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Luqmani B, Brookes A, Moore A, Vale P, Pidou M, McAdam EJ. Transitioning through the vapour-liquid equilibrium for low energy thermal stripping of ammonia from wastewater: Enabling transformation of NH 3 into a zero-carbon fuel. Water Res 2024; 248:120856. [PMID: 37979564 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum thermal stripping permits the recovery of ammonia from wastewater in a concentrated form, which is key to its exploitation in the circular economy, but the latent heat demand for thermal separation remains a critical barrier to exploitation. In this study, we investigate the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) for ammonia-water as a mechanism to enhance recovered ammonia quality and minimise the thermal energy required for ammonia separation. Below the dew point (65 °C at 0.25 bar) a two-phase region of the VLE exists where 48 %wt gas-phase ammonia could be produced (61 °C) compared to only 2 %wt within the stripping region adopted widely in the literature. This was complemented by a 98 % reduction in thermal separation energy, since limited water vaporization can occur when the feed is maintained below the activation energy threshold for bulk evaporation. Operation within this practically unexplored region of the ammonia-water VLE fosters a gas-phase product suitable for energy generation in gas turbines or solid oxide fuel cells. Comparable product quality was achieved using concentrated wastewater, which validated the VLE for design in the presence of a broad range of dissolved gases and volatile inorganic compounds. Rapid desorption of CO2 occurred during vacuum stripping, subsequently increasing pH >9 without the requirement for alkali addition to shift the ammonia-ammonium equilibrium in favor of gaseous ammonia. Consequently, the two-phase region of the VLE defined for vacuum thermal stripping provides a synergistic strategy to mitigate chemical demand, minimise separation energy and recover gas-phase ammonia for zero carbon energy generation, constituting a significant advancement toward the net zero ambitions of the water sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Luqmani
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - A Brookes
- Anglian Water, Block C-Western House, Peterborough Business Park, Peterborough PE2 6FZ, UK
| | - A Moore
- Northumbrian Water, Boldon House, Wheatlands Way, Durham DH1 5FA, UK
| | - P Vale
- Severn Trent Water, 2 St. Johns Street, Coventry CV1 2LZ, UK
| | - M Pidou
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E J McAdam
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Vincent Building, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK.
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Beardmore S, Adeley J, Brookes A, Robinson C, Davendralingam N, Joseph J, McManoman B, Morgan B. Impact of changing from autopsy to post-mortem CT in an entire HM Coroner region due to a shortage of available pathologists. Clin Radiol 2023; 78:797-803. [PMID: 37827590 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
A significant problem facing routine medicolegal coroner-referred autopsies is a shortfall of pathologists prepared to perform them. This was particularly acute in Lancashire, where the coroner decided to initiate a service that relied on post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT). This involved training anatomical pathology technologists (APTs) to perform external examinations, radiographers to perform scans, and radiologists to interpret them. The service started in 2018 and now examines over 1,500 cases per year. This study outlines the PMCT process using NHS staff, with CT equipment and logistics managed by the commercial sector. It compares the demographics and outcomes of PM investigations for two 6-month periods: the autopsy service prior to 2018, and then the PMCT service. These data were then compared with previous UK PMCT data. Referrals for adult non-suspicious deaths were made in 913 cases of which 793 (87%) had PMCT between 01/10/2018 and 31/03/2019. Fifty-six cases had autopsy after PMCT, so 81% of cases potentially avoided autopsy. The PMCT service did not delay release of bodies to the next-of-kin. Comparing the cause of death given shows no difference in the proportions of natural and unnatural deaths. There was an increase in diagnosis of coronary artery disease for PMCT, with less respiratory diagnoses, a feature not previously demonstrated. These data suggest PMCT is a practical solution for potentially failing autopsy services. By necessity, this involves changes in diagnoses, as PMCT and autopsy have different strengths and weakness, but the ability to pick up unnatural death appears unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beardmore
- Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sharoe Green Lane North, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire, PR2 9HT, UK
| | - J Adeley
- HM Senior Coroner Lancashire and Blackburn with Darwen, Coroner's Court, 2 Faraday Court, Faraday Drive, Preston, Lancashire, PR2 9NB, UK
| | - A Brookes
- Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sharoe Green Lane North, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire, PR2 9HT, UK
| | - C Robinson
- Imaging Department, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - N Davendralingam
- Imaging Department, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - J Joseph
- Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sharoe Green Lane North, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire, PR2 9HT, UK
| | - B McManoman
- Royal Preston Hospital, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sharoe Green Lane North, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire, PR2 9HT, UK
| | - B Morgan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Radiology Department, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Infirmary Square, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
