1
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Sohn S, Kim MK, Lee YM, Sohn EJ, Choi GY, Chae SH, Zoh KD. Removal characteristics of 53 micropollutants during ozonation, chlorination, and UV/H 2O 2 processes used in drinking water treatment plant. Chemosphere 2024; 352:141360. [PMID: 38325620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The removal of 53 emerging micropollutants (MPs), including 10 per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFASs), 25 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), 7 pesticides, 5 endocrine disrupters (EDCs), 3 nitrosamines, and 3 taste and odor compounds (T&Os), by chlorination, ozonation, and UV/H2O2 treatment was examined in deionized water and surface waters used as the raw waters in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in South Korea. The UV/H2O2 treatment was effective in the removal of most MPs, whereas chlorination was selectively effective for 19 MPs, including EDCs (>70 %). MPs containing aromatic ring with electron-donating functional group, or primary and secondary amines were effectively removed by chlorination immediately upon reaction initiation. The removal of MPs by ozonation was generally lower than that of the other two processes at a low ozone dose (1 mg L-1), but higher than chlorination at a high ozone dose (3 mg L-1), particularly for 16 MPs, including T&Os. Compared in deionized water, the removals of MPs in the raw water samples were lower in all three processes. The regression models predicting the rate constants (kobs) of 53 MPs showed good agreement between modeled and measured value for UV/H2O2 treatment (R2 = 0.948) and chlorination (R2 = 0.973), despite using only dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and oxidant concentration as variables, whereas the ozonation model showed a variation (R2 = 0.943). Our results can provide the resources for determining which oxidative process is suitable for treating specific MPs present in the raw waters of DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwoon Sohn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon-Kyung Kim
- Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Institute of Health & Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Erica Jungmin Sohn
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Grace Y Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon-Ha Chae
- Korea Water Resources Corporation, K-water Institute, Deajeon, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Duk Zoh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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2
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Choi NR, Kim YP, Lee JY, Kim E, Kim S, Shin HJ. Impact of ozonation on the formation of particulate nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA) in atmosphere. Chemosphere 2024; 349:140794. [PMID: 38008293 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of ozonation to the formation of particulate nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA) in the aqueous aerosol phase was investigated using measurement data from 2018 in Seoul, Republic of Korea and a box model. The correlation between the NDMA concentration and aerosol liquid water content and box model results showed that aqueous aerosol phase reactions, including nitrosation and ozonation, might contribute to the formation of NDMA. The concentration of NDMA and the ratio of O3/dimethylamine exhibited a negative correlation, suggesting that the contribution of ozonation to NDMA formation may not be significant. Furthermore, when the daily concentration of NDMA exceeded 10 ng/m3, the pH was 3.96 ± 0.48, indicating that the impact of ozonation on NDMA concentration might not be significant. To quantitatively investigate the contribution of ozonation, the ozonation mechanism that forms NDMA was included in the box model developed in our previous study. The model results showed that the ozonation contributed to the ambient concentration of NDMA (7.9 ± 3.8% (winter); 1.9 ± 3.0% (spring); 10.0 ± 0.77% (summer); 3.6 ± 7.3% (autumn)). It is estimated that the relatively higher O3/NOx ratio in summer (1.63 ± 0.69; 0.64 ± 0.52 (winter); 1.14 ± 0.92 (spring); 0.52 ± 0.54 (autumn)) could enhance ozonation and that relatively lower pH in summer (2.2 ± 0.4; 5.3 ± 1.2 (winter); 3.9 ± 1.2 (spring); 3.9 ± 0.7 (autumn)) could hinder nitrosation compared to that in other seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, South Korea.
| | - Yong Pyo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Hye Jung Shin
- Department of Air Quality Research, Climate and Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research of Korea, Incheon, 22689, South Korea
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3
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Xie Y, Zhang L, Hou W, Cheng Y, Luo F, Liu Z, Zhang Z. A Novel Method for Monitoring N- Nitrosamines Impurities Using NH 2-MIL-101(Fe) Mediated Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with LC-MS/MS in Biopharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2783-2789. [PMID: 37481163 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient and convenient method for the simultaneous determination of 12 N-nitrosamines (NAs) has been developed using an amine-functionalized metal-organic framework (NH2-MIL-101(Fe)) as sorbent for dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-μSPE) coupled with LC-MS/MS in biopharmaceuticals. The experimental variables involved in the extraction process (i.e., amount of the sorbent, extraction time, desorption time, ionic strength, desorption solvent and volume) were optimized to achieve the best extraction efficiency of the target analytes. Under the optimum conditions, the method was successfully validated, showing good linearity in the range of 0.5-3.0 μg/L with determination coefficients (R2) higher than 0.990, repeatability (RSD ≤ 10.0%, spiked level at 2.0 μg/L) and precision (RSD ≤ 8.2%). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were in the range of 0.005-0.025 μg/L and 0.010-0.250 μg/L, respectively. Satisfactory recoveries ranging from 82.4 to 116.8% were obtained by spiking standards at three different concentrations (0.5 μg/L, 2.0 μg/L and 3.0 μg/L). Other validation parameters, including specificity, stability, and robustness, met the validation criteria. More importantly, the plausible adsorption mechanism on NH2-MIL-101(Fe) was proposed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra technique. Finally, this method was successfully applied to detect trace nitrosamines in biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguo Xie
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
| | - Wei Hou
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Zhuoyu Liu
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China
| | - Zhongli Zhang
- Analytical Science and Development, Henlius Biologics Co., Ltd, 5155 Guangfulin Road, Shanghai 201616, China.
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Zhu K, Kerry M, Serr B, Mintert M. Parts per billion of nitrite in microcrystalline cellulose by ion chromatography mass spectrometry with isotope labeled internal standard. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115648. [PMID: 37611458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory authorities like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have set strict specification levels for N-nitrosamines in finished drug products. Nitrite is a potential precursor for the formation of probable carcinogenic N-nitrosamines when secondary or tertiary amines are also present in the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) synthesis or drug formulation process. An accurate and sensitive determination of nitrite will be useful when a drug product manufacturer chooses to investigate the reaction kinetics between nitrite and amines or to select appropriate excipients for its drug formulation. Pharmaceutical excipient manufacturers may also need an accurate nitrite measurement to investigate the nitrite content in their excipients. This study details the development and validation of an ion chromatography mass spectrometry (IC-MS) method for trace nitrite determination in microcrystalline cellulose materials, one of the important pharmaceutical excipients used in many drug formulations. MS operated under selected ion monitoring mode was used to solve the commonly encountered interference issue with conductivity detection, and nitrite isotope internal standard was employed to address the ion suppression issue with MS detection. The installation of an after-column "jumper" to flush water with an auxiliary pump through the MS when it is not used for data collection avoided sensitivity loss due to trace salt accumulation in the ion source. Validation of the optimized method was satisfactory, with linearity of nitrite in the concentration range of 0.02-7.50 ppm (µg/g) having a regression coefficient of > 0.999, precision of RSD < 9.5% at 0.03 ppm and RSD < 3.4% at 0.4 ppm and recovery of 92.0-103.0%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.005 and 0.016 ppm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudi Zhu
- Pharma Solutions, IFF, Midland, MI 48640, USA.
| | | | | | - Markus Mintert
- DDP Specialty Products Germany GmbH & Co. KG, August-Wolff-Str. 13, 29699 Walsrode, Germany
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He L, Zhou X, Liu J, Yao Y, Lin J, Chen J, Qiu S, Liu Z, He Y, Yi Y, Zhou X, Zou F. RAE1 promotes nitrosamine-induced malignant transformation of human esophageal epithelial cells through PPARα-mediated lipid metabolism. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2023; 265:115513. [PMID: 37774541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth cause of cancer-related deaths and still is a significant public health problem globally. Nitrosamines exposure represents a major health concern increasing EC risks. Exploring the mechanisms induced by nitrosamines may contribute to the prevention and early detection of EC. However, the mechanism of nitrosamine carcinogenesis remains unclear. Ribonucleic acid export 1 (RAE1), has an important role in mediating diverse cancer types, but, to date, there has been no study for any functional role of RAE1 in esophageal carcinogenesis. Here, we successfully verified the nitrosamine-induced malignant transformation cell (MNNG-M) by xenograft tumor model, based on which it was found that RAE1 was upregulation in the early stage of nitrosamine-induced esophageal carcinogenesis and EC tissues. RAE1 knockdown led to severe blockade in G2/M phase and significant inhibition of proliferation of MNNG-M cells, whereas RAE1 overexpression had the opposite effect. In addition, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα), was demonstrated as a downstream target gene of RAE1, and its down-regulation reduced lipid accumulation, resulting in causing cells accumulation in the G2/M phase. Mechanistically, we found that RAE1 regulates the lipid metabolism by maintaining the stability of PPARα mRNA. Taken together, our study reveals that RAE1 promotes malignant transformation of human esophageal epithelial cells (Het-1A) by regulating PPARα-mediated lipid metabolism to affect cell cycle progression, and offers a new explanation of the mechanisms underlying esophageal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiangjun Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yina Yao
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junyuan Lin
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jialong Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shizhen Qiu
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zeyu Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yingzheng He
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yujie Yi
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xueqiong Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Road North, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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6
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Bercu JP, Zhang S, Sobol Z, Escobar PA, Van P, Schuler M. Comparison of the transgenic rodent mutation assay, error corrected next generation duplex sequencing, and the alkaline comet assay to detect dose-related mutations following exposure to N-nitrosodiethylamine. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2023; 891:503685. [PMID: 37770142 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), a well-studied N-nitrosamine, was tested in rats to compare the dose-response relationship of three genotoxicity endpoints. Mutant / mutation frequencies were determined using the transgenic rodent (TGR) gene mutation assay and error corrected next generation sequencing (ecNGS) (i.e., duplex sequencing (DS)), and genetic damage was detected by the alkaline comet assay. Big Blue® (cII Locus) animals (n = 6 per dose group) were administered doses of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 3 mg/kg/day NDEA by oral gavage. Samples were collected for cII mutation and DS analyses following 28-days of exposure and 3 days recovery. In a separate study, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 6 per dose group) were administered the same doses by oral gavage for two consecutive days and then samples collected for the alkaline comet assay. A dose-related increase in mutant / mutation frequencies of the liver but not duodenum was observed using the TGR assay and DS with DS resulting in a slightly more sensitive response, with a lower benchmark dose (BMD). In addition, a dose-related increase in percent tail DNA was observed in the liver using the alkaline comet assay. Therefore, DS and comet assays showed good utility for hazard identification and dose-response analysis of a representative N-nitrosamine comparable to the TGR gene mutation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel P Bercu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Nonclinical Safety and Pathobiology (NSP), Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
| | - Shaofei Zhang
- Pfizer Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, CT, USA.
