1
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Asmussen JD, Sishodia K, Bastian B, Abid AR, Ben Ltaief L, Pedersen HB, De S, Medina C, Pal N, Richter R, Fennel T, Krishnan S, Mudrich M. Electron energy loss and angular asymmetry induced by elastic scattering in superfluid helium nanodroplets. Nanoscale 2023; 15:14025-14031. [PMID: 37559557 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03295g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Helium nanodroplets are ideal model systems to unravel the complex interaction of condensed matter with ionizing radiation. Here we study the effect of purely elastic electron scattering on angular and energy distributions of photoelectrons emitted from He nanodroplets of variable size (10-109 atoms per droplets). For large droplets, photoelectrons develop a pronounced anisotropy along the incident light beam due to a shadowing effect within the droplets. In contrast, the detected photoelectron spectra are only weakly perturbed. This opens up possibilities for photoelectron spectroscopy of dopants embedded in droplets provided they are smaller than the penetration depth of the light and the trapping range of emitted electrons in liquid helium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob D Asmussen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Keshav Sishodia
- Quantum Center of Excellence for Diamond and Emergent Materials and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Björn Bastian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Abdul R Abid
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Subhendu De
- Quantum Center of Excellence for Diamond and Emergent Materials and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Sivarama Krishnan
- Quantum Center of Excellence for Diamond and Emergent Materials and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India
| | - Marcel Mudrich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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2
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Ulmer A, Heilrath A, Senfftleben B, O'Connell-Lopez SMO, Kruse B, Seiffert L, Kolatzki K, Langbehn B, Hoffmann A, Baumann TM, Boll R, Chatterley AS, De Fanis A, Erk B, Erukala S, Feinberg AJ, Fennel T, Grychtol P, Hartmann R, Ilchen M, Izquierdo M, Krebs B, Kuster M, Mazza T, Montaño J, Noffz G, Rivas DE, Schlosser D, Seel F, Stapelfeldt H, Strüder L, Tiggesbäumker J, Yousef H, Zabel M, Ziołkowski P, Meyer M, Ovcharenko Y, Vilesov AF, Möller T, Rupp D, Tanyag RMP. Generation of Large Vortex-Free Superfluid Helium Nanodroplets. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:076002. [PMID: 37656857 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.076002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Superfluid helium nanodroplets are an ideal environment for the formation of metastable, self-organized dopant nanostructures. However, the presence of vortices often hinders their formation. Here, we demonstrate the generation of vortex-free helium nanodroplets and explore the size range in which they can be produced. From x-ray diffraction images of xenon-doped droplets, we identify that single compact structures, assigned to vortex-free aggregation, prevail up to 10^{8} atoms per droplet. This finding builds the basis for exploring the assembly of far-from-equilibrium nanostructures at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Ulmer
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Heilrath
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Senfftleben
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Sean M O O'Connell-Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 920 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Björn Kruse
- Institute for Physics, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Lennart Seiffert
- Institute for Physics, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Katharina Kolatzki
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Langbehn
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoffmann
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Rebecca Boll
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Adam S Chatterley
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Swetha Erukala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 920 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Alexandra J Feinberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 920 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institute for Physics, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Markus Ilchen
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Bennet Krebs
- Institute for Physics, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus Kuster
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Georg Noffz
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Fabian Seel
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Stapelfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Josef Tiggesbäumker
- Institute for Physics, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department "Life, Light and Matter," Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hazem Yousef
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Zabel
- Institute for Physics, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Michael Meyer
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - Andrey F Vilesov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 920 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, 920 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- Max-Born-Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rico Mayro P Tanyag
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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3
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Ben Ltaief L, Sishodia K, Mandal S, De S, Krishnan SR, Medina C, Pal N, Richter R, Fennel T, Mudrich M. Efficient Indirect Interatomic Coulombic Decay Induced by Photoelectron Impact Excitation in Large Pure Helium Nanodroplets. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 131:023001. [PMID: 37505945 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.023001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Ionization of matter by energetic radiation generally causes complex secondary reactions that are hard to decipher. Using large helium nanodroplets irradiated by extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photons, we show that the full chain of processes ensuing primary photoionization can be tracked in detail by means of high-resolution electron spectroscopy. We find that elastic and inelastic scattering of photoelectrons efficiently induces interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) in the droplets. This type of indirect ICD even becomes the dominant process of electron emission in nearly the entire XUV range in large droplets with radius ≳40 nm. Indirect ICD processes induced by electron scattering likely play an important role in other condensed-phase systems exposed to ionizing radiation as well, including biological matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ben Ltaief
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - K Sishodia
- Quantum Center of Excellence for Diamond and Emergent Materials and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - S Mandal
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
| | - S De
- Quantum Center of Excellence for Diamond and Emergent Materials and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - S R Krishnan
- Quantum Center of Excellence for Diamond and Emergent Materials and Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - C Medina
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - N Pal
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - R Richter
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - T Fennel
- Institute for Physics, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Mudrich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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4
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Dienstbier P, Seiffert L, Paschen T, Liehl A, Leitenstorfer A, Fennel T, Hommelhoff P. Tracing attosecond electron emission from a nanometric metal tip. Nature 2023; 616:702-706. [PMID: 37100942 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Solids exposed to intense electric fields release electrons through tunnelling. This fundamental quantum process lies at the heart of various applications, ranging from high brightness electron sources in d.c. operation1,2 to petahertz vacuum electronics in laser-driven operation3-8. In the latter process, the electron wavepacket undergoes semiclassical dynamics9,10 in the strong oscillating laser field, similar to strong-field and attosecond physics in the gas phase11,12. There, the subcycle electron dynamics has been determined with a stunning precision of tens of attoseconds13-15, but at solids the quantum dynamics including the emission time window has so far not been measured. Here we show that two-colour modulation spectroscopy of backscattering electrons16 uncovers the suboptical-cycle strong-field emission dynamics from nanostructures, with attosecond precision. In our experiment, photoelectron spectra of electrons emitted from a sharp metallic tip are measured as function of the relative phase between the two colours. Projecting the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation onto classical trajectories relates phase-dependent signatures in the spectra to the emission dynamics and yields an emission duration of 710 ± 30 attoseconds by matching the quantum model to the experiment. Our results open the door to the quantitative timing and precise active control of strong-field photoemission from solid state and other systems and have direct ramifications for diverse fields such as ultrafast electron sources17, quantum degeneracy studies and sub-Poissonian electron beams18-21, nanoplasmonics22 and petahertz electronics23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Dienstbier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | - Timo Paschen