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Zheng J, Brookes A, Moser J, Pfeffer H, Smith A. On the Risk of Nitrosamine Contamination During Drug Product Blister Packaging. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2321-2325. [PMID: 37478970 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Most N-Nitrosamine compounds are found to be genotoxic in several animal species. Some are classified as probable or possible human carcinogens and very low acceptable daily intake has been established such as 96 ng/day for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 26.5 ng/N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). The pharmaceutical industry has considered all processing areas for potential formation or contamination of N-nitrosamine. One risk is the potential contamination of nitrosamine during drug product blister packaging using lidding foils containing nitrocellulose, and different approaches have been used by pharmaceutical companies to evaluate and mitigate this risk. Herein we share a perspective from IQ Consortium N-nitrosamine Working Group on some of the approaches and corresponding results. From these assessments, it was concluded that the risk of nitrosamine contamination during blister packaging is negligible. The approaches shared in this perspective can be incorporated into risk assessment for nitrosamine contamination during drug product packaging at other pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Zheng
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, MMD, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, United States.
| | - Andrew Brookes
- Technical Operations, Science and Innovation, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Moser
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supplies, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA, United States
| | - Harvey Pfeffer
- Global Packaging Technology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Smith
- Device and Packaging Technologies, Global Supply Chain, GSK, Priory Street, Ware, Herts SG12 0DJ, United Kingdom
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Parmenter K, Brookes A, Burn S, Gamwell E, Jenkins P, McPhee M, Webb S, Singh R, Uka S, James B. Increased incidence of severe nutritional anaemia in Yorkshire and Humber during the COVID-19 pandemic with critical clinical decompensation. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106:e48. [PMID: 34521636 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-322217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Parmenter
- Department of Neonatology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew Brookes
- Department of Paediatrics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Burn
- Department of Paediatrics, York District General Hospital, York, UK
| | - Emma Gamwell
- Department of Paediatrics, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Peter Jenkins
- Department of Paediatrics, Pinderfields General Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Maria McPhee
- Department of Paediatrics, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Sarah Webb
- Department of Paediatrics, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Rajeeva Singh
- Department of Paediatrics, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK
| | - Sal Uka
- Department of Paediatrics, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Foundation Trust, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Beki James
- Regional Centre for Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
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Galloway J, Sneep R, Cantle F, Jina R, Brookes A, Reid C, Sugarman L, Norton S. 185 A clinical risk score to identify patients with COVID-19 at high risk of critical care admission or death: An observational cohort study. Emerg Med J 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/emj-2020-rcemabstracts.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Aims/Objectives/BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic continues to escalate. There is urgent need to stratify patients. Understanding risk of deterioration will assist in admission and discharge decisions, and help selection for clinical studies to indicate where risk of therapy-related complications is justified.Methods/DesignAn observational cohort of patients acutely admitted to two London hospitals with COVID-19 and positive SARS-CoV-2 swab results was assessed. Demographic details, clinical data, comorbidities, blood parameters and chest radiograph severity scores were collected from electronic health records. Endpoints assessed were critical care admission and death. A risk score was developed to predict outcomes.Results/ConclusionsAnalyses included 1,157 patients. Older age, male sex, comorbidities, respiratory rate, oxygenation, radiographic severity, higher neutrophils, higher CRP and lower albumin at presentation predicted critical care admission and mortality. Non-white ethnicity predicted critical care admission but not death. Social deprivation was not predictive of outcome. A risk score was developed incorporating twelve characteristics: age>40, male, non-white ethnicity, oxygen saturations<93%, radiological severity score>3, neutrophil count>8.0 x109/L, CRP>40 mg/L, albumin<34 g/L, creatinine>100 µmol/L, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and chronic lung disease. Risk scores of 4 or higher corresponded to a 28-day cumulative incidence of critical care admission or death of 40.7% (95% CI: 37.1 to 44.4), versus 12.4% (95% CI: 8.2 to 16.7) for scores less than 4.ConclusionOur study identified predictors of critical care admission and death in people admitted to hospital with COVID-19. These predictors were incorporated into a risk score that will inform clinical care and stratify patients for clinical trials.
