1
|
Wang Y, Zhan S, Hu Y, Chen X, Yin S. Understanding the Formation and Growth of New Atmospheric Particles at the Molecular Level through Laboratory Molecular Beam Experiments. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202400108. [PMID: 38497136 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric new particle formation (NPF), which exerts comprehensive implications for climate, air quality and human health, has received extensive attention. From molecule to cluster is the initial and most important stage of the nucleation process of atmospheric new particles. However, due to the complexity of the nucleation process and limitations of experimental characterization techniques, there is still a great uncertainty in understanding the nucleation mechanism at the molecular level. Laboratory-based molecular beam methods can experimentally implement the generation and growth of typical atmospheric gas-phase nucleation precursors to nanoscale clusters, characterize the key physical and chemical properties of clusters such as structure and composition, and obtain a series of their physicochemical parameters, including association rate coefficients, electron binding energy, pickup cross section and pickup probability and so on. These parameters can quantitatively illustrate the physicochemical properties of the cluster, and evaluate the effect of different gas phase nucleation precursors on the formation and growth of atmospheric new particles. We review the present literatures on atmospheric cluster formation and reaction employing the experimental method of laboratory molecular beam. The experimental apparatuses were classified and summarized from three aspects of cluster generation, growth and detection processes. Focus of this review is on the properties of nucleation clusters involving different precursor molecules of water, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and NxOy, respectively. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for effects of cluster physicochemical properties on nucleation, and reveal the formation and growth mechanism of atmospheric new particle at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Zhan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Hu
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, P. R. China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science & Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schewe HC, Muchová E, Belina M, Buttersack T, Stemer D, Seidel R, Thürmer S, Slavíček P, Winter B. Observation of intermolecular Coulombic decay and shake-up satellites in liquid ammonia. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2022; 9:044901. [PMID: 35982825 PMCID: PMC9380002 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the first nitrogen 1s Auger-Meitner electron spectrum from a liquid ammonia microjet at a temperature of ∼223 K (-50 °C) and compare it with the simultaneously measured spectrum for gas-phase ammonia. The spectra from both phases are interpreted with the assistance of high-level electronic structure and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations. In addition to the regular Auger-Meitner-electron features, we observe electron emission at kinetic energies of 374-388 eV, above the leading Auger-Meitner peak (3a1 2). Based on the electronic structure calculations, we assign this peak to a shake-up satellite in the gas phase, i.e., Auger-Meitner emission from an intermediate state with additional valence excitation present. The high-energy contribution is significantly enhanced in the liquid phase. We consider various mechanisms contributing to this feature. First, in analogy with other hydrogen-bonded liquids (noticeably water), the high-energy signal may be a signature for an ultrafast proton transfer taking place before the electronic decay (proton transfer mediated charge separation). The ab initio dynamical calculations show, however, that such a process is much slower than electronic decay and is, thus, very unlikely. Next, we consider a non-local version of the Auger-Meitner decay, the Intermolecular Coulombic Decay. The electronic structure calculations support an important contribution of this purely electronic mechanism. Finally, we discuss a non-local enhancement of the shake-up processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Christian Schewe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam.2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Muchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Belina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Stemer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fárník M, Fedor J, Kočišek J, Lengyel J, Pluhařová E, Poterya V, Pysanenko A. Pickup and reactions of molecules on clusters relevant for atmospheric and interstellar processes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3195-3213. [PMID: 33524089 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective, we review experiments with molecules picked up on large clusters in molecular beams with the focus on the processes in atmospheric and interstellar chemistry. First, we concentrate on the pickup itself, and we discuss the pickup cross sections. We measure the uptake of different atmospheric molecules on mixed nitric acid-water clusters and determine the accommodation coefficients relevant for aerosol formation in the Earth's atmosphere. Then the coagulation of the adsorbed molecules on the clusters is investigated. In the second part of this perspective, we review examples of different processes triggered by UV-photons or electrons in the clusters with embedded molecules. We start with the photodissociation of hydrogen halides and Freon CF2Cl2 on ice nanoparticles in connection with the polar stratospheric ozone depletion. Next, we mention reactions following the excitation and ionization of the molecules adsorbed on clusters. The first ionization-triggered reaction observed between two different molecules picked up on the cluster was the proton transfer between methanol and formic acid deposited on large argon clusters. Finally, negative ion reactions after slow electron attachment are illustrated by two examples: mixed nitric acid-water clusters, and hydrogen peroxide deposited on large ArN and (H2O)N clusters. The selected examples are discussed from the perspective of the atmospheric and interstellar chemistry, and several future directions are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pysanenko A, Gámez F, Fárník M, Chalabala J, Slavíček P. Photochemistry of