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Correlative Microscopy and Material Data, Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Forchheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Liehl
- Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alfred Leitenstorfer
- Department of Physics and Center for Applied Photonics, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Max Born Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Hommelhoff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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5
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Colombo A, Dold S, Kolb P, Bernhardt N, Behrens P, Correa J, Düsterer S, Erk B, Hecht L, Heilrath A, Irsig R, Iwe N, Jordan J, Kruse B, Langbehn B, Manschwetus B, Martinez F, Meiwes-Broer KH, Oldenburg K, Passow C, Peltz C, Sauppe M, Seel F, Tanyag RMP, Treusch R, Ulmer A, Walz S, Fennel T, Barke I, Möller T, von Issendorff B, Rupp D. Three-dimensional femtosecond snapshots of isolated faceted nanostructures. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eade5839. [PMID: 36812315 PMCID: PMC9946342 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade5839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of isolated nanosamples in free flight can be directly visualized via single-shot coherent diffractive imaging using the intense and short pulses of x-ray free-electron lasers. Wide-angle scattering images encode three-dimensional (3D) morphological information of the samples, but its retrieval remains a challenge. Up to now, effective 3D morphology reconstructions from single shots were only achieved via fitting with highly constrained models, requiring a priori knowledge about possible geometries. Here, we present a much more generic imaging approach. Relying on a model that allows for any sample morphology described by a convex polyhedron, we reconstruct wide-angle diffraction patterns from individual silver nanoparticles. In addition to known structural motives with high symmetries, we retrieve imperfect shapes and agglomerates that were not previously accessible. Our results open unexplored routes toward true 3D structure determination of single nanoparticles and, ultimately, 3D movies of ultrafast nanoscale dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Colombo
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Dold
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Patrice Kolb
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Bernhardt
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Behrens
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Correa
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Düsterer
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Erk
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Linos Hecht
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Heilrath
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Irsig
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Norman Iwe
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jakob Jordan
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Kruse
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Bruno Langbehn
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Karl-Heinz Meiwes-Broer
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kevin Oldenburg
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Christian Peltz
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mario Sauppe
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Seel
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rico Mayro P. Tanyag
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Treusch
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anatoli Ulmer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Saida Walz
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ingo Barke
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Department of Physics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Max Born Institute, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Kim HY, Garg M, Mandal S, Seiffert L, Fennel T, Goulielmakis E. Attosecond field emission. Nature 2023; 613:662-666. [PMID: 36697865 PMCID: PMC9876796 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Field emission of electrons underlies great advances in science and technology, ranging from signal processing at ever higher frequencies1 to imaging of the atomic-scale structure of matter2 with picometre resolution. The advancing of electron microscopy techniques to enable the complete visualization of matter on the native spatial (picometre) and temporal (attosecond) scales of electron dynamics calls for techniques that can confine and examine the field emission on sub-femtosecond time intervals. Intense laser pulses have paved the way to this end3,4 by demonstrating femtosecond confinement5,6 and sub-optical cycle control7,8 of the optical field emission9 from nanostructured metals. Yet the measurement of attosecond electron pulses has remained elusive. We used intense, sub-cycle light transients to induce optical field emission of electron pulses from tungsten nanotips and a weak replica of the same transient to directly investigate the emission dynamics in real time. Access to the temporal properties of the electron pulses rescattering off the tip surface, including the duration τ = (53 as ± 5 as) and chirp, and the direct exploration of nanoscale near fields open new prospects for research and applications at the interface of attosecond physics and nano-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Y. Kim
- grid.10493.3f0000000121858338Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - M. Garg
- grid.419552.e0000 0001 1015 6736Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S. Mandal
- grid.10493.3f0000000121858338Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - L. Seiffert
- grid.10493.3f0000000121858338Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - T. Fennel
- grid.10493.3f0000000121858338Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - E. Goulielmakis
- grid.10493.3f0000000121858338Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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7
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Colombo A, Zimmermann J, Langbehn B, Möller T, Peltz C, Sander K, Kruse B, Tümmler P, Barke I, Rupp D, Fennel T. The Scatman: an approximate method for fast wide-angle scattering simulations. J Appl Crystallogr 2022; 55:1232-1246. [PMID: 36249495 PMCID: PMC9533759 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722008068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast method for wide-angle coherent scattering simulations of weakly absorbing isolated samples, called the Scatman, is presented. Its quantitative agreement with exact solutions and the low simulation time of its software implementation PyScatman open new perspectives for single-shot 3D coherent diffraction imaging. Single-shot coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) is a powerful approach to characterize the structure and dynamics of isolated nanoscale objects such as single viruses, aerosols, nanocrystals and droplets. Using X-ray wavelengths, the diffraction images in CDI experiments usually cover only small scattering angles of a few degrees. These small-angle patterns represent the magnitude of the Fourier transform of the 2D projection of the sample’s electron density, which can be reconstructed efficiently but lacks any depth information. In cases where the diffracted signal can be measured up to scattering angles exceeding ∼10°, i.e. in the wide-angle regime, some 3D morphological information of the target is contained in a single-shot diffraction pattern. However, the extraction of the 3D structural information is no longer straightforward and defines the key challenge in wide-angle CDI. So far, the most convenient approach relies on iterative forward fitting of the scattering pattern using scattering simulations. Here the Scatman is presented, an approximate and fast numerical tool for the simulation and iterative fitting of wide-angle scattering images of isolated samples. Furthermore, the open-source software implementation of the Scatman algorithm, PyScatman, is published and described in detail. The Scatman approach, which has already been applied in previous work for forward-fitting-based shape retrieval, adopts the multi-slice Fourier transform method. The effects of optical properties are partially included, yielding quantitative results for small, isolated and weakly interacting samples. PyScatman is capable of computing wide-angle scattering patterns in a few milliseconds even on consumer-level computing hardware, potentially enabling new data analysis schemes for wide-angle coherent diffraction experiments.
