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Shimada K, Mizukoshi M, Chan CK, Kim YP, Lin NH, Matsuda K, Itahashi S, Nakashima Y, Kato S, Hatakeyama S. Disentangling the contribution of the transboundary out-flow from the Asian continent to Tokyo, Japan. Environ Pollut 2021; 286:117280. [PMID: 34438477 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the contribution of transboundary air pollutants (TAPs) transported from China to Tokyo using the Pb(0.5<Dp < 1)/Cu(2.5<Dp < 10) index. We conducted intensive observations over four seasons during 2014-2015 and analyzed ionic components and thirteen elements in size-segregated aerosols collected at the top of a 30-m-high tower in a hilly forested area of the Field Museum Tamakyuryo (FM Tama), in a western suburb of Tokyo. In order to evaluate if the Pb(0.5<Dp < 1)/Cu(2.5<Dp < 10) ratio can be applied in Tokyo as the megacity, the annual average concentration of Pb at Cape Hedo, Kumamoto city, on the west side of Japan, was higher than that of Pb at Tokyo, on the east side; this result indicates that TAPs affect western Japan more than eastern Japan. We inferred the main source of Cu to be braking abrasion from cars at local scale on the basis of its enrichment factor and size distribution. From the Pb(0.5<Dp < 1)/Cu(2.5<Dp < 10) ratio and sulfate concentration, we inferred that the highest contribution of TAPs to the total mass concentration in Tokyo occurred in spring, when TAPs accounted for 55%, 72%, and 53% of the total mass concentration in the 0.1 < Dp < 0.5, 0.5 < Dp < 1, and 1 < Dp < 2.5 fractions, respectively. These results can contribute to assessment of TAPs in Tokyo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Shimada
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; School of Creative Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan; Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213 Japan.
| | - Manatsu Mizukoshi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue 83, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Chemical. Engineering & Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Atmospheric Science and Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chung-Li 32001, Taiwan
| | - Kazuhide Matsuda
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Syuichi Itahashi
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nakashima
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shungo Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1, Minami-oosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shiro Hatakeyama
- Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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