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Galloway JB, Norton S, Barker RD, Brookes A, Carey I, Clarke BD, Jina R, Reid C, Russell MD, Sneep R, Sugarman L, Williams S, Yates M, Teo J, Shah AM, Cantle F. A clinical risk score to identify patients with COVID-19 at high risk of critical care admission or death: An observational cohort study. J Infect 2020; 81:282-288. [PMID: 32479771 PMCID: PMC7258846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic continues to escalate. There is urgent need to stratify patients. Understanding risk of deterioration will assist in admission and discharge decisions, and help selection for clinical studies to indicate where risk of therapy-related complications is justified. METHODS An observational cohort of patients acutely admitted to two London hospitals with COVID-19 and positive SARS-CoV-2 swab results was assessed. Demographic details, clinical data, comorbidities, blood parameters and chest radiograph severity scores were collected from electronic health records. Endpoints assessed were critical care admission and death. A risk score was developed to predict outcomes. FINDINGS Analyses included 1,157 patients. Older age, male sex, comorbidities, respiratory rate, oxygenation, radiographic severity, higher neutrophils, higher CRP and lower albumin at presentation predicted critical care admission and mortality. Non-white ethnicity predicted critical care admission but not death. Social deprivation was not predictive of outcome. A risk score was developed incorporating twelve characteristics: age>40, male, non-white ethnicity, oxygen saturations<93%, radiological severity score>3, neutrophil count>8.0 x109/L, CRP>40 mg/L, albumin<34 g/L, creatinine>100 µmol/L, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and chronic lung disease. Risk scores of 4 or higher corresponded to a 28-day cumulative incidence of critical care admission or death of 40.7% (95% CI: 37.1 to 44.4), versus 12.4% (95% CI: 8.2 to 16.7) for scores less than 4. INTERPRETATION Our study identified predictors of critical care admission and death in people admitted to hospital with COVID-19. These predictors were incorporated into a risk score that will inform clinical care and stratify patients for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Galloway
- Centre for Rheumatic Disease, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Sam Norton
- Centre for Rheumatic Disease, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D Barker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Brookes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivana Carey
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin D Clarke
- Centre for Rheumatic Disease, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raeesa Jina
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Reid
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Russell
- Centre for Rheumatic Disease, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Sneep
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Sugarman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Williams
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Yates
- Centre for Rheumatic Disease, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Teo
- Department of Neurosciences, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay M Shah
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fleur Cantle
- Department of Emergency Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Bavarella S, Hermassi M, Brookes A, Moore A, Vale P, Moon I, Pidou M, McAdam E. Recovery and concentration of ammonia from return liquor to promote enhanced CO2 absorption and simultaneous ammonium bicarbonate crystallisation during biogas upgrading in a hollow fibre membrane contactor. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Bavarella S, Brookes A, Moore A, Vale P, Di Profio G, Curcio E, Hart P, Pidou M, McAdam E. Chemically reactive membrane crystallisation reactor for CO2–NH3 absorption and ammonium bicarbonate crystallisation: Kinetics of heterogeneous crystal growth. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Houlker S, Davey CJ, Allemand A, Brookes A, Moore A, Vale P, Pidou M, McAdam EJ. Reconciliation of gas to liquid mass transfer in parallel and transverse flow (cross-flow) hollow fiber membrane contactors (HFMC) for CO2 absorption. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1708934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Houlker
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - C. J. Davey
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - P. Vale
- Severn Trent Water, Coventry, UK
| | - M. Pidou
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - E. J. McAdam
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, UK
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Williams HE, Bright J, Roddy E, Poulton A, Cosgrove SD, Turner F, Harrison P, Brookes A, MacDougall E, Abbott A, Gordon C. A comparison of drug substance predicted chemical stability with ICH compliant stability studies. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:379-386. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1542707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. E. Williams
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - J. Bright
