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Carloni LE, Lochner S, Sterckx H, Van Daele T. Solid State Kinetics of Nitrosation Using Native Sources of Nitrite. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1324-1332. [PMID: 36828125 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
While many reactive species are known to cause N-nitrosation, trace nitrite (NO2-), which may be present in several excipients, is a source of nitrosating agents in pharmaceutical formulations. In this study we have found that the salt form of NO2- can influence the favored nitrosation conditions and final amount of nitrosamine being formed. Using native levels of NO2-, most likely present as ammonium nitrite (NH4NO2), in microcrystalline cellulose, we have determined the kinetics of nitrosamine formation in solid state with dimethylamine substrate present in metformin, used as model compound. It was found that the competing degradation of NH4NO2 into N2 and H2O limited the amount of nitrosamine formation to a great extent. Empirically modelling the kinetic data predicted reaching at maximum 1.6% conversion over a hypothetical 3-year shelf-life. These results also showed that using other sources of NO2- as spiking reagents, such as NaNO2, may lead to unrealistic worst-case situations when the main form of NO2- in the drug product (DP) under evaluation may be NH4NO2. As well, measuring NO2- in freshly manufactured excipients containing NO2- potentially as NH4NO2 may lead to biased high NO2- content, which is not representative of the actual amounts present at the time of DP manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Elie Carloni
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Susanne Lochner
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hans Sterckx
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Timothy Van Daele
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Kenechukwu FC, Dias ML, Ricci-Júnior E. Biodegradable nanoparticles from prosopisylated cellulose as a platform for enhanced oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 256:117492. [PMID: 33483021 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bio-inspired nanotechnology-based strategies are potential platforms for enhanced dissolution and oral biovailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this study, a recently patented green biopolymer (Prosopis africana gum, PG) was compatibilized with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a conventional polysaccharide, via thermo-regulated coacervation to obtain PG-MCC (1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, and 0:1) rational blends and the nanoparticles developed with optimized (1:1) biocomposites (termed "prosopisylated cellulose") by combined homogenization-nanoprecipitation technique was engineered as a high circulating system for improved oral bioavailability of griseofulvin (GF), a model Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class-II drug. The effects of biopolymer interaction on morphological and microstructural properties of drug-free biocomposites obtained were investigated by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffractometry, while the physicochemical properties and in-vivo pharmacokinetics of GF-loaded nanoparticles were also ascertained. Optimized biocomposites revealed inter-molecular and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding between the hydroxyl group of MCC and polar components of PG, as well as reduction in crystallinity of MCC. Griseofulvin-loaded nanoparticles were stable, displayed particles with relatively smooth surfaces and average size of 26.18 ± 0.94 . nm, with zeta potential and polydispersity index of 32.1 ± 0.57 mV and 0.173 ± 0.06, respectively. Additionally, the nanoparticles showed good entrapment efficiency (86.51 ± 0.93 %), and marked improvement in griseofulvin dissolution when compared to free drug, with significantly (p < 0.05) higher GF release in basic than acidic PEG-reinforced simulated bio-microenvironments. Besides, x-ray diffractogram of GF-loaded nanoparticles showed amorphization with few characteristic peaks of GF while infra-red spectrum indicated broader principal peaks of GF and components compatibility. Furthermore, GF-loaded nanoparticles showed low plasma clearance with three-fold increase in systemic bioavailability of griseofulvin compared with free drug. These results showed that prosopisylated cellulose nanoparticles would be a facile approach to improve oral bioavailability of BCS class-II drugs and can be pursued as a new versatile drug delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Chimaobi Kenechukwu
- Drug Delivery and Nanomedicines Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria; Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano (IMA), Programa de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Polimeros, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil.
| | - Marcos Lopes Dias
- Instituto de Macromoléculas Professora Eloisa Mano (IMA), Programa de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Polimeros, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Eduardo Ricci-Júnior
- Nanomedicines Unit, Facultade de Pharmacia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil
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Garba ZN, Lawan I, Zhou W, Zhang M, Wang L, Yuan Z. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) based materials as emerging adsorbents for the removal of dyes and heavy metals - A review. Sci Total Environ 2020; 717:135070. [PMID: 31839314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to overcome such threats posed by water pollution, various processes ranging from physical, chemical as well as biological were applied to get rid of wastewater pollutants. The simplicity, high efficiency and cheapness of an adsorption process make it the most widely used among various other processes. Adsorbents with different properties were used in the adsorption process but this paper was focused on reviewing various articles published by numerous researchers on the isolation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a popular carbohydrate polymer from lignocellulosic biomass and utilization of MCC based materials as effective adsorbents for the successful removal of dyes and heavy metals from synthetic wastewater. The sudden interest on MCC and MCC-based materials as adsorbents cannot be separated from their excellent properties such as renewability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, economic value, non-toxicity, high mechanical properties and surface area. Upon comparison with established adsorbents reported from literature, MCC-based materials performed excellently well in the adsorption of dyes and heavy metals with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order reported mostly as the best fit models for the generated equilibrium and kinetic data, respectively pointing at the distribution of adsorption sites to be homogeneous as well as the formation of monolayer adsorbate on their surfaces. The various thermodynamic studies reported further revealed the adsorption processes of both dyes and heavy metals onto MCC-based materials to be entropy driven processes, spontaneous, and endothermic. Finally, future research was suggested to focus on optimization to enhance the performance of the MCC-based adsorbents, carrying out the adsorption on real wastewater instead of synthetic ones as well as expanding the range of adsorbates to include other contaminants such as chlorophenols, herbicides, pesticides and others in addition to dyes and heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaharaddeen N Garba
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China; Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Ibrahim Lawan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Weiming Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mingxi Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Department, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350108, China.
