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Chau J, Altan S, Burggraeve A, Coppenolle H, Kifle YW, Prokopcova H, Van Daele T, Sterckx H. A Bayesian Approach to Kinetic Modeling of Accelerated Stability Studies and Shelf Life Determination. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:250. [PMID: 38036798 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02695-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinetic modeling of accelerated stability data serves an important purpose in the development of pharmaceutical products, providing support for shelf life claims and expediting the path to clinical implementation. In this context, a Bayesian kinetic modeling framework is considered, accommodating different types of nonlinear kinetics with temperature and humidity dependent rates of degradation and accounting for the humidity conditions within the packaging to predict the shelf life. In comparison to kinetic modeling based on nonlinear least-squares regression, the Bayesian approach allows for interpretable posterior inference, flexible error modeling and the opportunity to include prior information based on historical data or expert knowledge. While both frameworks perform comparably for high-quality data from well-designed studies, the Bayesian approach provides additional robustness when the data are sparse or of limited quality. This is illustrated by modeling accelerated stability data from two solid dosage forms and is further examined by means of artificial data subsets and simulated data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stan Altan
- Statistics and Decision Sciences, Janssen Research, Raritan, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anneleen Burggraeve
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hans Coppenolle
- Statistics and Decision Sciences, Janssen Research, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Hana Prokopcova
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Timothy Van Daele
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hans Sterckx
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium.
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Carloni LE, Lochner S, Sterckx H, Van Daele T. Solid State Kinetics of Nitrosation Using Native Sources of Nitrite. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1324-1332. [PMID: 36828125 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
While many reactive species are known to cause N-nitrosation, trace nitrite (NO2-), which may be present in several excipients, is a source of nitrosating agents in pharmaceutical formulations. In this study we have found that the salt form of NO2- can influence the favored nitrosation conditions and final amount of nitrosamine being formed. Using native levels of NO2-, most likely present as ammonium nitrite (NH4NO2), in microcrystalline cellulose, we have determined the kinetics of nitrosamine formation in solid state with dimethylamine substrate present in metformin, used as model compound. It was found that the competing degradation of NH4NO2 into N2 and H2O limited the amount of nitrosamine formation to a great extent. Empirically modelling the kinetic data predicted reaching at maximum 1.6% conversion over a hypothetical 3-year shelf-life. These results also showed that using other sources of NO2- as spiking reagents, such as NaNO2, may lead to unrealistic worst-case situations when the main form of NO2- in the drug product (DP) under evaluation may be NH4NO2. As well, measuring NO2- in freshly manufactured excipients containing NO2- potentially as NH4NO2 may lead to biased high NO2- content, which is not representative of the actual amounts present at the time of DP manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Elie Carloni
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Susanne Lochner
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hans Sterckx
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Timothy Van Daele
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Abstract
Oxidation reactions are a key technology to transform hydrocarbons from petroleum feedstock into chemicals of a higher oxidation state, allowing further chemical transformations. These bulk-scale oxidation processes usually employ molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant as at this scale it is typically the only economically viable oxidant. The produced commodity chemicals possess limited functionality and usually show a high degree of symmetry thereby avoiding selectivity issues. In sharp contrast, in the production of fine chemicals preference is still given to classical oxidants. Considering the strive for greener production processes, the use of O2 , the most abundant and greenest oxidant, is a logical choice. Given the rich functionality and complexity of fine chemicals, achieving regio/chemoselectivity is a major challenge. This review presents an overview of the most important catalytic systems recently described for aerobic oxidation, and the current insight in their reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Sterckx
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Morel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Sterckx
- Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerpen Belgien
| | - Bénédicte Morel
- Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerpen Belgien
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerpen Belgien
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Shehzadi SA, Kushwaha K, Sterckx H, Abbaspour Tehrani K. Zn(OTf)2
-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-Alkynylazetidines and their Ring Expansion to Functionalized 1,4,5,6-Tetrahydropyridines. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Aaliya Shehzadi
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Khushbu Kushwaha
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Hans Sterckx
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Kourosch Abbaspour Tehrani
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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Sterckx H, Sambiagio C, Médran-Navarrete V, Maes BUW. Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxygenation of Benzylpyridine N
-Oxides and Subsequent Post-Functionalization. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Sterckx
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY); Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Carlo Sambiagio
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY); Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Vincent Médran-Navarrete
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY); Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis (ORSY); Department of Chemistry; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171, B- 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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Abstract
An iron-catalyzed aerobic oxidation of (alkyl)(aryl)azinylmethanes has been developed leading to tertiary alcohols in moderate to good yields. Hock rearrangement was identified as a major side reaction leading to a complex mixture of undesired products. Addition of thiourea sometimes allows inhibiting this side reaction and steers the reaction towards the desired products.
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Sterckx H, De Houwer J, Mensch C, Herrebout W, Tehrani KA, Maes BUW. Base metal-catalyzed benzylic oxidation of (aryl)(heteroaryl)methanes with molecular oxygen. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:144-53. [PMID: 26877817 PMCID: PMC4734388 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylene group of various substituted 2- and 4-benzylpyridines, benzyldiazines and benzyl(iso)quinolines was successfully oxidized to the corresponding benzylic ketones using a copper or iron catalyst and molecular oxygen as the stoichiometric oxidant. Application of the protocol in API synthesis is exemplified by the alternative synthesis of a precursor to the antimalarial drug Mefloquine. The oxidation method can also be used to prepare metabolites of APIs which is illustrated for the natural product papaverine. ICP-MS analysis of the purified reaction products revealed that the base metal impurity was well below the regulatory limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Sterckx
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan De Houwer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Carl Mensch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wouter Herrebout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Bert U W Maes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Sterckx H, De Houwer J, Mensch C, Caretti I, Tehrani KA, Herrebout WA, Van Doorslaer S, Maes BUW. Mechanism of the Cu II-catalyzed benzylic oxygenation of (aryl)(heteroaryl)methanes with oxygen. Chem Sci 2016; 7:346-357. [PMID: 29861987 PMCID: PMC5952523 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A mechanistic study of the copper-catalyzed oxidation of the methylene group of aryl(di)azinylmethanes was performed. Initial reaction rates were measured making use of in situ IR reaction monitoring and a kinetic analysis of the reaction was executed. The reaction proved to be first order in oxygen concentration. For substrate and acid concentration, saturation kinetics due to O2 mass transfer limitation were observed. The occurrence of mass transfer limitation was further confirmed by examining the effect of the stirring rate on the initial reaction rate. Interestingly, the effect of the concentration of the catalyst on the rate shows that higher loadings result in a maximal initial rate, followed initially by a steady decrease and subsequently a rate plateau when the concentration is increased further. Mass transfer limitation and increased concentration of dinuclear catalytically active species rationalizes this hitherto unprecedented rate behavior. Continuous-wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance methods were used to characterize the catalytic species present in the solution during the reaction and confirmed the presence of both mono- and dinuclear copper species. Analysis of a diverse substrate scope points towards imine-enamine tautomerization as a crucial process in the oxidation reaction. DFT calculations of these equilibrium constants (pKeq) provided us with a qualitative tool to predict whether or not a substrate is viable for oxidation under the reaction conditions developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Sterckx
- Department of Chemistry , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium .
| | - Johan De Houwer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium .
| | - Carl Mensch
- Department of Chemistry , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium .
| | - Ignacio Caretti
- Department of Physics , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , B-2610 Antwerp , Belgium
| | | | - Wouter A Herrebout
- Department of Chemistry , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium .
| | - Sabine Van Doorslaer
- Department of Physics , University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1 , B-2610 Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171 , B-2020 Antwerp , Belgium .
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