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - E. Roddy
- Pharmaceutical Science, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - A. Poulton
- Pharmaceutical Science, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - S. D. Cosgrove
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - F. Turner
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - P. Harrison
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - A. Brookes
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - E. MacDougall
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - A. Abbott
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - C. Gordon
- Regulatory CMC, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
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11
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Abstract
The management of abdominal pain in cystic fibrosis can be complicated. Distal intestinal obstruction syndrome is a common cause of pain and obstruction in these patients. Knowledge of the diagnosis and management and of similar presenting symptoms is essential for the hospital doctor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Canny
- General Surgical Registrar, Department of Breast Surgery, Heartlands Hospital, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS
| | - A Brookes
- General Surgical Registrar, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham
| | - D B Bowley
- Consultant Colorectal and Paediatric Surgeon, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Heartlands Hospital, Heart of England Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Often, left-sided colorectal surgery requires splenic flexure mobilisation (SFM) to allow a tension-free anastomosis to be carried out. This step is difficult and not without risk. We investigated a system of anatomical siting of the splenic flexure using computed tomography (CT). METHODS The Shrewsbury Splenic Flexure Siting (SSFS) system involves siting of the splenic flexure using the vertebral level (VL) as a reference point. We asked three surgical registrars (SRs) to analyse 20 CT scans of patients undergoing colonic resection to ascertain the anatomical site of the splenic flexure using the SSFS system. The distance from the centre of the vertebral body to the lateral edge (CVBL) of the splenic flexure was measured, as was the distance from the centre of the vertebral body to the inner abdominal wall (CVBI) along the same line, on axial images. RESULTS VL assessment demonstrated substantial inter-observer agreement with a kappa (κ) value of 0.742 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.463-0.890). CVBL and CVBI demonstrated very strong inter-observer agreement (CVBL: κ = 0.905 (95% CI, 0.785-0.961); CVBI: 0.951 (0.890-0.979) (p<0.001). Overall, there was strong correlation between assessments by all three SRs across the three variables measured. CONCLUSIONS The SSFS system is an accurate method to site the splenic flexure anatomically using CT. We can use the SSFS system to develop a validated scoring system to help colorectal surgeons assess the difficulty of SFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Meecham
- Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust , UK
| | - A Brookes
- Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust , UK
| | | | - T Stone
- Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust , UK
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Maldonado C, Daroch D, Maiz C, Bachler J, Crovari F, Boza C, Funke R, Köckerling F, Dabic D, Maric B, Perunicic V, Aho J, Samaha M, Antiel R, Dupont S, Ballman K, Sloan J, Bingener J, Macano C, Brookes A, Samee A, Davies S, Haleem A, Hayden S, Al-Aaraji S, Beardsmore D, Cox T, Huntington C, Blair L, Prasad T, Augenstein V, Heniford BT, Bauder A, Fischer J, Kovach S. Topic: Abdominal Wall Hernia - Epigastric hernia: choice of approach, repair, results, follow up. Hernia 2015; 19 Suppl 1:S208-11. [PMID: 26518802 DOI: 10.1007/bf03355351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Maldonado
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Daroch
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Maiz
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Bachler
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Crovari
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Boza
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Funke
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - D Dabic
- Department of surgery, General Hospital Cacak, Cacak, Serbia
| | | | | | - J Aho
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - C Macano
- University Hospital of North Staffordshire, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - T Cox
- Department of GI and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, USA
| | - C Huntington
- Department of GI and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, USA
| | - L Blair
- Department of GI and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, USA
| | - T Prasad
- Department of GI and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, USA
| | - V Augenstein
- Department of GI and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, USA
| | - B T Heniford
- Department of GI and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, USA
| | - A Bauder
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - J Fischer