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8
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Stielow T, Schmidt R, Peltz C, Fennel T, Scheel S. Fast reconstruction of single-shot wide-angle diffraction images through deep learning. Mach Learn : Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/abb213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Single-shot x-ray imaging of short-lived nanostructures such as clusters and nanoparticles near a phase transition or non-crystalizing objects such as large proteins and viruses is currently the most elegant method for characterizing their structure. Using hard x-ray radiation provides scattering images that encode two-dimensional projections, which can be combined to identify the full three-dimensional object structure from multiple identical samples. Wide-angle scattering using XUV or soft x-rays, despite yielding lower resolution, provides three-dimensional structural information in a single shot and has opened routes towards the characterization of non-reproducible objects in the gas phase. The retrieval of the structural information contained in wide-angle scattering images is highly non-trivial, and currently no efficient rigorous algorithm is known. Here we show that deep learning networks, trained with simulated scattering data, allow for fast and accurate reconstruction of shape and orientation of nanoparticles from experimental images. The gain in speed compared to conventional retrieval techniques opens the route for automated structure reconstruction algorithms capable of real-time discrimination and pre-identification of nanostructures in scattering experiments with high repetition rate—thus representing the enabling technology for fast femtosecond nanocrystallography.
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9
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Trabattoni A, Colaizzi L, Ban L, Wanie V, Saraswathula K, Månsson EP, Rupp P, Liu Q, Seiffert L, Herzig EA, Cartella A, Yoder BL, Légaré F, Kling MF, Fennel T, Signorell R, Calegari F. Photoelectron spectroscopy of large water clusters ionized by an XUV comb. J Phys Photonics 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab92b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Detailed knowledge about photo-induced electron dynamics in water is key to the understanding of several biological and chemical mechanisms, in particular for those resulting from ionizing radiation. Here we report a method to obtain photoelectron spectra from neutral water clusters following ionization by an extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) attosecond pulse train, representing a first step towards a time-resolved analysis. Typically, a large background signal in the experiment arises from water monomers and carrier gas used in the cluster source. We report a protocol to quantify this background in order to eliminate it from the experimental spectra. We disentangle the accumulated XUV photoionization signal into contributions from the background species and the photoelectron spectra from the clusters. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates feasibility of background free photoelectron spectra of neutral water clusters ionized by XUV combs and paves the way for the detailed time-resolved analysis of the underlying dynamics.
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10
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11
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Rupp P, Burger C, Kling NG, Kübel M, Mitra S, Rosenberger P, Weatherby T, Saito N, Itatani J, Alnaser AS, Raschke MB, Rühl E, Schlander A, Gallei M, Seiffert L, Fennel T, Bergues B, Kling MF. Few-cycle laser driven reaction nanoscopy on aerosolized silica nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4655. [PMID: 31604937 PMCID: PMC6789024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles offer unique properties as photocatalysts with large surface areas. Under irradiation with light, the associated near-fields can induce, enhance, and control molecular adsorbate reactions on the nanoscale. So far, however, there is no simple method available to spatially resolve the near-field induced reaction yield on the surface of nanoparticles. Here we close this gap by introducing reaction nanoscopy based on three-dimensional momentum-resolved photoionization. The technique is demonstrated for the spatially selective proton generation in few-cycle laser-induced dissociative ionization of ethanol and water on SiO2 nanoparticles, resolving a pronounced variation across the particle surface. The results are modeled and reproduced qualitatively by electrostatic and quasi-classical mean-field Mie Monte-Carlo (M3C) calculations. Reaction nanoscopy is suited for a wide range of isolated nanosystems and can provide spatially resolved ultrafast reaction dynamics on nanoparticles, clusters, and droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rupp
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Burger
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Nora G Kling
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Kübel
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Sambit Mitra
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Philipp Rosenberger
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Weatherby
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Physics Department, Technical University Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Nariyuki Saito
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Jiro Itatani
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Ali S Alnaser
- Department of Physics, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, POB26666, UAE
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, JILA, and Center for Experiments on Quantum Materials, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physical Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Schlander
- Macromolecular Chemistry Department, Technical University Darmstadt, D-64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Gallei
- Chair in Polymer Chemistry, Saarland University, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lennart Seiffert
- Institute for Physics, Rostock University, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institute for Physics, Rostock University, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
- Max Born Institute, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Bergues
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Kling
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
- Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
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12
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Langbehn B, Sander K, Ovcharenko Y, Peltz C, Clark A, Coreno M, Cucini R, Drabbels M, Finetti P, Di Fraia M, Giannessi L, Grazioli C, Iablonskyi D, LaForge AC, Nishiyama T, Oliver Álvarez de Lara V, Piseri P, Plekan O, Ueda K, Zimmermann J, Prince KC, Stienkemeier F, Callegari C, Fennel T, Rupp D, Möller T. Three-Dimensional Shapes of Spinning Helium Nanodroplets. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:255301. [PMID: 30608832 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.255301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A significant fraction of superfluid helium nanodroplets produced in a free-jet expansion has been observed to gain high angular momentum resulting in large centrifugal deformation. We measured single-shot diffraction patterns of individual rotating helium nanodroplets up to large scattering angles using intense extreme ultraviolet light pulses from the FERMI free-electron laser. Distinct asymmetric features in the wide-angle diffraction patterns enable the unique and systematic identification of the three-dimensional droplet shapes. The analysis of a large data set allows us to follow the evolution from axisymmetric oblate to triaxial prolate and two-lobed droplets. We find that the shapes of spinning superfluid helium droplets exhibit the same stages as classical rotating droplets while the previously reported metastable, oblate shapes of quantum droplets are not observed. Our three-dimensional analysis represents a valuable landmark for clarifying the interrelation between morphology and superfluidity on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Langbehn
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Sander
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Yevheniy Ovcharenko
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Peltz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrew Clark
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Coreno
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Marcel Drabbels
- Laboratory of Molecular Nanodynamics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Finetti
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Michele Di Fraia
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luca Giannessi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Denys Iablonskyi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Aaron C LaForge
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Toshiyuki Nishiyama
- Division of Physics and Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Paolo Piseri
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Oksana Plekan
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Julian Zimmermann
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | | | - Carlo Callegari