| | | | | | - Phu Van
- TwinStrand Biosciences, Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maik Schuler
- Pfizer Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
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7
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Yang J, Kakarla R, Marzan T, Sherwin B, George M, Bennett J, Basutto J, Su Y, Ollerenshaw J, Morin J, Rebière H, Maggio AF, Kermaïdic A, Gervela E, Brenier C, Civade C, Chauvey D, Duperray F, Wollein U, Conti M, Tromp J, Meyer S, Wanko R, Wierer M, Bertrand M, Rodriguez J, Sommers C, Keire D. Performance Characteristics of Mass Spectrometry-Based Analytical Procedures for Quantitation of Nitrosamines in Pharmaceuticals: Insights from an Inter-laboratory Study. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2685-2695. [PMID: 37524228 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
With the discovery of carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals in 2018 and subsequent regulatory requirements for risk assessment for nitrosamine formation during pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, storage or from contaminated supply chains, effective testing of nitrosamines has become essential to ensure the quality of drug substances and products. Mass spectrometry has been widely applied to detect and quantify trace amounts of nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals. As part of an effort by regulatory authorities to assess the measurement variation in the determination of nitrosamines, an inter-laboratory study was performed by the laboratories from six regulatory agencies with each of the participants using their own analytical procedures to determine the amounts of nitrosamines in a set of identical samples. The results demonstrated that accurate and precise quantitation of trace level nitrosamines can be achieved across multiple analytical procedures and provided insight into the performance characteristics of mass spectrometry-based analytical procedures in terms of accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Yang
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Raghavi Kakarla
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tim Marzan
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bill Sherwin
- TGA Laboratories, 136 Narrabundah Lane, Symonston, Canberra, A.C.T 2606, Australia
| | - Mark George
- TGA Laboratories, 136 Narrabundah Lane, Symonston, Canberra, A.C.T 2606, Australia
| | - Justine Bennett
- TGA Laboratories, 136 Narrabundah Lane, Symonston, Canberra, A.C.T 2606, Australia
| | - Jose Basutto
- TGA Laboratories, 136 Narrabundah Lane, Symonston, Canberra, A.C.T 2606, Australia
| | - Yi Su
- Health Products Laboratory Program, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Department of Health, Government of Canada, 2301 Midland Ave, Toronto ON, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - Jason Ollerenshaw
- Health Products Laboratory Program, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Department of Health, Government of Canada, 2301 Midland Ave, Toronto ON, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - Justin Morin
- Health Products Laboratory Program, Regulatory Operations and Enforcement Branch, Department of Health, Government of Canada, 2301 Midland Ave, Toronto ON, M1P 4R7, Canada
| | - Hervé Rebière
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Annie-Francoise Maggio
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Audrey Kermaïdic
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Elodie Gervela
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Charlotte Brenier
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Corinne Civade
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Denis Chauvey
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Françoise Duperray
- French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM), Laboratory Controls Division; 635 Rue de la Garenne, 34740 Vendargues, France
| | - Uwe Wollein
- Department of Pharmacy (OMCL), Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstr. 2 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Conti
- Schweizerisches Heilmittelinstitut (Biol. & Pharm.), OMCL Swissmedic, Hallerstrasse 7, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Tromp
- Schweizerisches Heilmittelinstitut (Biol. & Pharm.), OMCL Swissmedic, Hallerstrasse 7, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Meyer
- Schweizerisches Heilmittelinstitut (Biol. & Pharm.), OMCL Swissmedic, Hallerstrasse 7, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard Wanko
- Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare Department (DBO), EDQM - Council of Europe - Conseil de l'Europe, 7 Allée Kastner CS 30026 F- 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Wierer
- Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare Department (DBO), EDQM - Council of Europe - Conseil de l'Europe, 7 Allée Kastner CS 30026 F- 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Bertrand
- Biological Standardisation, OMCL Network & HealthCare Department (DBO), EDQM - Council of Europe - Conseil de l'Europe, 7 Allée Kastner CS 30026 F- 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jason Rodriguez
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cynthia Sommers
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David Keire
- Office of Testing and Research, Center of Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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8
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Zheng J, Brookes A, Moser J, Pfeffer H, Smith A. On the Risk of Nitrosamine Contamination During Drug Product Blister Packaging. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2321-2325. [PMID: 37478970 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Most N-Nitrosamine compounds are found to be genotoxic in several animal species. Some are classified as probable or possible human carcinogens and very low acceptable daily intake has been established such as 96 ng/day for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 26.5 ng/N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). The pharmaceutical industry has considered all processing areas for potential formation or contamination of N-nitrosamine. One risk is the potential contamination of nitrosamine during drug product blister packaging using lidding foils containing nitrocellulose, and different approaches have been used by pharmaceutical companies to evaluate and mitigate this risk. Herein we share a perspective from IQ Consortium N-nitrosamine Working Group on some of the approaches and corresponding results. From these assessments, it was concluded that the risk of nitrosamine contamination during blister packaging is negligible. The approaches shared in this perspective can be incorporated into risk assessment for nitrosamine contamination during drug product packaging at other pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Zheng
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, MMD, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, United States.
| | - Andrew Brookes
- Technical Operations, Science and Innovation, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Moser
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supplies, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA, United States
| | - Harvey Pfeffer
- Global Packaging Technology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Smith
- Device and Packaging Technologies, Global Supply Chain, GSK, Priory Street, Ware, Herts SG12 0DJ, United Kingdom
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9
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Zhou Q, Mo M, Tang B, He Q. A comparative study of tea polyphenols and its palmitic acid-modified derivatives: their effects on the microbial ecosystem and biogenic amines in Chinese sausage. J Food Sci Technol 2023; 60:1772-1781. [PMID: 37187992 PMCID: PMC10169961 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
Control of biogenic amines (BAs) is important to guarantee the safety of sausage-like fermented meat products. This study investigated the influences of tea polyphenols (TP) and its lipophilic palmitic acid-modified derivatives, palmitoyl-TP (pTP) and palmitoyl-epigallocatechin gallate (pEGCG), on BAs and microbial ecosystem in Chinese sausages. TP, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), pTP, and pEGCG all reduced the formation of BAs and N-nitrosodimethylamine at 0.05% (g/g); yet, compared with TP and EGCG, the modified derivatives exhibited stronger action on BAs decreasing (P < 0.05), and pEGCG showed the highest effect (a reduction of total BAs from 376.22 to 168.98 mg/kg compared to control). The improved inhibitory effect of pTP and pEGCG should be attributed to their stronger dual-directional regulation of the bacterial and fungal communities during the natural fermentation of sausage. The modified pTP and pEGCG highly suppressed the growth of Staphylococcus, Candida, and Kurtzmaniella, all of which were positively correlated with BAs formation (all P < 0.05). However, pTP and pEGCG worked more effectively than the unmodified ones to promote Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Debaryomyces (all P < 0.05). The results above are significant for the application of palmitoyl-TP and similar TP derivatives in meat products in consideration of food safety. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05717-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100 China
| | - Min Mo
- Chongqing Customs Technology Center, Chongqing, 400020 China
| | - Bobin Tang
- Chongqing Customs Technology Center, Chongqing, 400020 China
| | - Qiang He
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
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10
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Sharma N, Patel R, Bothara T, Jain S, Shah RP. Modified NAP test: A simple and Responsive Nitrosating Methodology for Risk Evaluation of NDSRIs. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1333-1340. [PMID: 36871894 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitroso compounds have been listed as one of the cohorts of concern as per ICH M7. In recent years, the regulatory focus has shifted from common nitrosamines to nitroso-impurities of drug products. Thus, the detection and quantification of unacceptable levels of nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities are of great concern for analytical scientists during drug development. Moreover, risk assessment of nitrosamines is also an essential part of the regulatory filling. For risk assessment, the Nitrosation Assay Procedure suggested by WHO expert group in 1978 is being followed. However, it could not be adopted by the pharmaceutical industries due to the limitation of drug solubility and artefact formation in the test conditions. In this work, we have optimized an alternative nitrosation test to investigate the likelihood of direct nitrosation. The technique is simple, where the drug solubilized in an organic solvent is incubated at 37°C with a nitrosating agent named tertiary butyl nitrite in a 1:10 molar ratio. LC-UV/MS-based chromatographic method was developed to separate drug substances and respective nitrosamine impurities using the C18 analytical column. The methodology was successfully tested on five drugs with varying structural chemistry. The procedure is straightforward, effective, and quick for the nitrosation of secondary amines. This modified nitrosation test and WHO prescribed nitrosation test have been compared and found that the modified methodology is more effective and time-saving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Rashi Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Tejaswini Bothara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Sonali Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ravi P Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, India.
