny layers of the epidermis from 24 wk estimated gestational age with peak expression at 27 wk estimated gestational age, but was not detected in adult skin. In hair follicles, trichohyalin expression was stable without change from 20 wk estimated gestational age. These findings suggest that fetal skin may have different sets of barriers from the second trimester; the immature cornified cell envelope is formed in the early second trimester and the mature cornified cell envelope is formed in the late second or early third trimester when filaggrin and trichohyalin appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Chonnam University Medical School, Kwangju, Korea
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