- ISM-CNR, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, LD2 Unit, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut fur Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Möller
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Rupp D, Monserud N, Langbehn B, Sauppe M, Zimmermann J, Ovcharenko Y, Möller T, Frassetto F, Poletto L, Trabattoni A, Calegari F, Nisoli M, Sander K, Peltz C, Vrakking MJ, Fennel T, Rouzée A. Publisher Correction: Coherent diffractive imaging of single helium nanodroplets with a high harmonic generation source. Nat Commun 2018; 9:302. [PMID: 29335531 PMCID: PMC5768786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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14
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Fennel T. Timing the action of light on matter. Nature 2018; 561:314-315. [DOI: 10.1038/d41586-018-06687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Schütte B, Peltz C, Austin DR, Strüber C, Ye P, Rouzée A, Vrakking MJJ, Golubev N, Kuleff AI, Fennel T, Marangos JP. Low-Energy Electron Emission in the Strong-Field Ionization of Rare Gas Clusters. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:063202. [PMID: 30141654 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.063202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Clusters and nanoparticles have been widely investigated to determine how plasmonic near fields influence the strong-field induced energetic electron emission from finite systems. We focus on the contrary, i.e., the slow electrons, and discuss a hitherto unidentified low-energy structure (LES) in the photoemission spectra of rare gas clusters in intense near-infrared laser pulses. For Ar and Kr clusters we find, besides field-driven fast electrons, a robust and nearly isotropic emission of electrons with <4 eV kinetic energies that dominates the total yield. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal a correlated few-body decay process involving quasifree electrons and multiply excited ions in the nonequilibrium nanoplasma that results in a dominant LES feature. Our results indicate that the LES emission occurs after significant nanoplasma expansion, and that it is a generic phenomenon in intense laser nanoparticle interactions, which is likely to influence the formation of highly charged ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schütte
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Peltz
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Dane R Austin
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Strüber
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Arnaud Rouzée
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nikolay Golubev
- Theoretische Chemie, PCI, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander I Kuleff
- Theoretische Chemie, PCI, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- ELI-ALPS, Budapesti út 5, H-6728 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jon P Marangos
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
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16
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Passig J, Zherebtsov S, Irsig R, Arbeiter M, Peltz C, Göde S, Skruszewicz S, Meiwes-Broer KH, Tiggesbäumker J, Kling MF, Fennel T. Publisher Correction: Nanoplasmonic electron acceleration by attosecond-controlled forward rescattering in silver clusters. Nat Commun 2018; 9:629. [PMID: 29416048 PMCID: PMC5803266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-02903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Passig
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergey Zherebtsov
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85749, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Robert Irsig
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Arbeiter
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Peltz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Göde
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Slawomir Skruszewicz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Meiwes-Broer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Josef Tiggesbäumker
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Kling
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85749, Garching, Germany. .,Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany. .,Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, D-12489, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Zastrau U, Rödel C, Nakatsutsumi M, Feigl T, Appel K, Chen B, Döppner T, Fennel T, Fiedler T, Fletcher LB, Förster E, Gamboa E, Gericke DO, Göde S, Grote-Fortmann C, Hilbert V, Kazak L, Laarmann T, Lee HJ, Mabey P, Martinez F, Meiwes-Broer KH, Pauer H, Perske M, Przystawik A, Roling S, Skruszewicz S, Shihab M, Tiggesbäumker J, Toleikis S, Wünsche M, Zacharias H, Glenzer SH, Gregori G. A sensitive EUV Schwarzschild microscope for plasma studies with sub-micrometer resolution. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:023703. [PMID: 29495844 DOI: 10.1063/1.5007950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) microscope using a Schwarzschild objective which is optimized for single-shot sub-micrometer imaging of laser-plasma targets. The microscope has been designed and constructed for imaging the scattering from an EUV-heated solid-density hydrogen jet. Imaging of a cryogenic hydrogen target was demonstrated using single pulses of the free-electron laser in Hamburg (FLASH) free-electron laser at a wavelength of 13.5 nm. In a single exposure, we observe a hydrogen jet with ice fragments with a spatial resolution in the sub-micrometer range. In situ EUV imaging is expected to enable novel experimental capabilities for warm dense matter studies of micrometer-sized samples in laser-plasma experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - C Rödel
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - T Feigl
- optiX fab GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - K Appel
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - B Chen
- China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, China
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - T Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Fiedler
- optiX fab GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - L B Fletcher
- Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Förster
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - E Gamboa
- Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - S Göde
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - V Hilbert
- Institute of Applied Physics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - L Kazak
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Laarmann
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CUI, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H J Lee
- Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P Mabey
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - F Martinez
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - K-H Meiwes-Broer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - H Pauer
- optiX fab GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M Perske
- optiX fab GmbH, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 6, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - A Przystawik
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Roling
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Skruszewicz
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - M Shihab
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - J Tiggesbäumker
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - S Toleikis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Wünsche
- Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - H Zacharias
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S H Glenzer
- Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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18
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Passig J, Zherebtsov S, Irsig R, Arbeiter M, Peltz C, Göde S, Skruszewicz S, Meiwes-Broer KH, Tiggesbäumker J, Kling MF, Fennel T. Nanoplasmonic electron acceleration by attosecond-controlled forward rescattering in silver clusters. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1181. [PMID: 29081493 PMCID: PMC5661747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01286-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the strong-field photoemission from atoms, molecules, and surfaces, the fastest electrons emerge from tunneling and subsequent field-driven recollision, followed by elastic backscattering. This rescattering picture is central to attosecond science and enables control of the electron’s trajectory via the sub-cycle evolution of the laser electric field. Here we reveal a so far unexplored route for waveform-controlled electron acceleration emerging from forward rescattering in resonant plasmonic systems. We studied plasmon-enhanced photoemission from silver clusters and found that the directional acceleration can be controlled up to high kinetic energy with the relative phase of a two-color laser field. Our analysis reveals that the cluster’s plasmonic near-field establishes a sub-cycle directional gate that enables the selective acceleration. The identified generic mechanism offers robust attosecond control of the electron acceleration at plasmonic nanostructures, opening perspectives for laser-based sources of attosecond electron pulses. Accelerating electrons to high energy and controlling their properties on ultrafast timescales is challenging. Here the authors show controlled acceleration of electron bunches using forward scattering in the resonantly enhanced polarization field of silver clusters driven by a phase-tuned two-color laser field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Passig