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - S Kovach
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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14
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Zhu YS, Brookes A, Carlson K, Filner P. Separation of Protein Crystals from Spores of Bacillus thuringiensis by Ludox Gradient Centrifugation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 55:1279-81. [PMID: 16347918 PMCID: PMC184290 DOI: 10.1128/aem.55.5.1279-1281.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A method is described for the purification of Bacillus thuringiensis protein crystals by Ludox gradient centrifugation. This method is simple, inexpensive, fast, and efficient compared with other techniques. It has been successfully used to purify and characterize the protein crystals from several B. thuringiensis strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Zhu
- Sungene Technologies Corporation, San Jose, California 95131-1818
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16
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Pollard SJT, Brookes A, Earl N, Lowe J, Kearney T, Nathanail CP. Integrating decision tools for the sustainable management of land contamination. Sci Total Environ 2004; 325:15-28. [PMID: 15144774 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Revised: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/15/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The approach to taking decisions on the management of land contamination has changed markedly over 30 years. Change has been rapid with policy makers and regulators, practitioners and researchers having to keep pace with new technologies, assessment criteria and diagnostic methods for their measurement, techniques for risk analysis and the frameworks that support decision-makers in their efforts to regenerate historically contaminated land. Having progressed from simple hazard assessment through to 'sustainability appraisal' we might now consider piecing together the experience of decision-making for managing land contamination. Here, we critically review recent developments with a view to considering how better decisions can be made by integrating the decision tools available. We are concerned with the practicality of approach and the issues that arise for practitioners as decision criteria are broadened.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J T Pollard
- Integrated Waste Management Centre, School of Industrial & Manufacturing Science, Building 61, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
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17
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Jefferson B, Brookes A, Le Clech P, Judd SJ. Methods for understanding organic fouling in MBRs. Water Sci Technol 2004; 49:237-244. [PMID: 14982186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The identification and quantification of foulants in membrane bioreactors present a major challenge due to their complexity resulting from biomass heterogeneity. Fouling is normally characterised with respect to the critical flux, this being conventionally viewed as being the flux below which a reduction in membrane permeability does not take place. However, recent studies have revealed that such fouling arises even at very low fluxes. Moreover, fouling rates can differ substantially between different experiments, trials and installations even when operated under apparently similar conditions of biomass and soluble organic carbon concentrations. The methods available for quantifying and analysing fouling are reviewed with specific reference to recent data on sub-critical flux behaviour. It is concluded that HPSEC analysis of extracted biomass fractions may provide the most valuable data towards the determination of differences in fouling propensity between different biomasses, as inferred in conventional flux step analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jefferson
- School of Water Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK.
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18
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Abstract
The development and implementation of prenatal diagnosis has changed the experience of pregnancy for many women. How women make decisions about prenatal diagnosis PD is an important question that challenges us both individually and as a community. The question of care is central to many women's decision-making process. How much care a child will require, how much care a woman feels confident to provide, and the level of care available for children with genetic conditions and families from their communities all impact on women's decisions to undertake prenatal diagnosis as well as how to use the information available from testing. Interviews with women making these decisions explored, among other things, the role that caring and access to care played in women's ethical deliberations. Before PD can widen women's reproductive choices and counter criticisms that its use is eugenically oriented, the central role that provision of, and access to, care holds for participants in PD programmes must be acknowledged and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brookes
- LaTrobe Universiy, Melbourne, Australia.