Amylene Double Bond in Clusters on Free Argon Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3038-3047. [PMID: 32240587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated reactivity of double bond in 2-methyl-2-butene (also trimethylethylene or amylene) in the excited and ionized states. In a combined experimental and theoretical study, we focused on both the intermolecular and intramolecular reactions. In a molecular beam experiment, we have sequentially picked up several amylene molecules on the surface of argon nanoparticles ArM, M̅ ≈ 90, acting as a cold support. Ionization with 70 eV electrons yields mass spectra strongly dominated by amylene cluster ions Am(Am)n+. Interestingly, upon multiphoton ionization with 193 nm (6.4 eV) photons, a new strong fragment series appears in the spectra, nominally corresponding to an addition of two carbon atoms, i.e., (Am)nC2+. This difference between electron and photoionization suggests a reaction in an excited state of amylene with a neighboring amylene molecule. We used techniques of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics to study the reactivity of amylene molecules both in the excited and in ionized states. Possible reaction pathways are proposed, substantiating the observed differences between the electron ionization and photoionization mass spectra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco Gámez
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chalabala
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Slavíček
- University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tiefenthaler L, Kollotzek S, Ellis AM, Scheier P, Echt O. Proton transfer at subkelvin temperatures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:28165-28172. [PMID: 33290453 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05174h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel method to ionize molecules or molecular clusters by proton transfer at temperatures below 1 K. The method yields nascent ions and largely eliminates secondary reactions, even for notoriously 'delicate' molecules. Protonation is achieved inside liquid helium nanodroplets (HNDs) and begins with the formation of (H2)mH+ ions as the proton donors. In a separate and subsequent step the HNDs are doped with a proton acceptor molecule, X. Proton transfer occurs between X and the cold proton donor ions inside a helium droplet, an approach that avoids the large excess energy that is released if HNDs are first doped and then ionized. Mass spectra, recorded after stripping excess helium and hydrogen in a collision cell, show that this method offers a new way to determine proton affinities of molecules and clusters by proton-transfer bracketing, to investigate astrochemically relevant ion-molecule reactions at sub-kelvin temperatures, and to prepare XH+ ions that are suitable for messenger-tagging action spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tiefenthaler
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rupp P, Burger C, Kling NG, Kübel M, Mitra S, Rosenberger P, Weatherby T, Saito N, Itatani J, Alnaser AS, Raschke MB, Rühl E, Schlander A, Gallei M, Seiffert L, Fennel T, Bergues B, Kling MF. Few-cycle laser driven reaction nanoscopy on aerosolized silica nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4655. [PMID: 31604937 PMCID: PMC6789024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles offer unique properties as photocatalysts with large surface areas. Under irradiation with light, the associated near-fields can induce, enhance, and control molecular adsorbate reactions on the nanoscale. So far, however, there is no simple method available to spatially resolve the near-field induced reaction yield on the surface of nanoparticles. Here we close this gap by introducing reaction nanoscopy based on three-dimensional momentum-resolved photoionization. The technique is demonstrated for the spatially selective proton generation in few-cycle laser-induced dissociative ionization of ethanol and water on SiO2 nanoparticles, resolving a pronounced variation across the particle surface. The results are modeled and reproduced qualitatively by electrostatic and quasi-classical mean-field Mie Monte-Carlo (M3C) calculations. Reaction nanoscopy is suited for a wide range of isolated nanosystems and can provide spatially resolved ultrafast reaction dynamics on nanoparticles, clusters, and droplets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rupp
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Burger
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Nora G Kling
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Kübel
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sambit Mitra
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Philipp Rosenberger
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Weatherby
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Technical University Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Nariyuki Saito
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Jiro Itatani
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Ali S Alnaser
- Department of Physics, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, POB26666, UAE
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, JILA, and Center for Experiments on Quantum Materials, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physical Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Schlander
- Macromolecular Chemistry Department, Technical University Darmstadt, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lennart Seiffert
- Institute for Physics, Rostock University, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institute for Physics, Rostock University, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
- Max Born Institute, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Bergues
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Kling
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pysanenko A, Gámez F, Fárníková K, Pluhařová E, Fárník M. Proton Transfer Reactions between Methanol and Formic Acid Deposited on Free ArN Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7201-7209. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Pysanenko
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco Gámez
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Fárníková
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pluhařová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Fárník
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|