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sergey Zherebtsov
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85749, Garching, Germany.,Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Robert Irsig
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Arbeiter
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Peltz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Göde
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Slawomir Skruszewicz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Meiwes-Broer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Josef Tiggesbäumker
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Kling
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Am Coulombwall 1, D-85749, Garching, Germany. .,Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23, D-18059, Rostock, Germany. .,Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Straße 2A, D-12489, Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Ciappina MF, Pérez-Hernández JA, Landsman AS, Okell WA, Zherebtsov S, Förg B, Schötz J, Seiffert L, Fennel T, Shaaran T, Zimmermann T, Chacón A, Guichard R, Zaïr A, Tisch JWG, Marangos JP, Witting T, Braun A, Maier SA, Roso L, Krüger M, Hommelhoff P, Kling MF, Krausz F, Lewenstein M. Attosecond physics at the nanoscale. Rep Prog Phys 2017; 80:054401. [PMID: 28059773 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently two emerging areas of research, attosecond and nanoscale physics, have started to come together. Attosecond physics deals with phenomena occurring when ultrashort laser pulses, with duration on the femto- and sub-femtosecond time scales, interact with atoms, molecules or solids. The laser-induced electron dynamics occurs natively on a timescale down to a few hundred or even tens of attoseconds (1 attosecond = 1 as = 10-18 s), which is comparable with the optical field. For comparison, the revolution of an electron on a 1s orbital of a hydrogen atom is ∼152 as. On the other hand, the second branch involves the manipulation and engineering of mesoscopic systems, such as solids, metals and dielectrics, with nanometric precision. Although nano-engineering is a vast and well-established research field on its own, the merger with intense laser physics is relatively recent. In this report on progress we present a comprehensive experimental and theoretical overview of physics that takes place when short and intense laser pulses interact with nanosystems, such as metallic and dielectric nanostructures. In particular we elucidate how the spatially inhomogeneous laser induced fields at a nanometer scale modify the laser-driven electron dynamics. Consequently, this has important impact on pivotal processes such as above-threshold ionization and high-order harmonic generation. The deep understanding of the coupled dynamics between these spatially inhomogeneous fields and matter configures a promising way to new avenues of research and applications. Thanks to the maturity that attosecond physics has reached, together with the tremendous advance in material engineering and manipulation techniques, the age of atto-nanophysics has begun, but it is in the initial stage. We present thus some of the open questions, challenges and prospects for experimental confirmation of theoretical predictions, as well as experiments aimed at characterizing the induced fields and the unique electron dynamics initiated by them with high temporal and spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Ciappina
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Institute of Physics of the ASCR, ELI-Beamlines project, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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MacDonald MJ, Gorkhover T, Bachmann B, Bucher M, Carron S, Coffee RN, Drake RP, Ferguson KR, Fletcher LB, Gamboa EJ, Glenzer SH, Göde S, Hau-Riege SP, Kraus D, Krzywinski J, Levitan AL, Meiwes-Broer KH, O'Grady CP, Osipov T, Pardini T, Peltz C, Skruszewicz S, Swiggers M, Bostedt C, Fennel T, Döppner T. Measurement of high-dynamic range x-ray Thomson scattering spectra for the characterization of nano-plasmas at LCLS. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11E709. [PMID: 27910491 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atomic clusters can serve as ideal model systems for exploring ultrafast (∼100 fs) laser-driven ionization dynamics of dense matter on the nanometer scale. Resonant absorption of optical laser pulses enables heating to temperatures on the order of 1 keV at near solid density conditions. To date, direct probing of transient states of such nano-plasmas was limited to coherent x-ray imaging. Here we present the first measurement of spectrally resolved incoherent x-ray scattering from clusters, enabling measurements of transient temperature, densities, and ionization. Single shot x-ray Thomson scattering signals were recorded at 120 Hz using a crystal spectrometer in combination with a single-photon counting and energy-dispersive pnCCD. A precise pump laser collimation scheme enabled recording near background-free scattering spectra from Ar clusters with an unprecedented dynamic range of more than 3 orders of magnitude. Such measurements are important for understanding collective effects in laser-matter interactions on femtosecond time scales, opening new routes for the development of schemes for their ultrafast control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J MacDonald
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - T Gorkhover
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - B Bachmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - M Bucher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Carron
- California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, USA
| | - R N Coffee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R P Drake
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - K R Ferguson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E J Gamboa
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Göde
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S P Hau-Riege
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - D Kraus
- University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - A L Levitan
- Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, Needham, Massachusetts 02492, USA
| | | | - C P O'Grady
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Osipov
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Pardini
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - C Peltz
- Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - M Swiggers
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Bostedt
- Argonne National Lab, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - T Fennel
- Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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21
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Rupp D, Flückiger L, Adolph M, Gorkhover T, Krikunova M, Müller JP, Müller M, Oelze T, Ovcharenko Y, Röben B, Sauppe M, Schorb S, Wolter D, Mitzner R, Wöstmann M, Roling S, Harmand M, Treusch R, Arbeiter M, Fennel T, Bostedt C, Möller T. Recombination-Enhanced Surface Expansion of Clusters in Intense Soft X-Ray Laser Pulses. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:153401. [PMID: 27768378 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.153401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We studied the nanoplasma formation and explosion dynamics of single large xenon clusters in ultrashort, intense x-ray free-electron laser pulses via ion spectroscopy. The simultaneous measurement of single-shot diffraction images enabled a single-cluster analysis that is free from any averaging over the cluster size and laser intensity distributions. The measured charge state-resolved ion energy spectra show narrow distributions with peak positions that scale linearly with final ion charge state. These two distinct signatures are attributed to highly efficient recombination that eventually leads to the dominant formation of neutral atoms in the cluster. The measured mean ion energies exceed the value expected without recombination by more than an order of magnitude, indicating that the energy release resulting from electron-ion recombination constitutes a previously unnoticed nanoplasma heating process. This conclusion is supported by results from semiclassical molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rupp
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Flückiger
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Marcus Adolph
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tais Gorkhover
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Maria Krikunova
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Philippe Müller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Müller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Oelze
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yevheniy Ovcharenko
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Röben
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Sauppe
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schorb