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11
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Wichitnithad W, Nantaphol S, Noppakhunsomboon K, Thitikornpong W, Rojsitthisak P. Current status and prospects of development of analytical methods for determining nitrosamine and N-nitroso impurities in pharmaceuticals. Talanta 2023; 254:124102. [PMID: 36470020 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals have recently been concerned for several national regulatory agencies to avoid carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in patients. The demand for highly sensitive and specific analytical methods with LOQs in the ppb and sub-ppb ranges is among the most significant challenges facing analytical scientists. In addition, artifactual nitrosamine formation during sample preparation and injection leading to overestimation of nitrosamines has received considerable attention. Numerous analytical methodologies have been reported for quantifying nitrosamine impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients and medicinal products at the interim limit criteria as preventive measures. In this review, we meticulously discuss those reported gas and liquid chromatographic methods for nitrosamine determination in pharmaceuticals in aspects of chromatographic conditions and sensitivity of detection. We also introduce the potential of novel fluorescence-based methods recently developed to rapidly screen nitrosamine impurities. In addition, the review assesses the nitrosation assay procedure (NAP test), which is expected to be a future preventive measure for screening potential nitrosation and identifying suspected contamination with N-nitroso or other potential mutagenic impurities during the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisut Wichitnithad
- Department of Analytical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd., Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd., Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Nantaphol
- Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd., Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Worathat Thitikornpong
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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12
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Carloni LE, Lochner S, Sterckx H, Van Daele T. Solid State Kinetics of Nitrosation Using Native Sources of Nitrite. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1324-1332. [PMID: 36828125 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
While many reactive species are known to cause N-nitrosation, trace nitrite (NO2-), which may be present in several excipients, is a source of nitrosating agents in pharmaceutical formulations. In this study we have found that the salt form of NO2- can influence the favored nitrosation conditions and final amount of nitrosamine being formed. Using native levels of NO2-, most likely present as ammonium nitrite (NH4NO2), in microcrystalline cellulose, we have determined the kinetics of nitrosamine formation in solid state with dimethylamine substrate present in metformin, used as model compound. It was found that the competing degradation of NH4NO2 into N2 and H2O limited the amount of nitrosamine formation to a great extent. Empirically modelling the kinetic data predicted reaching at maximum 1.6% conversion over a hypothetical 3-year shelf-life. These results also showed that using other sources of NO2- as spiking reagents, such as NaNO2, may lead to unrealistic worst-case situations when the main form of NO2- in the drug product (DP) under evaluation may be NH4NO2. As well, measuring NO2- in freshly manufactured excipients containing NO2- potentially as NH4NO2 may lead to biased high NO2- content, which is not representative of the actual amounts present at the time of DP manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Elie Carloni
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Susanne Lochner
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hans Sterckx
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Timothy Van Daele
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
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13
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Seid MG, Son A, Cho K, Byun J, Hong SW. Doped and immobilized titanium dioxide photocatalysts as a potential source of nitrosamine formation. Water Res 2023; 230:119573. [PMID: 36621279 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized and visible-light-active titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used for water treatment. However, the accelerated generation of degradation byproducts is a potential risk of TiO2-based photocatalysis. This study aimed to investigate the structural effect of engineered TiO2 samples on the formation of major nitrosamines during photocatalysis. The nitrogen-containing impurities and leached metal ions from doped-TiO2 samples could exacerbate nitrosamine formation potential (FP) in distilled water, secondary effluent, and chloraminated water. Doped-TiO2 with 2-ethylimidazole, trimethylamine, triethylamine, and N-carbon nanotubes could leach in the range of 47-64 ng L-1 nitrosamines (including N-nitrosomethylethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and N-nitrosopyrrolidine) even under dark conditions. Furthermore, we investigated the role of metal dopants on nitrosamine-FP during the chloramination of precursors such as dimethylamine and microcystin-LR. Metal ions such as Cu that leached from the metal-doped catalysts may catalyze the nitrosamine-FP. Therefore, pre-purification (washing) and immobilization of doped-TiO2 samples on substrates are suggested to remove a considerable amount of nitrosamines. However, during the prolonged tryout, the selection of substrates was critical. Polymeric supports, such as polyimide and polyvinylpyrrolidone, can produce up to 85 ng L-1 nitrosamine, whereas TiO2 immobilized onto steel mesh can remove nitrosamine formation during photocatalytic oxidation followed by chloramination. This study systematically screened a diverse range of dopants, supports, and solvents in engineered TiO2 photocatalysts, in 61 samples, and provided novel insights into their effect on nitrosamine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingizem Gashaw Seid
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Aseom Son
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea; Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehye Byun
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Won Hong
- Center for Water Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangro 14 gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST-School, University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Tuesuwan B, Vongsutilers V. Current Threat of Nitrosamines in Pharmaceuticals and Scientific Strategies for Risk Mitigation. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1192-1209. [PMID: 36739905 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The current global situation of nitrosamine contamination has expanded from angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) to wide range of medicines as the risk of contamination via the drug substances, formulation, manufacturing process, and packaging is possible for many drug products. The understanding of chemistry, toxicology, and root causes of nitrosamines are mandatory to effectively evaluate and mitigate the risks associated with the contaminated mutagen. Lessons learnt and scientific findings from previously identified root causes are good examples on how to perform effective risk assessments and establish control strategies. Addressing the risk of nitrosamine contamination in pharmaceuticals requires significant knowledge and considerable resources to collect the necessary information for risk evaluation. Examples of the resources required include a reliable laboratory facility, reference material, highly specific and sensitive instrumentation able handle trace levels of contamination, data management, and the most limited resource - time. Therefore, the supporting tools to assist with risk assessment e.g., shared databases for drug and excipients in concern, screening models for the determination of nitrosamine formation potential, and an in silico model to help with toxicity estimation, have proven to be beneficial to tackle the risk and concern of nitrosamine contamination in pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodin Tuesuwan
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Vorasit Vongsutilers
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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15
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Wang J, Chu H, Wang Z, Wang X, Liu X, Song Z, Liu F. In vivo study revealed pro-tumorigenic effect of CMTM3 in hepatocellular carcinoma involving the regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:49-64. [PMID: 36284038 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the ambiguity of the function of CMTM3 in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and explore its molecular mechanism. METHODS The Cmtm3-KO C57BL/6 mouse strain was established using CRISPR-Cas9. Acute liver damage and HCC models were induced by peritoneal injection of 100 or 25 mg/kg.BW N-Nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) to male mice. Liver function and histology were evaluated by blood serum levels of AST and ALT, and HE staining. Gene and protein expression in liver tissues was investigated by RNA-seq, RT-qPCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Protein-protein interactions were studied by STRING and topological measures. The mRNA expression of CMTM3 and PPARs and patient survival were analyzed using the UALCAN database. RESULTS Global knockout of Cmtm3 in KO mice was successfully confirmed. Cmtm3 knockout alleviated DEN-induced acute damage to liver histological integrity and liver function, reduced DNA damage and apoptosis, and also caused a significantly reduced number (WT: 8.7 ± 5.5 vs. KO: 2.7 ± 3.1, P = 0.0394) and total size of tumors (WT: 130.9 ± 181.8 mm2 vs. KO: 9.3 ± 11.5 mm2, P = 0.026) in the liver. Mechanistically, Cmtm3 knockout resulted in reduced expression and inactivation of Pparγ and its downstream lipid metabolism genes (e.g. Adipoq) upon DEN intoxication. CMTM3 and PPARγ were both overexpressed in HCC, and higher levels of both genes were associated with worse overall survival of HCC patients. CONCLUSION This study clarified the pro-tumorigenesis role of CMTM3 in HCC in vivo, possibly through the upregulation of PPARγ and activation of the PPAR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Zhifu, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Hongjin Chu
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Zhifu, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhixin Wang
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Zhifu, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Xuebo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Xuexia Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Zhifu, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Zhan Song
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Zhifu, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Fujun Liu
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Zhifu, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.
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16
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Zhang J, Selaya SD, Shakleya D, Mohammad A, Faustino PJ. Rapid Quantitation of Four Nitrosamine Impurities in Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Drug Substances. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1246-1254. [PMID: 36509171 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Starting in July 2018, the FDA alerted patients and health care professionals to the recall of ARBs such as valsartan by several pharmaceutical companies because of their potential contamination with carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities, including: (1) N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), (2) N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), (3) N-nitrosoethylisopropylamine (NEIPA), (4) N-nitrosodiisopropylamine (NDIPA), (5) N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) and (6) N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA). The FDA initiated a laboratory investigation to develop analytical procedures to test multiple lots of marketed ARB drugs to determine the possible presence of carcinogenic impurities and, if present, quantitate the levels of these impurities. Here the FDA laboratory developed and validated an automated micro-solid phase extraction MS/MS method, where all the analytes are not separated prior to elution to the MS, to simultaneously quantify NEIPA, NDIPA, NDBA and NMBA in ARB drug substances with an instrument sample analysis time of 12 seconds. The method was validated according to the ICH Q2(R1) guideline, and was determined to be specific, accurate, precise and linear over the corresponding nitrosamine analytical ranges. The method has been successfully implemented to quantitate the four nitrosamine impurities in 129 generic losartan, valsartan, olmesartan, irbesartan and telmisartan drug substance samples from 32 lots; and 32 losartan and valsartan drug product samples from 6 lots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Zhang
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Life Science Building-64, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Susan Daniela Selaya
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Life Science Building-64, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Diaa Shakleya
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Life Science Building-64, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Adil Mohammad
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Life Science Building-64, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA
| | - Patrick J Faustino
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Life Science Building-64, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA.