| | - Zhanhui Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.
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Yu X, Huang X, Bai C, Xiong X. Modification of microcrystalline cellulose with acrylamide under microwave irradiation and its application as flocculant. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:32859-32865. [PMID: 31502053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Grafting polyacrylamide (PAM) chains onto microparticles may combine the advantages of the flocculation property of the former and the fast sedimentation of the later to realize better flocculation performance. In this work, inexpensive microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) microparticles, and monomer of acrylamide (AM) were mixed, and then irradiated under microwave. The obtained material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and the results demonstrated successful modification of MCC with AM on the particle surface. The modification procedure has been carefully investigated to obtain an optimum preparation condition. Kaolin suspension was selected as a model to evaluate the flocculation properties of the obtained AM-MCC. Our results indicate that the AM-MCC with the highest grafting ratio of 95.5% exhibits the best flocculation performance, which is even better than that of PAM, and the turbidity can be decreased to 1.4% of the naked kaolin suspension within 2.5 min. Therefore, this work provides a low cost strategy to prepare biodegradable AM-MCC, which may have promising potential application in the water treatment and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xuejiao Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Changzhuang Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xiong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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Rohaizu R, Wanrosli WD. Sono-assisted TEMPO oxidation of oil palm lignocellulosic biomass for isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose. Ultrason Sonochem 2017; 34:631-639. [PMID: 27773290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly stable and dispersible nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was successfully isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch microcrystalline cellulose (OPEFB-MCC), with yields of 93% via a sono-assisted TEMPO-oxidation and a subsequent sonication process. The sono-assisted treatment has a remarkable effect, resulting in an increase of more than 100% in the carboxylate content and a significant increase of approximately 39% in yield compared with the non-assisted process. TEM images reveal the OPEFB-NCC to have rod-like crystalline morphology with an average length and width of 122 and 6nm, respectively. FTIR and solid-state 13C-NMR analyses suggest that oxidation of cellulose chain hydroxyl groups occurs at C6. XRD analysis shows that OPEFB-NCC consists primarily of a crystalline cellulose I structure. Both XRD and 13C-NMR indicate that the OPEFB-NCC has a lower crystallinity than the OPEFB-MCC starting material. Thermogravimetric analysis illustrates that OPEFB-NCC is less thermally stable than OPEFB-MCC but has a char content of 46% compared with 7% for the latter, which signifies that the carboxylate functionality acts as a flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rohaizu
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - W D Wanrosli
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Liu Y, Zhou H, Wang S, Wang K, Su X. Comparison of γ-irradiation with other pretreatments followed with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation on bioconversion of microcrystalline cellulose for bioethanol production. Bioresour Technol 2015; 182:289-295. [PMID: 25706554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of γ-irradiation pretreatment was compared with other pretreatment methods including ionic liquids (ILs), 1% HCl, 1% H2SO4, acidic aqueous Ils (AA-ILs), on the bioconversion efficiency of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) for bioethanol production. The efficiency of MCC pretreatment followed with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was firstly evaluated according to the variations of the irradiation-derived compounds and structure of MCC, as well as yeast growth curve and bioethanol yield. Results showed that the appropriate irradiation dose (891 kGy used in our work) could eliminate the negative effect of toxic irradiation-derived compounds on SSF for ethanol bioconversion with the yield value of 67%. Analyses of SEM, FT-IR, reducing sugar and bioethanol yield showed that the efficiency of pretreatment on MCC was ILs ≈ irradiation pretreatment > AA-ILs pretreatment > 1% HCl pretreatment > 1% H2SO4 pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hua Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shihui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Keqin Wang
- Hunan Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science and Space Breeding, Hunan Collaborative Innovation for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xiaojun Su
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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