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - David Wolter
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rolf Mitzner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wöstmann
- Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Roling
- Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Treusch
- FLASH, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Arbeiter
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- LCLS, SLAC, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Seiffert L, Süßmann F, Zherebtsov S, Rupp P, Peltz C, Rühl E, Kling MF, Fennel T. Competition of single and double rescattering in the strong-field photoemission from dielectric nanospheres. Appl Phys B 2016; 122:101. [PMID: 32355418 PMCID: PMC7175736 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-016-6369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures exposed to ultrashort waveform-controlled laser pulses enable the generation of enhanced and highly localized near fields with adjustable local electric field evolution. Here, we study dielectric SiO2 nanospheres (d = 100-700 nm) under strong carrier-envelope phase-controlled few-cycle laser pulses and perform a systematic theoretical analysis of the resulting near-field driven photoemission. In particular, we analyze the impacts of charge interaction and local field ellipticity on the near-field driven electron acceleration. Our semiclassical transport simulations predict strong quenching of the electron emission and enhanced electron energies due to the ionization induced space charge. Though single surface backscattering remains the main emission process for the considered parameter range, we find a substantial contribution of double rescattering that increases with sphere size and becomes dominant near the cutoff energy for the largest investigated spheres. The growing importance of the double recollision process is traced back to the increasing local field ellipticity via trajectory analysis and the corresponding initial to final state correlation. Finally, we compare the carrier-envelope phase-dependent emission of single and double recollision electrons and find that both exhibit a characteristic directional switching behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Seiffert
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - F. Süßmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S. Zherebtsov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P. Rupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C. Peltz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - E. Rühl
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. F. Kling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Physik Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T. Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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23
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Schütte B, Arbeiter M, Mermillod-Blondin A, Vrakking MJJ, Rouzée A, Fennel T. Ionization Avalanching in Clusters Ignited by Extreme-Ultraviolet Driven Seed Electrons. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:033001. [PMID: 26849590 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.033001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study the ionization dynamics of Ar clusters exposed to ultrashort near-infrared (NIR) laser pulses for intensities well below the threshold at which tunnel ionization ignites nanoplasma formation. We find that the emission of highly charged ions up to Ar^{8+} can be switched on with unit contrast by generating only a few seed electrons with an ultrashort extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) pulse prior to the NIR field. Molecular dynamics simulations can explain the experimental observations and predict a generic scenario where efficient heating via inverse bremsstrahlung and NIR avalanching is followed by resonant collective nanoplasma heating. The temporally and spatially well-controlled injection of the XUV seed electrons opens new routes for controlling avalanching and heating phenomena in nanostructures and solids, with implications for both fundamental and applied laser-matter science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Schütte
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Arbeiter
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Arnaud Rouzée
- Max-Born-Institut, Max-Born-Straße 2A, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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24
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Süßmann F, Seiffert L, Zherebtsov S, Mondes V, Stierle J, Arbeiter M, Plenge J, Rupp P, Peltz C, Kessel A, Trushin SA, Ahn B, Kim D, Graf C, Rühl E, Kling MF, Fennel T. Field propagation-induced directionality of carrier-envelope phase-controlled photoemission from nanospheres. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7944. [PMID: 26264422 PMCID: PMC4557130 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-fields of non-resonantly laser-excited nanostructures enable strong localization of ultrashort light fields and have opened novel routes to fundamentally modify and control electronic strong-field processes. Harnessing spatiotemporally tunable near-fields for the steering of sub-cycle electron dynamics may enable ultrafast optoelectronic devices and unprecedented control in the generation of attosecond electron and photon pulses. Here we utilize unsupported sub-wavelength dielectric nanospheres to generate near-fields with adjustable structure and study the resulting strong-field dynamics via photoelectron imaging. We demonstrate field propagation-induced tunability of the emission direction of fast recollision electrons up to a regime, where nonlinear charge interaction effects become dominant in the acceleration process. Our analysis supports that the timing of the recollision process remains controllable with attosecond resolution by the carrier-envelope phase, indicating the possibility to expand near-field-mediated control far into the realm of high-field phenomena. The localized enhancement of laser light in optical near-fields of nanostructures enables the steering of ultrafast electronic motion. Here, the authors employ field propagation in nanospheres to obtain directional tunability and attosecond control of near-field-induced strong-field photoemission.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Süßmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany.,Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Seiffert
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - S Zherebtsov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany.,Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - V Mondes
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Stierle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - M Arbeiter
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - J Plenge
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Rupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany.,Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Peltz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - A Kessel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - S A Trushin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - B Ahn
- Department of Physics, Center for Attosecond Science and Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea.,Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Max Planck POSTECH/KOREA Res. Init., Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - D Kim
- Department of Physics, Center for Attosecond Science and Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea.,Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Max Planck POSTECH/KOREA Res. Init., Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - C Graf
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - E Rühl
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M F Kling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, D-85748 Garching, Germany.,Physics Department, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-85748 Garching, Germany.,Department of Physics, Center for Attosecond Science and Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea.,J.R. Macdonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas-State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - T Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
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25
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Sayler AM, Arbeiter M, Fasold S, Adolph D, Möller M, Hoff D, Rathje T, Fetić B, Milošević DB, Fennel T, Paulus GG. Accurate determination of absolute carrier-envelope phase dependence using photo-ionization. Opt Lett 2015; 40:3137-3140. [PMID: 26125386 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.003137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The carrier-envelope phase (CEP) dependence of few-cycle above-threshold ionization (ATI) of Xe is calibrated for use as a reference measurement for determining and controlling the absolute CEP in other interactions. This is achieved by referencing the CEP-dependent ATI measurements of Xe to measurements of atomic H, which are in turn referenced to ab initio calculations for atomic H. This allows for the accurate determination of the absolute CEP dependence of Xe ATI, which enables relatively easy determination of the offset between the relative CEP measured and/or controlled by typical devices and the absolute CEP in the interaction.