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17
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Norling MD, Clayer F, Gundersen CB. Levels of nitramines and nitrosamines in lake drinking water close to a CO 2 capture plant: A modelling perspective. Environ Res 2022; 212:113581. [PMID: 35654158 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While CO2 capture is considered a key climate change mitigation option, we must ensure that global implementation occurs without causing harm to the local environment and the human health. The most mature option for capture is using amines, which however, is associated with a risk of contaminating nearby drinking water sources with carcinogenic nitramines (NAs) and nitrosamines (NSAs). Here we present the first process-based simulation of NAs and NSAs in a catchment-lake system with the input of previously modelled atmospheric deposition rates. Considering full-scale CO2 capture at the Oslo waste incineration plant in Norway, future (∼10 y) levels in a nearby lake approach the national drinking water limit. We further quantified the effect of hydrological and biogeochemical processes and identified those with the highest sensitivity (NA biodegradation). The uncertainty of the results is presented by a probabilistic distribution (Monte Carlo analysis), incorporating variability in catchment, lake, and literature NA and NSA parameter values. This modelling tool allows for the site-specific assessment of the abovementioned risks related to amine-based CO2 capture and aspires to contribute to the sound evaluation of costly amine emission reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus D Norling
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - François Clayer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine B Gundersen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Kaban G, Polat Z, Sallan S, Kaya M. The occurrence of volatile N- nitrosamines in heat-treated sucuk in relation to pH, a w and residual nitrite. J Food Sci Technol 2022; 59:1748-1755. [PMID: 35531422 PMCID: PMC9046473 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05186-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence of volatile nitrosamines were investigated in heat-treated sucuk, a kind of semi-dry fermented sausage. The pH, aw and residual nitrite of the samples were also determined. In addition, a principal component analysis (PCA) was also performed in order to elucidate the relationship between nitrosamine and these variables. Significant differences between brands were found in terms of NDMA (N- Nitrosodimethylamine), NPYR (N-Nitrosopyrolidine) and NPIP (N-Nitrosopiperidine) (p < 0.05). NDMA and NPYR varied from 1.71 to 3.57 µg/kg and 1.65 to 7.29 µg/kg, respectively. Higher levels were found for NPIP (5.19 to 16.40 µg/kg). NDEA (N-Nitrosodiethylamine) and NDBA (N- Nitrosodibutylamine) were not found in any of the heat-treated sucuk samples. The residual nitrite content was under 10 mg/kg in all samples. The aw and pH values varied between 0.913 and 0.940 and between 4.28 and 5.47, respectively. In PC1 explaining 72% of the variance, NDMA and NPYR were placed on the negative side, NPIP on the positive side. Residual nitrite and aw were more effective for NPIP, while pH was an important parameter for NDMA and NPYR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güzin Kaban
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Polat
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Selen Sallan
- Department of Food Processing, Bandırma Vocational School, Onyedi Eylül University, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Mükerrem Kaya
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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19
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Özbay S, Şireli UT. The effect of ascorbic acid, storage period and packaging material on the formation of volatile N- nitrosamine in sausages. J Food Sci Technol 2022; 59:1823-1830. [PMID: 35531396 PMCID: PMC9046507 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the amounts of seven volatile N-nitrosamine (VNA) derivatives which are in the risk group, in processed sausages. It also aimed to investigate the effects of the amount of added ascorbic acid, on the VNA level during the sausage manufacturing processes. For this purpose, meat doughs were prepared with two different levels of ascorbic acid. These meat doughs were put into the production process and packaged in two different packages. Thus, VNA derivatives and their amounts were determined according to production stages (heat treatments), packaging method (vacuum, MAP), storage process (Day 1, 7, 15, 30, 60, 90). As a result, it was found that the sausage product carries risk of VNA formation from the beginning of its production until the last day of storage before consumption for up to 90 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Özbay
- Science and Technology Application and Research Centre, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - U. Tansel Şireli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Dışkapı, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Salahshoor MR, Azari P, Roshankhah S, Zokaei A, Foroughinia A. The effect of Crocin on sperm parameters disorders induced by peripheral administration of nitrosamines in male rats. J Med Life 2022; 15:362-367. [PMID: 35450005 PMCID: PMC9015181 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2019-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrosamines are carcinogenic agents which can unfavorably affect some male reproductive parameters. Humans are exposed to nitrosamines through various routes, the most important of which is the diet. Crocin is a carotenoid and is accountable for the red color of saffron. Crocin has numerous pharmacological actions, such as antioxidant roles and radical scavenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Crocin against Nitrosamine - induced damage to the reproductive parameter of male rats. In this experimental study, 48 male rats were randomly assigned to 8 groups: control normal and Nitrosamine control groups (40 mg/kg); Crocin (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg) and Nitrosamine + Crocin (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg). Treatments were administered intraperitoneally and gavaged daily for 28 days. The sperm parameters, total antioxidant capacity, testosterone level, and seminiferous tube diameter were assessed. Nitrosamine significantly decreased sperm parameters (p<0.001). The Crocin and Crocin + Nitrosamine treatments at complete doses significantly improved all parameters (p<0.001). Crocin compensated for the toxic effect of Nitrosamine on reproductive parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Salahshoor
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Paria Azari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shiva Roshankhah
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abdolhamid Zokaei
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Azadeh Foroughinia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran,Corresponding Author: Azadeh Foroughinia, Cardiovascular Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran. E-mail:
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Farag MA, Shakour ZTA, Elmassry MM, Donia MS. Metabolites profiling reveals gut microbiome-mediated biotransformation of green tea polyphenols in the presence of N- nitrosamine as pro-oxidant. Food Chem 2022; 371:131147. [PMID: 34808759 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome contributes to host physiology and nutrition metabolism. The interaction between nutrition components and the gut microbiota results in thousands of metabolites that can contribute to various health and disease outcomes. In parallel, the interactions between foods and their toxicants have captured increasing interest due to their impact on human health. Taken together, investigating dietary interactions with endogenous and exogenous factors and detecting interaction biomarkers in a specific and sensitive manner is an important task. The present study sought to identify for the first time the metabolites produced during the interaction of diet-derived toxicants e.g., N-nitrosamines with green tea polyphenols, using liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). In addition, the metabolic products resulting from the incubation of green tea with a complex gut microbiome in the presence of N-nitrosamine were assessed in the same manner. The quinone products of (epi)catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol were identified when green tea was incubated with N-nitrosamine only; whereas, incubation of green tea with N-nitrosamine and a complex gut microbiome prevented the formation of these metabolites. This study provides a new perspective on the role of gut microbiome in protecting against potential negative interactions between food-derived toxicants and dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences & Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Zeinab T Abdel Shakour
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Egyptian Drug Authority (Former; National Organization for Drug Control and Research), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moamen M Elmassry
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mohamed S Donia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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22
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Zheng J, Kirkpatrick CL, Lee D, Han X, Martinez AI, Gallagher K, Evans RK, Mudur SV, Liang X, Drake J, Buhler LA, Mowery MD. A Full Evaporation Static Headspace Gas Chromatography Method with Nitrogen Phosphorous Detection for Ultrasensitive Analysis of Semi-volatile Nitrosamines in Pharmaceutical Products. AAPS J 2022; 24:23. [PMID: 34993666 PMCID: PMC8817102 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-021-00669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent detection of potent carcinogenic nitrosamine impurities in several human medicines has triggered product recalls and interrupted the supply of critical medications for hundreds of millions of patients, illuminating the need for increased testing of nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products. However, the development of analytical methods for nitrosamine detection is challenging due to high sensitivity requirements, complex matrices, and the large number and variety of samples requiring testing. Herein, we report an analytical method for the analysis of a common nitrosamine, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), in pharmaceutical products using full evaporation static headspace gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorous detection (FE-SHSGC-NPD). This method is sensitive, specific, accurate, and precise and has the potential to serve as a universal method for testing all semi-volatile nitrosamines across different drug products. Through elimination of the detrimental headspace-liquid partition, a quantitation limit of 0.25 ppb is achieved for NDMA, a significant improvement upon traditional LC-MS methods. The extraction of nitrosamines directly from solid sample not only simplifies the sample preparation procedure but also enables the method to be used for different products as is or with minor modifications, as demonstrated by the analysis of NDMA in 10+ pharmaceutical products. The in situ nitrosation that is commonly observed in GC methods for nitrosamine analysis was completely inhibited by the addition of a small volume solvent containing pyrogallol, phosphoric acid, and isopropanol. Employing simple procedures and low-cost instrumentation, this method can be implemented in any analytical laboratory for routine nitrosamine analysis, ensuring patient safety and uninterrupted supply of critical medications. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Zheng
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA.