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19
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Abstract
We describe an infant who presented with a combination of upper airway obstruction and atlanto-axial subluxation, secondary to a pharyngeal abscess resulting from cosmetic ear piercing. This combination posed a number of difficulties for the anasthetist and a detailed plan was formulated to prepare the child for anasthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brookes
- Specialist Registrar; Consultant, Department of Anasthesia, Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK
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20
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Syvånen AC, Landegren U, Isaksson A, Gyllensten U, Brookes A. First International SNP Meeting at Skokloster, Sweden, August 1998. Enthusiasm mixed with scepticism about single-nucleotide polymorphism markers for dissecting complex disorders. Eur J Hum Genet 1999; 7:98-101. [PMID: 10094196 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A C Syvånen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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21
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Bardhan KD, Morton D, Slater DN, Perry MJ, Cherian P, Jones RB, Brookes A, Thompson M, Morris P, McCaldin B. Pantoprazole-based 10-day triple therapy is effective in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12:185-9. [PMID: 9692693 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1998.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the efficacy of a short course of pantoprazole-based triple therapy in Helicobacter pylori eradication in a single-centre pilot study. METHODS Patients with active or healed duodenal ulcer or with gastric erosions or gastritis, all of whom were H. pylori-positive, received 10 days of twice-daily open treatment with pantoprazole 40 mg, plus clarithromycin 250 mg and tinidazole 500 mg. H. pylori was assessed at entry and 28-35 days after the end of treatment by rapid urease test (at entry only), culture and antimicrobial sensitivity, histology and 13C urea breath test. The criterion for eradication was a negative result in all three tests. RESULTS Seventy patients were treated, of whom four were excluded from analysis due to major deviations from the study protocol. Eradication of H. pylori was achieved in 57/66 patients (per protocol analysis 86% (95% CI: 78-95%)) and was higher in patients with organisms sensitive to nitroimidazole before treatment (sensitive: 47/53 (89%), insensitive: 10/13 (77%)). There was marked reduction in acute gastritis throughout the stomach while chronic gastritis decreased only in the corpus. Healing was achieved in all 24 patients with active duodenal ulcer. Treatment was complied with; only one patient missed one of the 20 doses. Adverse events were of mild or moderate intensity and did not require withdrawal from treatment. CONCLUSION A short course of pantoprazole-based triple therapy is well tolerated and effective in eradicating H. pylori.
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22
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Ormerod S, Brookes A, Shields FD. River Channel Restoration: Guiding Principles for Sustainable Projects. J Appl Ecol 1997. [DOI: 10.2307/2405297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Gardiner K, Brookes A, Mural R. Of messages and meaning. Trends Genet 1997; 13:92-3. [PMID: 9066266 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9525(97)01067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Gardiner
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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24
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Sherrington R, Rogaev EI, Liang Y, Rogaeva EA, Levesque G, Ikeda M, Chi H, Lin C, Li G, Holman K, Tsuda T, Mar L, Foncin JF, Bruni AC, Montesi MP, Sorbi S, Rainero I, Pinessi L, Nee L, Chumakov I, Pollen D, Brookes A, Sanseau P, Polinsky RJ, Wasco W, Da Silva HA, Haines JL, Perkicak-Vance MA, Tanzi RE, Roses AD, Fraser PE, Rommens JM, St George-Hyslop PH. Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Nature 1995; 375:754-60. [PMID: 7596406 DOI: 10.1038/375754a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2681] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some cases of Alzheimer's disease are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Genetic linkage studies have mapped a locus (AD3) associated with susceptibility to a very aggressive form of Alzheimer's disease to chromosome 14q24.3. We have defined a minimal cosegregating region containing the AD3 gene, and isolated at least 19 different transcripts encoded within this region. One of these transcripts (S182) corresponds to a novel gene whose product is predicted to contain multiple transmembrane domains and resembles an integral membrane protein. Five different missense mutations have been found that cosegregate with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Because these changes occurred in conserved domains of this gene, and are not present in normal controls, they are likely to be causative of AD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sherrington