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26
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Li H, Mignolet B, Wachter G, Skruszewicz S, Zherebtsov S, Süssmann F, Kessel A, Trushin SA, Kling NG, Kübel M, Ahn B, Kim D, Ben-Itzhak I, Cocke CL, Fennel T, Tiggesbäumker J, Meiwes-Broer KH, Lemell C, Burgdörfer J, Levine RD, Remacle F, Kling MF. Coherent electronic wave packet motion in C(60) controlled by the waveform and polarization of few-cycle laser fields. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:123004. [PMID: 25860740 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.123004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strong laser fields can be used to trigger an ultrafast molecular response that involves electronic excitation and ionization dynamics. Here, we report on the experimental control of the spatial localization of the electronic excitation in the C_{60} fullerene exerted by an intense few-cycle (4 fs) pulse at 720 nm. The control is achieved by tailoring the carrier-envelope phase and the polarization of the laser pulse. We find that the maxima and minima of the photoemission-asymmetry parameter along the laser-polarization axis are synchronized with the localization of the coherent electronic wave packet at around the time of ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - B Mignolet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - G Wachter
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
| | - S Skruszewicz
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - S Zherebtsov
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - F Süssmann
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - A Kessel
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - S A Trushin
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - Nora G Kling
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - M Kübel
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
| | - B Ahn
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Physics Department, CASTECH, POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Max Planck POSTECH/KOREA Research Initiative, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - D Kim
- Physics Department, CASTECH, POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Republic of Korea
- Max Planck Center for Attosecond Science, Max Planck POSTECH/KOREA Research Initiative, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - I Ben-Itzhak
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - C L Cocke
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - T Fennel
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - J Tiggesbäumker
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - K-H Meiwes-Broer
- Institute of Physics, Universität Rostock, Rostock D-18051, Germany
| | - C Lemell
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
| | - J Burgdörfer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna A-1040, Austria
- Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ATOMKI), Debrecen H-4001, Hungary
| | - R D Levine
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - F Remacle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - M F Kling
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Garching D-85748, Germany
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Garching D-85748, Germany
- J.R. MacDonald Laboratory, Physics Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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27
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Barke I, Hartmann H, Rupp D, Flückiger L, Sauppe M, Adolph M, Schorb S, Bostedt C, Treusch R, Peltz C, Bartling S, Fennel T, Meiwes-Broer KH, Möller T. The 3D-architecture of individual free silver nanoparticles captured by X-ray scattering. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6187. [PMID: 25650004 PMCID: PMC4347053 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of nanoparticle shapes generated by condensation from gaseous matter reflects the fundamental competition between thermodynamic equilibration and the persistence of metastable configurations during growth. In the kinetically limited regime, intermediate geometries that are favoured only in early formation stages can be imprinted in the finally observed ensemble of differently structured specimens. Here we demonstrate that single-shot wide-angle scattering of femtosecond soft X-ray free-electron laser pulses allows three-dimensional characterization of the resulting metastable nanoparticle structures. For individual free silver particles, which can be considered frozen in space for the duration of photon exposure, both shape and orientation are uncovered from measured scattering images. We identify regular shapes, including species with fivefold symmetry and surprisingly large aspect ratio up to particle radii of the order of 100 nm. Our approach includes scattering effects beyond Born’s approximation and is remarkably efficient—opening up new routes in ultrafast nanophysics and free-electron laser science. The occurrence of thermodynamically metastable nanoparticles determines the particle growth in nature, but capturing them is experimentally challenging. Barke et al. identify the three-dimensional shape of metastable silver nanoparticles in gas phase, characterized by X-ray free-electron laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Barke
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hannes Hartmann
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniela Rupp
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Flückiger
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Sauppe
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Adolph
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schorb
- 1] IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany [2] Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Christoph Bostedt
- 1] Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA [2] PULSE Institute, Stanford University and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Rolf Treusch
- FLASH, DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Peltz
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Bartling
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Möller
- IOAP, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Peltz C, Varin C, Brabec T, Fennel T. Time-resolved x-ray imaging of anisotropic nanoplasma expansion. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 113:133401. [PMID: 25302885 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.133401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A complete time-resolved x-ray imaging experiment of laser heated solid-density hydrogen clusters is modeled by microscopic particle-in-cell simulations that account self-consistently for the microscopic cluster dynamics and electromagnetic wave evolution. A technique is developed to retrieve the anisotropic nanoplasma expansion from the elastic and inelastic x-ray scattering data. Our method takes advantage of the self-similar evolution of the nanoplasma density and enables us to make movies of ultrafast nanoplasma dynamics from pump-probe x-ray imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peltz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Charles Varin
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Thomas Brabec
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Thomas Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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Zastrau U, Sperling P, Becker A, Bornath T, Bredow R, Döppner T, Dziarzhytski S, Fennel T, Fletcher LB, Förster E, Fortmann C, Glenzer SH, Göde S, Gregori G, Harmand M, Hilbert V, Holst B, Laarmann T, Lee HJ, Ma T, Mithen JP, Mitzner R, Murphy CD, Nakatsutsumi M, Neumayer P, Przystawik A, Roling S, Schulz M, Siemer B, Skruszewicz S, Tiggesbäumker J, Toleikis S, Tschentscher T, White T, Wöstmann M, Zacharias H, Redmer R. Equilibration dynamics and conductivity of warm dense hydrogen. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2014; 90:013104. [PMID: 25122398 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.013104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate subpicosecond dynamics of warm dense hydrogen at the XUV free-electron laser facility (FLASH) at DESY (Hamburg). Ultrafast impulsive electron heating is initiated by a ≤ 300-fs short x-ray burst of 92-eV photon energy. A second pulse probes the sample via x-ray scattering at jitter-free variable time delay. We show that the initial molecular structure dissociates within (0.9 ± 0.2) ps, allowing us to infer the energy transfer rate between electrons and ions. We evaluate Saha and Thomas-Fermi ionization models in radiation hydrodynamics simulations, predicting plasma parameters that are subsequently used to calculate the static structure factor. A conductivity model for partially ionized plasma is validated by two-temperature density-functional theory coupled to molecular dynamic simulations and agrees with the experimental data. Our results provide important insights and the needed experimental data on transport properties of dense plasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zastrau
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P Sperling
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - A Becker
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Bornath
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - R Bredow
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S Dziarzhytski
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Förster
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany and Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - C Fortmann
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Göde
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA and Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M Harmand
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - V Hilbert
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - B Holst
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Laarmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H J Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J P Mithen
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Mitzner
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - C D Murphy
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M Nakatsutsumi
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Neumayer
- Extreme Matter Institute, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Przystawik
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Roling
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Siemer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Skruszewicz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - J Tiggesbäumker
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - S Toleikis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Tschentscher