| | - Christine L Kirkpatrick
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Daniel Lee
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Xinxin Han
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Ana I Martinez
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Kimberly Gallagher
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Rebecca K Evans
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Sanjay V Mudur
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Xihui Liang
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Jennifer Drake
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Leah A Buhler
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Mark D Mowery
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck Manufacturing Division, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
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23
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Bonifacie A, Aubry L, Gatellier P, Santé-Lhoutellier V, Théron L. Determination of nitroso-compounds in food products. MethodsX 2021; 8:101289. [PMID: 34434809 PMCID: PMC8374251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrite and nitrate are present in many foods. Nitrate can be converted into nitrite in human body. Nitrite can react with secondary amines to form secondary amines and with thiols to form nitrosothiols. Some nitrosamines are cancers suspect. Because of their importance in terms of human health, research on these compounds is still topical and the use of a rapid and reproducible method for determination and quantification of these compounds is necessary. This article presents a method to study the chemical reactivity of nitrite in meat products through the analysis of non-volatile nitrosamines and nitrosothiols based on:A specific alkaline and heat extraction of nitro-compounds followed by deprotenization by ultrafiltration NO detection by the Griess reaction NO released from S-NO and N-NO bonds by UV light followed by a specific cleavage of S-NO bonds with HgCl2 This method, validated on cured meat products, could be developed in the same way on all products containing nitrite and nitrate and leading to the formation of nitroso-compounds. The limit of detection for these compounds are of the order of the micromole per liter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Bonifacie
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, Saint Genès-Champanelle F-63122 France.,IFIP - Institut du Porc, 7 Avenue du Général De Gaulle, Maisons Alfort F-94700 France
| | - Laurent Aubry
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, Saint Genès-Champanelle F-63122 France
| | - Philippe Gatellier
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, Saint Genès-Champanelle F-63122 France
| | - Véronique Santé-Lhoutellier
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, Saint Genès-Champanelle F-63122 France
| | - Laetitia Théron
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, Saint Genès-Champanelle F-63122 France
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24
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Nanda KK, Tignor S, Clancy J, Marota MJ, Allain LR, D'Addio SM. Inhibition of N- Nitrosamine Formation in Drug Products: A Model Study. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3773-3775. [PMID: 34400183 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamines, in the absence of toxicological data, are regarded as potential mutagens and need to be controlled at nanogram levels in drug products. Recent high profile product withdrawals have increased regulatory scrutiny of nitrosamine formation assessments for marketed products and for new drug applications. Formation of nitrosamine in drug product is possible when nitrite and vulnerable amines are present. Nitrite is often present as an impurity in excipients at ppm levels, whereas vulnerable amines, if present, stem mainly from the drug substance or its major impurities. In the event a drug product were to contain a major source of vulnerable amines (such as a moiety in the drug substance), it would be desirable to have an inhibitor which could be added to the formulation to minimize nitrosamine formation. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that the inhibition of nitrosamine formation in oral solid dosage forms is indeed feasible with suitable inhibitors. Five inhibitors investigated (ascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate, α-tocopherol, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid) showed >80% inhibition when spiked at ∼1 wt% level. This work has also shown the potential use of amino acids (glycine, lysine, histidine) as inhibitors of nitrosamine formation in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausik K Nanda
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Steven Tignor
- Analytical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - James Clancy
- Oral Formulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Melanie J Marota
- Oral Formulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Leonardo R Allain
- Analytical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Suzanne M D'Addio
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
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25
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Kang HJ, Ahn J, Park H, Choo KH. Nitrosamine removal: Pilot-scale comparison of advanced oxidation, nanofiltration, and biological activated carbon processes. Chemosphere 2021; 277:130249. [PMID: 33770689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Removal of nitrosamines from water intended for consumption is an important topic due to the carcinogenic risks they pose to human health. In this study, we measure and compare nitrosamine removal by four individuals and three combinations of water treatments applied in situ as a pilot study and in the laboratory. Of the two advanced oxidation processes tested, UV irradiation at a wavelength of 254 nm was more effective in nitrosamine removal than ozonation; however, the efficacy of UV photolysis required a high dose (>635 mJ/cm2) for sufficient (>90%) removal of the contaminants. The biological activated carbon (BAC) process was also effective at removing nitrosamines, most of which were adsorbed onto the carbon. A small fraction (<10%) of nitrosamines were removed through biodegradation. Nanofiltration membranes were limited in removing nitrosamines, particularly N-nitrosodimethylamine, which is hydrophilic. Employing either UV or BAC treatments can warrant a high degree of elimination of nitrosamines; however, desorption of nitrosamines from BAC can occur due to variations in the quality of source water and the types of carbon filters used. Combined treatments using both UV and BAC processes offer promising alternative strategies for removing nitrosamines when treating water for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye J Kang
- Daegu Metropolitan City Health & Environment Research Institute, 215 Muhak-ro, Suseong-gu, Daegu, 42183, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongeem Ahn
- Daegu Metropolitan City Health & Environment Research Institute, 215 Muhak-ro, Suseong-gu, Daegu, 42183, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeona Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Choo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institute of Water Industry, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Sgroi M, Snyder SA, Roccaro P. Comparison of AOPs at pilot scale: Energy costs for micro-pollutants oxidation, disinfection by-products formation and pathogens inactivation. Chemosphere 2021; 273:128527. [PMID: 33268086 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) operated at pilot-scale as tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater in terms of energy efficiency, disinfection by-products formation and pathogens inactivation. Investigated AOPs included UV/H2O2, UV/Cl2, O3, O3/UV, H2O2/O3/UV, Cl2/O3/UV. AOPs were operated using various ozone doses (1.5-9 mg L-1), and UV fluences (191-981 mJ cm-2). Electrical energy costs necessary for the oxidation of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) (i.e., carbamazepine, fluoxetine, gemfibrozil, primidone, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim) were calculated using the electrical energy per order (EEO) parameter. Ozonation resulted by far the most energy efficient process, whereas UV/H2O2 and UV/Cl2 showed the highest energy costs. Energy costs for AOPs based on the combination of UV and ozone were in the order O3/UV ≈ Cl2/O3/UV > H2O2/O3/UV, and they were significantly lower than energy costs of UV/H2O2 and UV/Cl2 processes. Cl2/O3/UV increased bromate formation, O3/UV and O3 had same levels of bromate formation, whereas H2O2/O3/UV did not form bromate. In addition, UV photolysis resulted an effective treatment for NDMA mitigation even in combination with ozone and chlorine in AOP technologies. Ozonation (doses of 1.5-6 mg L-1) was the least effective process to inactivate somatic coliphages, total coliform, escherichia coli, and enterococci. UV irradiation was able to completely inactivate somatic coliphages, total coliform, escherichia coli at low fluence (191 mJ cm-2), whereas enterococci were UV resistant. AOPs that utilized UV irradiation were the most effective processes for wastewater disinfection resulting in a complete inactivation of selected indicator organisms by low ozone dose (1.5 mg L-1) and UV fluence (191-465 mJ cm-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Sgroi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, #06-08, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Paolo Roccaro
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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27
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Tuesuwan B, Vongsutilers V. Nitrosamine Contamination in Pharmaceuticals: Threat, Impact, and Control. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:3118-3128. [PMID: 33989680 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamine-contaminated medicinal products have raised safety concerns towards the use of various drugs, not only valsartan and all tetrazole-containing angiotensin II receptor blockers, but also ranitidine, metformin, and other medicines, many of which have been recalled and prone to shortage. At any stages, from drug substance synthesis throughout each product's lifetime, these impurities may evolve if an amine reacts with a nitrosating agent coexisting under appropriate conditions. Consequently, drug regulatory authorities worldwide have established stringent guidelines on nitrosamine contamination for all drug products in the market. This review encompasses various critical elements contributing to successful control measures against current and upcoming nitrosamine issues, ranging from accumulated knowledge of their toxicity concerns and potential root causes, precise risk evaluation, as well as suitable analytical techniques with sufficient sensitivity for impurity determination. With all these tools equipped, the impact of nitrosamine contamination in pharmaceuticals should be mitigated. An evaluation aid to tackle challenges in risk identification, as well as suitable industry-friendly analytical techniques to determine nitrosamines and other mutagenic impurities, are among unmet needs that will significantly simplify the risk assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodin Tuesuwan
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Vorasit Vongsutilers
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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28
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Chen WH, Wang YH, Hsu TH. The competitive effect of different chlorination disinfection methods and additional inorganic nitrogen on nitrosamine formation from aromatic and heterocyclic amine-containing pharmaceuticals. Chemosphere 2021; 267:128922. [PMID: 33190909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amine-containing pharmaceuticals formed nitrosamines that are nitrogenous disinfection byproducts of public concerns due to their carcinogenicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the co-effect of additional inorganic nitrogen in different forms (ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate) and different disinfection approaches (chlorination, monochloramination, dichloramination, and two-step chlorination) on eight nitrosamine formation from four widely used pharmaceuticals. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was the main species formed. The presence of N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), nitrosomorpholine (NMor), and N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip) was found in certain experiments. For one-step chlorination, the influential factors, in decreasing order of importance, were the molecular structural characteristics of the pharmaceutical, oxidation method, and presence and form of additional nitrogen. In four pharmaceuticals with comparative structures, the availability of amine intermediates during degradation was the key to higher nitrosamine yields. Monochloramine significantly enhanced nitrosamine formation from four pharmaceuticals. NDMA formation by adding hypochlorous acid and ammonium separately were lower than those during monochloramination. During two-step chlorination, NDMA formation was enhanced at certain pre-chlorine doses (e.g., a Cl/N molar ratio of 20 or 4). The pre-chlorine dose changed the Cl/N ratio. As the ratio was increased, the combined chlorine residual was formed and decreased. When the ratio was high, breakpoint chlorination possibly occurred enhancing NDMA formation. While NDMA formation was successfully inhibited by two-step chlorination, ammonium brought the NDMA yields of these pharmaceuticals back to the range observed in chloramination, suggesting the importance of ammonium control for limiting NDMA formation from pharmaceuticals during two-step chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan; Aerosol Science and Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Hong Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Hsiang Hsu
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
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29
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Abstract
N-nitrosamines are harmful components that can be formed in processed meat products. Due to its production technique, salami is an important meat product in terms of volatile N-nitrosamines. In this regard, the presence of volatile N-nitrosamines, which may pose a risk for human health, was investigated in salami. N-nitrosamines were extracted from the salami and determined with a validated GC-MS method. Accordingly, the analysed samples of salami contained 7.86-29.11 ppb total volatile N-nitrosamines. The salami brand affected the type and level of N-nitrosamines (P <,005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sena Özbay
- Science and Technology Application and Research Centre, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - U Tansel Şireli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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30
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Bonifacie A, Promeyrat A, Nassy G, Gatellier P, Santé-Lhoutellier V, Théron L. Chemical reactivity of nitrite and ascorbate in a cured and cooked meat model implication in nitrosation, nitrosylation and oxidation. Food Chem 2021; 348:129073. [PMID: 33524692 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite, added to cured meat for its bacteriological and technological properties, is implicated in the formation of nitroso compounds (NOCs), such as nitrosylheme, nitrosamines and nitrosothiols, suspected to have a potential impact on human health. The mechanisms involved in NOC formation are studied in regard with the dose-response relationship of added nitrite and its interaction with ascorbate on NOC formation in a cured and cooked meat model. The impact of a second cooking stage on nitrosation was evaluated. The addition of nitrite in the cured and cooked model promoted heme iron nitrosylation and S-nitrosation but not N-nitrosation. Nitrite reduced lipid oxidation without an additional ascorbate effect. The second cooking sharply increased the nitrosamine content while the presence of ascorbate considerably lowered their levels and protected nitrosothiols from degradation. This study gives new insights on the chemical reactivity of NOCs in a cured meat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Bonifacie
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France; IFIP - Institut du Porc, 7 Avenue du Général De Gaulle, 94700 Maisons Alfort, France
| | - Aurélie Promeyrat
- IFIP - Institut du Porc, La motte au Vicomte, BP 35104, 35561 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Nassy
- IFIP - Institut du Porc, La motte au Vicomte, BP 35104, 35561 Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Gatellier
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Véronique Santé-Lhoutellier
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Laetitia Théron
- Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), UR370 Qualité des Produits Animaux, F-63122 Saint Genès-Champanelle, France.