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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St Clair D, Norrman J, Perry R, Yates C, Wilcock G, Brookes A. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele frequency in patients with Lewy body dementia, Alzheimer's disease and age-matched controls. Neurosci Lett 1994; 176:45-6. [PMID: 7970234 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90867-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Genotypes of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) were determined by polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) amplification and restriction-sizing of brain DNA from 39 cases of Lewy body dementia (LBD), 68 senile Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and 47 neuropathologically validated non-demented controls. There was a 3-fold increase in the epsilon 4 allele frequency in both LBD and AD groups compared with controls. These results indicate that LBD and AD share the epsilon 4 allele of ApoE as a major risk factor for the development of disease and suggest a similarity in disease aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D St Clair
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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26
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Brookes A. Infection control. Surgical glove perforation. Nurs Times 1994; 90:60, 62. [PMID: 8008603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
A study is reported of the perception of visual surfaces in wire-frame stimuli generated by combinations of monocular surface contours and binocular disparity that provide differing information about 3-D relief. Observers vary considerably in the relative contribution made by the binocular and monocular cues to the perception of overall 3-D form. Without training, many observers may entirely fail to perceive surface curvature from the binocular disparity patterns, interpreting the form of the surface only according to the monocular information. For other observers, both cues contribute to the end percept, with the monocular interpretation dominating where the disparity information indicates planarity and with disparity dominating where disparity information suggests curvature and the monocular interpretation suggests planarity. Where stereo and monocular interpretations indicate inconsistent surface curvature features at a common location, more complex resolution strategies are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Stevens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
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Abstract
Apparent depth in stereograms exhibits various simultaneous-contrast and induction effects analogous to those reported in the luminance domain. This behavior suggests that stereo depth, like brightness, is reconstructed, ie recovered from higher-order spatial derivatives or differences of the original signal. The extent to which depth is analogous to brightness is examined. There are similarities in terms of contrast effects but dissimilarities in terms of the lateral inhibition effects traditionally attributed to underlying spatial-differentiation operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brookes
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
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30
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Brookes A, Stevens KA. Binocular depth from surfaces versus volumes. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1989. [PMID: 2527956 DOI: 10.1037//0096-1523.15.3.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Subjects were asked to compare the relative depths of two binocular targets embedded in different random dot stereogram backgrounds. The disparities of the background points were either randomized, corresponding to a scattering of points within a volume, or arranged according to a sawtooth (triangle-wave) disparity profile (i.e., a set of slanted planar surfaces separated by sharp depth discontinuities). When the targets were embedded in the random volume, their depths were perceived in accordance with their relative disparities. But when the target points were embedded in the sawtooth surfaces their depths were systematically misperceived in a manner predicted by the incorrect depth interpretation of the background points. Rather than seeing a sawtooth pattern, the background points resembled a staircase in depth, and the targets, which appeared embedded in different steps, were misjudged in depth accordingly. The effect suggests a distinction between the depth processing of isolated binocular features and those associated with continuous surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brookes
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
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31
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Abstract
Subjects were asked to compare the relative depths of two binocular targets embedded in different random dot stereogram backgrounds. The disparities of the background points were either randomized, corresponding to a scattering of points within a volume, or arranged according to a sawtooth (triangle-wave) disparity profile (i.e., a set of slanted planar surfaces separated by sharp depth discontinuities). When the targets were embedded in the random volume, their depths were perceived in accordance with their relative disparities. But when the target points were embedded in the sawtooth surfaces their depths were systematically misperceived in a manner predicted by the incorrect depth interpretation of the background points. Rather than seeing a sawtooth pattern, the background points resembled a staircase in depth, and the targets, which appeared embedded in different steps, were misjudged in depth accordingly. The effect suggests a distinction between the depth processing of isolated binocular features and those associated with continuous surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Brookes
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