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T White
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M Wöstmann
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Zacharias
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - R Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
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Zastrau U, Sperling P, Harmand M, Becker A, Bornath T, Bredow R, Dziarzhytski S, Fennel T, Fletcher LB, Förster E, Göde S, Gregori G, Hilbert V, Hochhaus D, Holst B, Laarmann T, Lee HJ, Ma T, Mithen JP, Mitzner R, Murphy CD, Nakatsutsumi M, Neumayer P, Przystawik A, Roling S, Schulz M, Siemer B, Skruszewicz S, Tiggesbäumker J, Toleikis S, Tschentscher T, White T, Wöstmann M, Zacharias H, Döppner T, Glenzer SH, Redmer R. Resolving ultrafast heating of dense cryogenic hydrogen. Phys Rev Lett 2014; 112:105002. [PMID: 24679300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the dynamics of ultrafast heating in cryogenic hydrogen initiated by a ≲300 fs, 92 eV free electron laser x-ray burst. The rise of the x-ray scattering amplitude from a second x-ray pulse probes the transition from dense cryogenic molecular hydrogen to a nearly uncorrelated plasmalike structure, indicating an electron-ion equilibration time of ∼0.9 ps. The rise time agrees with radiation hydrodynamics simulations based on a conductivity model for partially ionized plasma that is validated by two-temperature density-functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Zastrau
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - P Sperling
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Harmand
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Becker
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Bornath
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - R Bredow
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - S Dziarzhytski
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Fennel
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - E Förster
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany and Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - S Göde
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - V Hilbert
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - D Hochhaus
- Extreme Matter Institute, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - B Holst
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - T Laarmann
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging CUI, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H J Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Ma
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - J P Mithen
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - R Mitzner
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse, 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - C D Murphy
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M Nakatsutsumi
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Neumayer
- Extreme Matter Institute, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - A Przystawik
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Roling
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse, 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M Schulz
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - B Siemer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse, 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Skruszewicz
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - J Tiggesbäumker
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - S Toleikis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Tschentscher
- European XFEL, Albert-Einstein-Ring 19, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - T White
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M Wöstmann
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse, 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - H Zacharias
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse, 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - T Döppner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
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31
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Varin C, Peltz C, Brabec T, Fennel T. Attosecond plasma wave dynamics in laser-driven cluster nanoplasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 108:175007. [PMID: 22680878 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.175007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a microscopic particle-in-cell approach that allows bridging the microscopic and macroscopic realms of laser-driven plasma physics. As a first application, resonantly driven cluster nanoplasmas are investigated. Our analysis reveals an attosecond plasma-wave dynamics in clusters with radii R is approximately equal to 30 nm. The plasma waves are excited by electrons recolliding with the cluster surface and travel toward the center, where they collide and break. In this process, energetic electron hot spots are generated along with highly localized attosecond electric field fluctuations, whose intensity exceeds the driving laser by more than 2 orders of magnitude. The ionization enhancement resulting from both effects generates a strongly nonuniform ion charge distribution. The observed nonlinear plasma-wave phenomena have a profound effect on the ionization dynamics of nanoparticles and offer a route to extreme nanoplasmonic field enhancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Varin
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Köhn J, Fennel T. Time-resolved analysis of strong-field induced plasmon oscillations in metal clusters by spectral interferometry with few-cycle laser fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:8747-54. [PMID: 21331387 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02344b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme for ultrafast real-time imaging of laser-induced collective electron oscillations (Mie plasmons) in gas phase metal clusters by interferometrically stable scanning of two intense few-cycle optical laser pulses. The feasibility of our nonlinear spectral interferometry method with experimentally accessible observables is tested in a theoretical case study on simple-metal clusters (Na(147)). The results show that the plasmon period and lifetime as well as the phase and relative amplitude of the collective electron motion can be extracted with sub-fs resolution. The access to nonlinear response effects, as the demonstrated increase of the plasmon lifetime with laser intensity due to ionization-induced contraction of the electron cloud, opens up vast opportunities for interrogating ultrafast many-particle dynamics in nanosystems under strong laser fields with unprecedented resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Köhn
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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33
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Döppner T, Müller JP, Przystawik A, Göde S, Tiggesbäumker J, Meiwes-Broer KH, Varin C, Ramunno L, Brabec T, Fennel T. Steplike intensity threshold behavior of extreme ionization in laser-driven xenon clusters. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 105:053401. [PMID: 20867915 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.053401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation of highly charged Xe(q+) ions up to q=24 is observed in Xe clusters embedded in helium nanodroplets and exposed to intense femtosecond laser pulses (λ=800 nm). Laser intensity resolved measurements show that the high-q ion generation starts at an unexpectedly low threshold intensity of about 10(14) W/cm2. Above threshold, the Xe ion charge spectrum saturates quickly and changes only weakly for higher laser intensities. Good agreement between these observations and a molecular dynamics analysis allows us to identify the mechanisms responsible for the highly charged ion production and the surprising intensity threshold behavior of the ionization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Döppner
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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Bostedt C, Thomas H, Hoener M, Eremina E, Fennel T, Meiwes-Broer KH, Wabnitz H, Kuhlmann M, Plönjes E, Tiedtke K, Treusch R, Feldhaus J, de Castro ARB, Möller T. Multistep ionization of argon clusters in intense femtosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:133401. [PMID: 18517951 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.133401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of intense extreme ultraviolet femtosecond laser pulses (lambda = 32.8 nm) from the FLASH free electron laser (FEL) with clusters has been investigated by means of photoelectron spectroscopy and modeled by Monte Carlo simulations. For laser intensities up to 5x10(13) W/cm(2), we find that the cluster ionization process is a sequence of direct electron emission events in a developing Coulomb field. A nanoplasma is formed only at the highest investigated power densities where ionization is frustrated due to the deep cluster potential. In contrast with earlier studies in the IR and vacuum ultraviolet spectral regime, we find no evidence for electron emission from plasma heating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bostedt
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Eugene-Wigner-Bldg. EW 3-1, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Fennel T, Ramunno L, Brabec T. Highly charged ions from laser-cluster interactions: local-field-enhanced impact ionization and frustrated electron-ion recombination. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:233401. [PMID: 18233362 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.233401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Our molecular dynamics analysis of Xe_{147-5083} clusters identifies two mechanisms that contribute to the yet unexplained observation of extremely highly charged ions in intense laser cluster experiments. First, electron impact ionization is enhanced by the local cluster electric field, increasing the highest charge states by up to 40%; a corresponding theoretical method is developed. Second, electron-ion recombination after the laser pulse is frustrated by acceleration electric fields typically used in ion detectors. This increases the highest charge states by up to 90%, as compared to the usual assumption of total recombination of all cluster-bound electrons. Both effects together augment the highest charge states by up to 120%, in reasonable agreement with experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fennel
- Center for Photonics Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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