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31
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Khorolskiy M, Ramenskaya G, Vlasov A, Perederyaev O, Maslennikova N. Development and Validation of four Nitrosamine Impurities Determination Method in Medicines of Valsartan, Losartan, and Irbesartan with HPLC-MS/MS (APCI). Iran J Pharm Res 2021; 20:541-552. [PMID: 34904007 PMCID: PMC8653666 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2021.115102.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since 2018, regulation and control of genotoxic nitrosamine impurities levels have been a mandatory quality and safety characteristic for various drugs. The main issue of nitrosamine determination in drugs is a low sensitivity of the existing methods and a continuously extending list of controlled compounds. The reason is the low safe daily dose of these impurities and chromophores' absence within their structure. Development and validation of a method for nitrosamine impurities (regulated by the regulatory authorities) determination in Valsartan, Losartan, and Irbesartan using high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. An Agilent Infinity II chromatographic system with a mass spectrometric detector (MSD 6460 Triple Quad) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was used in this study. During the development of a method, the optimal conditions for chromatographic separation (composition of mobile phases, gradient parameters) were selected, as well as the parameters of mass spectrometric detection were optimized. The usage of chemical ionization made it possible to achieve the method's maximum sensitivity concerning the studied nitrosamines, and the optimized parameters of mass spectrometric detection made it possible to get rid of the matrix effect. The absence of additional stages of purification and concentration can significantly reduce the total time of the analysis, which is a significant advantage of nitrosamine's advanced determination method. The resulting method was validated for specificity, linearity, LOQ, LOD, accuracy, and precision. Resulting method met all acceptance criteria and can be used for routine quality control of Valsartan, Losartan, and Irbesartan pharmaceutical substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Khorolskiy
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Russia. ,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Galina Ramenskaya
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Russia.
| | - Alexander Vlasov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Russia.
| | - Oleg Perederyaev
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Russia.
| | - Nataliya Maslennikova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Russia.
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Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Pan E, Zhao C, Zhang H, Liu R, Wang S, Pu Y, Yin L. Synergism of HPV and MNNG repress miR-218 promoting Het-1A cell malignant transformation by targeting GAB2. Toxicology 2020; 447:152635. [PMID: 33189795 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is induced during tumorigenesis. Our previous research suggested that HPV and MNNG led to malignant transformation of esophageal epithelial cells. To investigate the regulation and function of miR-218(miR-218-5p) during the malignant transformation of esophageal epithelial cells, we found miR-218 was inhibited synergistically by HPV and MNNG, suppressing cell proliferation, migration and invasion by up-regulating 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) GAB2 in Het-1A-HPV-MNNG cells (malignant Het-1A cells induced by HPV and MNNG). A negative correlation was found between miR-218 and GAB2 mRNA expression in esophageal cancer patients and control people. GAB2 was up-regulated in Het-1A-HPV-MNNG cells. Further, down-expression of GAB2 reversed HPV&MNNG-mediated activation of migration and invasion and repressed SHP2/ERK and Akt/mTOR pathway signaling. In conclusion, miR-218 partially accounts for the prevention effect during malignant transformation of normal esophageal epithelial cells, which targets GAB2, which supplies the potential treatment in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yuhong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Enchun Pan
- Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, 223001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Chen WH, Huang JR, Lin CH, Huang CP. Catalytic degradation of chlorpheniramine over GO-Fe 3O 4 in the presence of H 2O 2 in water: The synergistic effect of adsorption. Sci Total Environ 2020; 736:139468. [PMID: 32479961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpheniramine is a pharmaceutical widely used and found in water environments. Besides hormone disruption and adverse environmental effects, chlorpheniramine forms carcinogenic nitrosamines during disinfection. We have demonstrated previously the efficient adsorption of chlorpheniramine from aqueous solution onto graphene oxide-magnetite composite (GO-Fe3O4). The present study focused on the elimination of chlorpheniramine and the formation of nitrosamine byproducts during reaction with H2O2 over GO-Fe3O4 catalyst. The effects of the morphology of GO-Fe3O4 in terms of iron fraction, pH, concentrations of H2O2 and organic matters on chlorpheniramine removal in the GO-Fe3O4-H2O2 system were investigated. Chlorpheniramine was efficiently removed at pH 9 when GO-Fe3O4 had a higher micropore volume and surface area. Kinetics study showed that both oxidation (k = 5.1(±0.2) × 10-3 (mg g-1)-1 min-1) and adsorption reactions (k = 2.7(±0.1) × 10-3 (mg g-1)-1 min-1) fitted well with the second-order kinetics model. The adsorption sites on the GO-Fe3O4 surface could be different from those involved during catalytic oxidation. Chlorpheniramine removal decreased by 44.9% in the 5th cycle without regeneration due to the structural fracture of GO-Fe3O4. A tentative pathway of chlorpheniramine degradation and nitrosamine formation by GO-Fe3O4-H2O2 was proposed. GO-Fe3O4 was an adsorbent and effective catalyst in chlorpheniramine degradation by H2O2 that exhibited limited nitrosamine formation at moderate reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Aerosol Science and Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Jhang-Ruei Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Pao Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, DE, USA
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Amararathna M, Hoskin DW, Rupasinghe HPV. Anthocyanin-rich haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berry extracts reduce nitrosamine-induced DNA damage in human normal lung epithelial cells in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111404. [PMID: 32413456 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diets rich in polyphenols are known to reduce cancer among high-risk populations. Haskap (Lonicera caerulea L.) berry has abundant phenolic acids and flavonoids, especially anthocyanins. Tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) present in cigarette smoke, is a major lung carcinogenic factor. We analyzed the efficacy of anthocyanin-rich haskap berry extracts in preventing DNA damage induced by 4-[(acetoxymethyl) nitrosamino]-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKOAc), a precursor of NKK, in human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells in vitro. A cocktail of monomeric polyphenols from haskap berries was extracted separately in ethanol and water and profiled. Sub-lethal concentrations of NNKOAc were used to induce DNA damage in BEAS-2B cells, and a cell viability assay was performed to confirm that the tested concentrations of haskap extracts were not cytotoxic to BEAS-2B cells. Cells were pre-treated with the haskap extracts prior to NNKOAc exposure. Dose-dependent DNA damage was observed with carcinogenic NNKOAc, but did not occur in the presence of the haskap extracts. Pre-treatment of the cells with the haskap extracts significantly reduced NNKOAc-induced DNA damage, DNA fragmentation, and intracellular reactive oxygen species and upregulated the ATM-dependent DNA damage repair cascade compared to non-treated BEAS-2B cells. The protective effect of haskap extracts could be related to their polyphenol content and high antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Amararathna
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada
| | - D W Hoskin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Sallan S, Kaban G, Şişik Oğraş Ş, Çelik M, Kaya M. Nitrosamine formation in a semi-dry fermented sausage: Effects of nitrite, ascorbate and starter culture and role of cooking. Meat Sci 2019; 159:107917. [PMID: 31494521 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, effects of ingoing nitrite level (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg), use of sodium ascorbate, addition of starter culture (Lactobacillus plantarum GM77 + Staphylococcus xylosus GM92) and cooking level (control, medium, medium well, well done and very well done) on nitrosamine formation in heat-treated sucuk, a type of semi-dry fermented sausage, were investigated. The use of ascorbate had no significant effect on NDMA (N-Nitrosodimethylamine) and NPIP (N-Nitrosopiperidine) contents in the presence of starter culture. A higher NPYR (N- Nitrosopyrrolidine) content was detected in the group with starter culture at 150 mg/kg nitrite level in comparison to the group without starter culture. Cooking level affected all identified nitrosamines very significantly. Ingoing nitrite level × cooking level interaction was only effective on NPIP and advanced cooking levels (well done and very well done) at higher ingoing nitrite levels (100 and 150 mg/kg) resulted in significant increases in NPIP content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selen Sallan
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Güzin Kaban
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Şeyma Şişik Oğraş
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Murat Çelik
- Ataturk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 25420 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mükerrem Kaya
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Food Engineering, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
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Lin CH, Li CM, Chen CH, Chen WH. Removal of chlorpheniramine and variations of nitrosamine formation potentials in municipal wastewaters by adsorption onto the GO-Fe 3O 4. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:20701-20711. [PMID: 31102232 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpheniramine is a pharmaceutical pollutant and a precursor of carcinogenic nitrosamines during disinfection/oxidation. In our previous study, graphene oxide coated with magnetite (GO-Fe3O4) was capable of removing chlorpheniramine in deionized water by adsorption. This study investigated the removal of chlorpheniramine and its nitrosamine formation potentials (FPs) by adsorption onto magnetic GO-Fe3O4, with respect to the influence by using real municipal wastewaters as the background. In the results, the adsorption performances of chlorpheniramine in wastewaters decreased in the order: GO-Fe3O4 suspension > GO-Fe3O4 particles > activated carbon. Chlorpheniramine adsorptions on GO-Fe3O4 particles and activated carbon were reduced by using real wastewaters as the background, whereas chlorpheniramine adsorption on GO-Fe3O4 suspension was enhanced due to the effects of surface charge on GO-Fe3O4 and ionic strength variation in water. The fittings of adsorption isotherms indicated that the wastewater background reduced the surface heterogeneity of GO-Fe3O4 suspension and improved the adsorption performance. Appreciable removal efficiencies of NDMA and other nitrosamine FPs were observed when GO-Fe3O4 particles were added in real wastewaters. However, when chlorpheniramine was present in wastewaters, chlorpheniramine adsorption and degradation reaction simultaneously occurred on the surface of GO-Fe3O4, increasing NDMA and other nitrosamine FPs in wastewaters after GO-Fe3O4 addition for chlorpheniramine adsorption. The assumption was further demonstrated by observing the NDMA-FP increase during chlorpheniramine adsorption on GO-Fe3O4 in deionized water. GO-Fe3O4 is a potential adsorbent for chlorpheniramine removal. Nevertheless, the low treatment efficiencies at high doses limit its application for nitrosamine FP adsorptions in real wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Min Li