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32
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Abstract
The tendency to interpret as figure, relative to background, those regions that are lighter, smaller, and, especially, more convex is well known. Wherever convex opaque objects abut or partially occlude one another in an image, the points of contact between the silhouettes form concave cusps, each indicating the local assignment of figure versus ground across the contour segments. It is proposed that this local geometric feature is a preattentive determiner of figure-ground perception and that it contributes to the previously observed tendency for convexity preference. Evidence is presented that figure-ground assignment can be determined solely on the basis of the concave cusp feature, and that the salience of the cusp derives from local geometry and not from adjacent contour convexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Stevens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
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33
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Abstract
Experiments are reported that involved spatial judgments of planar surfaces that had contradictory stereo and monocular information. Tasks included comparing the relative depths of two points on the depicted surface and judging the surface's apparent spatial orientation. It was found that for planar surfaces the 3D perception was dominated by the monocular interpretation, despite the strongly contradictory stereo information. We propose that stereo information is effectively integrated only where the surface exhibits curvature features or edge discontinuities, i.e. where the second spatial derivatives of disparity are nonzero. Planar surfaces induce constant gradients of disparity and are thus effectively featureless to stereopsis. Further observations are reported regarding nonplanar surfaces, where contradictory monocular information can still be effectively rivalrous with that suggested stereoscopically.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Stevens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
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37
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Abstract
The actions of mu-, delta- and kappa-opiate receptor agonists have been compared on the activity of single neurones in the brain stem, caudate nucleus and hippocampus of the rat, using the technique of microiontophoresis. In the brain stem and caudate nucleus the predominant effect of all the opiate agonists tested was depression of neuronal activity which was antagonized by naloxone. The selectivity of naloxone as an opiate receptor antagonist was indicated by its lack of effect on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-induced responses. In the hippocampus both mu- and delta-agonists mainly caused an increase in neuronal firing rates, though some neurones were depressed. In contrast, all the kappa-agonists, including the proposed endogenous ligand for the kappa-receptor, dynorphin, caused depression of neuronal activity. All of these effects were antagonized by naloxone. There was a clear distinction in the areas within the hippocampus in which the mu- and delta-agonists produced different effects. Neurones in the pyramidal cell layer were always excited by these drugs, whereas neurones in the granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus were always depressed by the same drug.
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Abstract
Dynorphin (1-13) and the mu-agonist, FK 33,824, have been applied microiontophoretically to single neurones in the hippocampus of the rat. Whereas FK 33,824 predominantly caused an increase in neuronal firing rates, dynorphin (1-13) decreased activity. Both effects were blocked by the opiate antagonist naloxone, whereas the effects induced by GABA and glutamate were not. This action of dynorphin (1-13) is comparable to that of other kappa-agonists in this brain region and suggests that dynorphin (1-13) may be a ligand for the kappa opiate receptor.
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39
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Brookes A, Knox SAR, Stone FGA. Chemistry of the metal carbonyls. Part LXII. Methylsilicon(carbonyl)ruthenium and -osmium complexes obtained from pentamethyl- and 1,1,2,2-tetramethyl-disilane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1039/j19710003469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Ash MJ, Brookes A, Knox SAR, Stone FGA. Chemistry of the metal carbonyls. Part LX. Halogeno(organo-group IVB) carbonyls of ruthenium and osmium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1039/j19710000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Brookes A, Townshend A. Studies on the analytical chemistry of hafnium and zirconium. Part I. A review of methods for the determination of hafnium and zirconium in admixture. Analyst 1970. [DOI: 10.1039/an9709500529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Brookes A, Townshend A. Studies on the analytical chemistry of hafnium and zirconium. Part II. Fluorimetric determination of hafnium in the presence of zirconium by using quercetin. Analyst 1970. [DOI: 10.1039/an9709500781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Brookes A, Townshend A. Amperometric titration of copper and cadmium in the presence of zinc, cobalt and nickel with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. Analyst 1968. [DOI: 10.1039/an9689300425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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