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Nitrosamines are well-known carcinogenic agents. Humans are exposed to nitrosamines in various ways, the most important of which is the diet. Pentoxifylline is a xanthine derivative, which is used as a drug that inhibits inflammatory factors, reduces blood viscosity, improves peripheral blood flow, and increases oxygenation of tissue. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of pentoxifylline against damage induced by nitrosamine to the kidneys of rats. In this study, 48 male rats were randomly assigned to 8 groups: control normal group and nitrosamine control treated group (40 mg/kg); pentoxifylline groups (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) and nitrosamine + pentoxifylline treated groups (25, 50, 100 mg/kg). Treatments were administered either intraperitoneally (nitrosamine) or orally (pentoxifylline) on a daily basis for 28 days. The normalized kidney weight, glomeruli characteristics, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, antioxidant capacity, kidney function indicators, and serum nitrite oxide levels were investigated. Nitrosamine administration increased kidney malondialdehyde (MDA) level, kidney weight, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and nitrite oxide levels and decreased significantly glomeruli number and tissue ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) level compared to the control normal group (P < 0.05). The pentoxifylline and pentoxifylline + nitrosamine treatments reduced BUN, kidney MDA level, creatinine, glomerular diameter, and nitrite oxide levels significantly at all doses and increased the glomeruli number, kidney weight, and tissue FRAP level compared to the nitrosamine control group (P < 0.05). It seems that pentoxifylline administration improved kidney injury induced by nitrosamine in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Delnia Moradi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Shiva Roshankhah
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Salahshoor
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, I.R. Iran
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Sluggett GW, Zelesky T, Hetrick EM, Babayan Y, Baertschi SW. Artifactual degradation of secondary amine-containing drugs during accelerated stability testing when saturated sodium nitrite solutions are used for humidity control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 149:206-213. [PMID: 29126082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated stability studies of pharmaceutical products are commonly conducted at various combinations of temperature and relative humidity (RH). The RH of the sample environment can be controlled to set points using humidity-controlled stability chambers or via storage of the sample in a closed container in the presence of a saturated aqueous salt solution. Herein we report an unexpected N-nitrosation reaction that occurs upon storage of carvedilol- or propranolol-excipient blends in a stability chamber in the presence of saturated sodium nitrite (NaNO2) solution to control relative humidity (∼60% RH). In both cases, the major products were identified as the corresponding N-nitroso derivatives of the secondary amine drugs based on mass spectrometry, UV-vis and retention time. These degradation products were not observed upon storage of the samples at the same temperature and humidity but in the presence of saturated potassium iodide (KI) solution (∼60% RH) for humidity control. The levels of the N-nitrosamine derivatives varied with the pH of various NaNO2 batches. The presence of volatile NOx species in the headspace of a container containing saturated NaNO2 solution was confirmed via the Griess assay. The process for formation of the N-nitrosamine derivatives is proposed to involve volatilization of nitric oxide (NO) from aqueous nitrite solution into the headspace of the container followed by diffusion into the solid drug-excipient blend and subsequent reaction of NOx with the secondary amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Sluggett
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA.
| | - Todd Zelesky
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Evan M Hetrick
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Yelizaveta Babayan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
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Wang X, Liu Z, Wang C, Ying Z, Fan W, Yang W. Occurrence and formation potential of nitrosamines in river water and ground water along the Songhua River, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 50:65-71. [PMID: 28034432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of mutagenic and carcinogenic nitrosamines in water is of great concern. In this study, seven nitrosamines including N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPyr), N-nitrosopiperidine (NPip), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA), and N-nitrosodi-n-butyl-amine (NDBA) were investigated in river water and ground water samples collected from 5 representative cities (Jilin, Songyuan, Harbin, Jiamusi and Tongjiang) along the Songhua River. The total concentrations of nitrosamines in ground water were n.d. (not detected) to 60.8ng/L, NDMA was the most frequently detected nitrosamines in ground water, followed by NDEA and NPip. Relatively high detected frequency and concentrations of NDMA were also observed in river water samples, and the total nitrosamines' concentration at midstream is always higher than that at upstream and downstream. After 24hr chlorination, concentration of NDMA, NDBA was obviously increased but NDEA was reduced. Furthermore, UV254 showed a better relationship with NDMA-FP rather than dissolved organic carbon (DOC), NH4-N, and TDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianze Wang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zhongmou Liu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chi Wang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zhian Ying
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Wei Fan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Research Centre for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Wu Yang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; Jilin Engineering Research Centre for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Quality Protection, Changchun 130117, China.
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Bahadoran Z, Ghasemi A, Mirmiran P, Azizi F, Hadaegh F. Nitrate-nitrite- nitrosamines exposure and the risk of type 1 diabetes: A review of current data. World J Diabetes 2016; 7:433-440. [PMID: 27795817 PMCID: PMC5065663 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i18.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential toxic effects of nitrate-nitrite-nitrosamine on pancreatic β cell have remained a controversial issue over the past two decades. In this study, we reviewed epidemiological studies investigated the associations between nitrate-nitrite-nitrosamines exposure, from both diet and drinking water to ascertain whether these compounds may contribute to development of type 1 diabetes. To identify relevant studies, a systematic search strategy of PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct was conducted using queries including the key words “nitrate”, “nitrite”, “nitrosamine” with “type 1 diabetes” or “insulin dependent diabetes mellitus”. All searches were limited to studies published in English. Ecologic surveys, case-control and cohort studies have indicated conflicting results in relation to nitrate-nitrite exposure from drinking water and the risk of type 1 diabetes. A null, sometimes even negative association has been mainly reported in regions with a mean nitrate levels < 25 mg/L in drinking water, while increased risk of type 1 diabetes was observed in those with a maximum nitrate levels > 40-80 mg/L. Limited data are available regarding the potential diabetogenic effect of nitrite from drinking water, although there is evidence indicating dietary nitrite could be a risk factor for development of type 1 diabetes, an effect however that seems to be significant in a higher range of acceptable limit for nitrate/nitrite. Current data regarding dietary exposure of nitrosamine and development of type 1 diabetes is also inconsistent. Considering to an increasing trend of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) along with an elevated nitrate-nitrite exposure, additional research is critical to clarify potential harmful effects of nitrate-nitrite-nitrosamine exposure on β-cell autoimmunity and the risk of T1DM.
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Chen WH, Wang CY, Huang TH. Formation and fates of nitrosamines and their formation potentials from a surface water source to drinking water treatment plants in Southern Taiwan. Chemosphere 2016; 161:546-554. [PMID: 27479356 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines are toxic and emerging disinfection byproducts. In this study, three drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in southern Taiwan treating the same source water in Gaoping River with comparable technologies were selected. The objective was to evaluate the formation and fates of six nitrosamines and their formation potentials (FPs) from a surface water source to drinking water. Albeit decreased further downstream in the river, four nitrosamine-FPs were observed in the source water due to anthropogenic pollution in the upstream areas. In the DWTPs, nitrosamines were formed and NDMA was the main species. While high organic carbon concentrations indicated elevated nitrosamine-FPs in the source water, NDMA formation in the DWTPs was more positively associated with reductions of water parameters that quantify organic matters with double bonded ring structures. Although precursor removal via pre-oxidation is a viable approach to limit nitrosamine formation during post-disinfection, this study clearly indicates that a great portion of NDMA in treated water has been formed in the 1st oxidation step of drinking water treatment. The pre-oxidation simulations in the lab demonstrated the impact of pre-chlorination on nitrosamine formation. Given the limited removal in conventional treatment processes, avoiding nitrosamine-FPs in sources and/or nitrosamine formation during pre-oxidation become important issues to control the threats of nitrosamines in drinking water. Under current circumstance in which pre-oxidation is widely used to optimize the treatment effectiveness in many DWTPs, its adverse effect by forming nitrosamines needs to be carefully minimized and using technologies other than pre-chlorination (e.g., pre-ozonation) may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chung-Ya Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung-Hsien Huang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, ROC
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Zabala V, Silbermann E, Re E, Andreani T, Tong M, Ramirez T, Gundogan F, de la Monte SM. Potential Co-Factor Role of Tobacco Specific Nitrosamine Exposures in the Pathogenesis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:112-125. [PMID: 28845454 PMCID: PMC5570438 DOI: 10.17140/goroj-2-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Cerebellar developmental abnormalities in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) are linked to impairments in insulin signaling. However, co-morbid alcohol and tobacco abuses during pregnancy are common. Since smoking leads to tobacco specific Nitrosamine (NNK) exposures which have been shown to cause brain insulin resistance, we hypothesized that neurodevelopmental abnormalities in FASD could be mediated by ethanol and/or NNK. Methods Long Evans rat pups were intraperitoneal (IP) administered ethanol (2 g/kg) on postnatal days (P) 2, 4, 6 and/or NNK (2 mg/kg) on P3, P5, and P7 to simulate third trimester human exposures. The Cerebellar function, histology, insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) signaling, and neuroglial protein expression were assessed. Results Ethanol, NNK and ethanol+NNK groups had significant impairments in motor function (rotarod tests), abnormalities in cerebellar structure (Purkinje cell loss, simplification and irregularity of folia, and altered white matter), signaling through the insulin and IGF-1 receptors, IRS-1, Akt and GSK-3β, and reduced expression of several important neuroglial proteins. Despite similar functional effects, the mechanisms and severity of NNK and ethanol+NNK induced alterations in cerebellar protein expression differed from those of ethanol. Conclusions Ethanol and NNK exert independent but overlapping adverse effects on cerebellar development, function, insulin signaling through cell survival, plasticity, metabolic pathways, and neuroglial protein expression. The results support the hypothesis that tobacco smoke exposure can serve as a co-factor mediating long-term effects on brain structure and function in FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Zabala
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Edward Re
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tomas Andreani
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ming Tong
- Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Fusun Gundogan
- Department of Pathology, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Suzanne M de la Monte
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Liao X, Bei E, Li S, Ouyang Y, Wang J, Chen C, Zhang X, Krasner SW, Suffet IHM. Applying the polarity rapid assessment method to characterize nitrosamine precursors and to understand their removal by drinking water treatment processes. Water Res 2015; 87:292-298. [PMID: 26433007 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Some N-nitrosamines (NAs) have been identified as emerging disinfection by-products during water treatment. Thus, it is essential to understand the characteristics of the NA precursors. In this study, the polarity rapid assessment method (PRAM) and the classical resin fractionation method were studied as methods to fractionate the NA precursors during drinking water treatment. The results showed that PRAM has much higher selectivity for NA precursors than the resin approach. The normalized N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential (NDMA FP) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) FP of four resin fractions was at the same level as the average yield of the bulk organic matter whereas that of the cationic fraction by PRAM showed 50 times the average. Thus, the cationic fraction was shown to be the most important NDMA precursor contributor. The PRAM method also helped understand which portions of the NA precursor were removed by different water treatment processes. Activated carbon (AC) adsorption removed over 90% of the non-polar PRAM fraction (that sorbs onto the C18 solid phase extraction [SPE] cartridge) of NDMA and NDEA precursors. Bio-treatment removed 80-90% of the cationic fraction of PRAM (that is retained on the cation exchange SPE cartridge) and 40-60% of the non-cationic fractions. Ozonation removed 50-60% of the non-polar PRAM fraction of NA precursors and transformed part of them into the polar fraction. Coagulation and sedimentation had very limited removal of various PRAM fractions of NA precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Er Bei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shixiang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yueying Ouyang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Stuart W Krasner
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 700 Moreno Avenue, La Verne, CA 91750, USA
| | - I H Mel Suffet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, UCLA, 90095, USA
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Gerrity D, Pisarenko AN, Marti E, Trenholm RA, Gerringer F, Reungoat J, Dickenson E. Nitrosamines in pilot-scale and full-scale wastewater treatment plants with ozonation. Water Res 2015; 72:251-261. [PMID: 25037928 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozone-based treatment trains offer a sustainable option for potable reuse applications, but nitrosamine formation during ozonation poses a challenge for municipalities seeking to avoid reverse osmosis and high-dose ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Six nitrosamines were monitored in full-scale and pilot-scale wastewater treatment trains. The primary focus was on eight treatment trains employing ozonation of secondary or tertiary wastewater effluents, but two treatment trains with chlorination or UV disinfection of tertiary wastewater effluent and another with full advanced treatment (i.e., reverse osmosis and advanced oxidation) were also included for comparison. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) were the most prevalent nitrosamines in untreated (up to 89 ng/L and 67 ng/L, respectively) and treated wastewater. N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) were detected at one facility each, while N-nitrosodipropylamine (NDPrA) and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) were less than their method reporting limits (MRLs) in all samples. Ozone-induced NDMA formation ranging from <10 to 143 ng/L was observed at all but one site, but the reasons for the variation in formation remain unclear. Activated sludge, biological activated carbon (BAC), and UV photolysis were effective for NDMA mitigation. NMOR was also removed with activated sludge but did not form during ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gerrity
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States; Trussell Technologies, Inc., 380 Stevens Avenue, Suite 308, Solana Beach, CA 92075, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States.
| | - Aleksey N Pisarenko
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States; Trussell Technologies, Inc., 380 Stevens Avenue, Suite 308, Solana Beach, CA 92075, United States
| | - Erica Marti
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 South Maryland Parkway, Box 454015, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, United States
| | - Rebecca A Trenholm
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States
| | - Fred Gerringer
- Trussell Technologies, Inc., 380 Stevens Avenue, Suite 308, Solana Beach, CA 92075, United States
| | - Julien Reungoat
- Advanced Water Management Centre, University of Queensland, Level 4, Gehrmann Building (60), St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eric Dickenson
- Applied Research and Development Center, Southern Nevada Water Authority, River Mountain Water Treatment Facility, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States.
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Marti EJ, Pisarenko AN, Peller JR, Dickenson ERV. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation from the ozonation of model compounds. Water Res 2015; 72:262-270. [PMID: 25241951 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrosamines are a class of toxic disinfection byproducts commonly associated with chloramination, of which several were included on the most recent U.S. EPA Contaminant Candidate List. Nitrosamine formation may be a significant barrier to ozonation in water reuse applications, particularly for direct or indirect potable reuse, since recent studies show direct formation during ozonation of natural water and treated wastewaters. Only a few studies have identified precursors which react with ozone to form N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). In this study, several precursor compound solutions, prepared in ultrapure water and treated wastewater, were subjected to a 10 M excess of ozone. In parallel experiments, the precursor solutions in ultrapure water were exposed to gamma radiation to determine NDMA formation as a byproduct of reactions of precursor compounds with hydroxyl radicals. The results show six new NDMA precursor compounds that have not been previously reported in the literature, including compounds with hydrazone and carbamate moieties. Molar yields in deionized water were 61-78% for 3 precursors, 12-23% for 5 precursors and <4% for 2 precursors. Bromide concentration was important for three compounds (1,1-dimethylhydrazine, acetone dimethylhydrazone and dimethylsulfamide), but did not enhance NDMA formation for the other precursors. NDMA formation due to chloramination was minimal compared to formation due to ozonation, suggesting distinct groups of precursor compounds for these two oxidants. Hydroxyl radical reactions with the precursors will produce NDMA, but formation is much greater in the presence of molecular ozone. Also, hydroxyl radical scavenging during ozonation leads to increased NDMA formation. Molar conversion yields were higher for several precursors in wastewater as compared to deionized water, which could be due to catalyzed reactions with constituents found in wastewater or hydroxyl radical scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Marti
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, Applied Research & Development Center, PO Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, USA; University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Civil & Environmental Engineering and Construction, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | | | - Julie R Peller
- Indiana University Northwest, Chemistry Department, Gary, IN, USA.
| | - Eric R V Dickenson
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, Applied Research & Development Center, PO Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, USA.
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de la Monte SM, Tong M. Brain metabolic dysfunction at the core of Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 88:548-59. [PMID: 24380887 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the concept that Alzheimer's disease (AD) is fundamentally a metabolic disease with molecular and biochemical features that correspond with diabetes mellitus and other peripheral insulin resistance disorders. Brain insulin/IGF resistance and its consequences can readily account for most of the structural and functional abnormalities in AD. However, disease pathogenesis is complicated by the fact that AD can occur as a separate disease process, or arise in association with systemic insulin resistance diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Whether primary or secondary in origin, brain insulin/IGF resistance initiates a cascade of neurodegeneration that is propagated by metabolic dysfunction, increased oxidative and ER stress, neuro-inflammation, impaired cell survival, and dysregulated lipid metabolism. These injurious processes compromise neuronal and glial functions, reduce neurotransmitter homeostasis, and cause toxic oligomeric pTau and (amyloid beta peptide of amyloid beta precursor protein) AβPP-Aβ fibrils and insoluble aggregates (neurofibrillary tangles and plaques) to accumulate in brain. AD progresses due to: (1) activation of a harmful positive feedback loop that progressively worsens the effects of insulin resistance; and (2) the formation of ROS- and RNS-related lipid, protein, and DNA adducts that permanently damage basic cellular and molecular functions. Epidemiologic data suggest that insulin resistance diseases, including AD, are exposure-related in etiology. Furthermore, experimental and lifestyle trend data suggest chronic low-level nitrosamine exposures are responsible. These concepts offer opportunities to discover and implement new treatments and devise preventive measures to conquer the AD and other insulin resistance disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M de la Monte
- Departments of Pathology (Neuropathology), Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Neurosurgery, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Ming Tong
- Departments of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Wu QQ, Wei YN, Zhang SZ, Shu Q. Relationship between differentially expressed genes and epigenetic modification during the early stage of esophageal carcinoma induced by nitrosamine. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:1487-1492. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i14.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To detect the differentially expressed genes in the process of esophageal carcinoma induced by nitrosamine, and analyze the property of gene expression at different stages, especially the relationship between differentially expressed genes and DNA methylation.
METHODS: One hundred and ten mice were randomly divided into group A (n = 40) and B (n = 70). The mice in group A were fed with distilled water, while those in group B were fed with carcinoma-inducing mixture containing 20 g/L sodium nitrite and 200 g/L N, N-dimethyl benzyl amine. At the 4, 8, and 20 wk of induction stages, the total RNA from esophageal tissues was isolated and reversely transcripted, and then hybridization with gene-chip was performed. The differentially expressed genes of the two groups were analyzed.
RESULTS: During the process of induction, the number of up-regulated oncogenes increased in a step-by-step fashion in group B as compared with that in group A, and the phase-specificity of oncogenes was observed. But most antioncogenes did not change remarkably. Most genes of DNA methylation did not change at 4 wk, but were up-regulated at 8 and 20 wk. The DNA demethylation gene Mdb2b was up-regulated from the 8 wk, but Gadd45a was up-regulated from the 4 wk and maintained a high level at 8 and 20 wk. Genes of histone acetylation, which were changed obviously, were not found.
CONCLUSION: During the process of nitrosamine-induced esophageal carcinoma, up-regulation of numerous genes may associate with the demethylation of genomic DNA at the early stage. Gadd45a may be involved in the demethylation during the early weeks.
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