1
|
Wallick R, Chakrabarti S, Burke JH, Gnewkow R, Chae JB, Rossi TC, Mantouvalou I, Kanngießer B, Fondell M, Eckert S, Dykstra C, Smith LE, Vura-Weis J, Mirica LM, van der Veen RM. Excited-State Identification of a Nickel-Bipyridine Photocatalyst by Time-Resolved X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4976-4982. [PMID: 38691639 PMCID: PMC11089568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Photoassisted catalysis using Ni complexes is an emerging field for cross-coupling reactions in organic synthesis. However, the mechanism by which light enables and enhances the reactivity of these complexes often remains elusive. Although optical techniques have been widely used to study the ground and excited states of photocatalysts, they lack the specificity to interrogate the electronic and structural changes at specific atoms. Herein, we report metal-specific studies using transient Ni L- and K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy of a prototypical Ni photocatalyst, (dtbbpy)Ni(o-tol)Cl (dtb = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl, bpy = bipyridine, o-tol = ortho-tolyl), in solution. We unambiguously confirm via direct experimental evidence that the long-lived (∼5 ns) excited state is a tetrahedral metal-centered triplet state. These results demonstrate the power of ultrafast X-ray spectroscopies to unambiguously elucidate the nature of excited states in important transition-metal-based photocatalytic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
F. Wallick
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sagnik Chakrabarti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John H. Burke
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Richard Gnewkow
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Institute
of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische
Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Ju Byeong Chae
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Thomas C. Rossi
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Ioanna Mantouvalou
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Institute
of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische
Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Birgit Kanngießer
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Institute
of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische
Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Mattis Fondell
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eckert
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Conner Dykstra
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Laura E. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Liviu M. Mirica
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Renske M. van der Veen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Atomic-Scale Dynamics in Light-Energy Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Institute
of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische
Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Naumova M, Paveliuc G, Biednov M, Kubicek K, Kalinko A, Meng J, Liang M, Rahaman A, Abdellah M, Checchia S, Alves Lima F, Zalden P, Gawelda W, Bressler C, Geng H, Lin W, Liu Y, Zhao Q, Pan Q, Akter M, Kong Q, Retegan M, Gosztola DJ, Pápai M, Khakhulin D, Lawson Daku M, Zheng K, Canton SE. Nonadiabatic Charge Transfer within Photoexcited Nickel Porphyrins. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3627-3638. [PMID: 38530393 PMCID: PMC11000243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Metalloporphyrins with open d-shell ions can drive biochemical energy cycles. However, their utilization in photoconversion is hampered by rapid deactivation. Mapping the relaxation pathways is essential for elaborating strategies that can favorably alter the charge dynamics through chemical design and photoexcitation conditions. Here, we combine transient optical absorption spectroscopy and transient X-ray emission spectroscopy with femtosecond resolution to probe directly the coupled electronic and spin dynamics within a photoexcited nickel porphyrin in solution. Measurements and calculations reveal that a state with charge-transfer character mediates the formation of the thermalized excited state, thereby advancing the description of the photocycle for this important representative molecule. More generally, establishing that intramolecular charge-transfer steps play a role in the photoinduced dynamics of metalloporphyrins with open d-shell sets a conceptual ground for their development as building blocks capable of boosting nonadiabatic photoconversion in functional architectures through "hot" charge transfer down to the attosecond time scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria
A. Naumova
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gheorghe Paveliuc
- Département
de Chimie Physique, Université de
Genève, Quai E. Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | | | - Katharina Kubicek
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The
Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University
of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee
149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich
Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestraße 9-11, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Kalinko
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jie Meng
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mingli Liang
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ahibur Rahaman
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Abdellah
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department
of Chemistry, Qena Faculty of Science, South
Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Stefano Checchia
- ESRF
- The European Synchrotron, 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Peter Zalden
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Wojciech Gawelda
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Autónoma
de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Calle
Faraday 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Faculty
of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan 61-614, Poland
| | - Christian Bressler
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The
Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University
of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee
149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Fachbereich
Physik, Universität Hamburg, Notkestraße 9-11, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Huifang Geng
- Department
of Physics, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Weihua Lin
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yan Liu
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Qinying Pan
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marufa Akter
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Qingyu Kong
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des
Merisiers, 91190 Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Marius Retegan
- ESRF
- The European Synchrotron, 71, avenue des Martyrs, CS 40220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - David J. Gosztola
- Center
for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National
Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Mátyás Pápai
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Center for Physics, P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
| | | | - Max Lawson Daku
- Département
de Chimie Physique, Université de
Genève, Quai E. Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Kaibo Zheng
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
- Chemical
Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sophie E. Canton
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ogawa T, Wenger OS. Nickel(II) Analogues of Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Complexes with Picosecond Excited-State Decay. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312851. [PMID: 37732725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Square-planar NiII complexes are interesting as cheaper and more sustainable alternatives to PtII luminophores widely used in lighting and photocatalysis. We investigated the excited-state behavior of two NiII complexes, which are isostructural with two luminescent PtII complexes. The initially excited singlet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (1 MLCT) excited states in the NiII complexes decay to metal-centered (3 MC) excited states within less than 1 picosecond, followed by non-radiative relaxation of the 3 MC states to the electronic ground state within 9-21 ps. This contrasts with the population of an emissive triplet ligand-centered (3 LC) excited state upon excitation of the PtII analogues. Structural distortions of the NiII complexes are responsible for this discrepant behavior and lead to dark 3 MC states far lower in energy than the luminescent 3 LC states of PtII compounds. Our findings suggest that if these structural distortions could be restricted by more rigid coordination environments and stronger ligand fields, the excited-state relaxation in four-coordinate NiII complexes could be decelerated such that luminescent 3 LC or 3 MLCT excited states become accessible. These insights are relevant to make NiII fit for photophysical and photochemical applications that relied on PtII until now.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Garcia-Orrit S, Vega-Mayoral V, Chen Q, Serra G, Paternò GM, Cánovas E, Narita A, Müllen K, Tommasini M, Cabanillas-González J. Nanographene-Based Decoration as a Panchromatic Antenna for Metalloporphyrin Conjugates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301596. [PMID: 37329205 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins, a type of heterocyclic aromatic compounds consisting of tetrapyrroles connected by four substituted methine groups, are appealing building blocks for solar energy applications. However, their photosensitization capability is limited by their large optical energy gap, which results in a mismatch in absorption toward efficient harvesting of the solar spectrum. Porphyrin π-extension by edge-fusing with nanographenes can be employed for narrowing their optical energy gap from 2.35 to 1.08 eV, enabling the development of porphyrin-based panchromatic dyes with an optimized energy onset for solar energy conversion in dye-sensitized solar fuel and solar cell configurations. By combining time-dependent density functional theory with fs transient absorption spectroscopy, it is found that the primary singlets, which are delocalized across the entire aromatic part, are transferred into metal centred triplets in only 1.2 ps; and subsequently, relax toward ligand-delocalized triplets. This observation implies that the decoration of the porphyrin moiety with nanographenes, while having a large impact on the absorption onset of the novel dye, promotes the formation of a ligand-centred lowest triplet state of large spatial extension, potentially interesting for boosting interactions with electron scavengers. These results reveal a design strategy for broadening the applicability of porphyrin-based dyes in optoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saül Garcia-Orrit
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Victor Vega-Mayoral
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Qiang Chen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gianluca Serra
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe M Paternò
- Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Akimitsu Narita
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano, 20133, Italy
| | - Juan Cabanillas-González
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martin SM, Repa GM, Hamburger RC, Pointer CA, Ward K, Pham TN, Martin MI, Rosenthal J, Fredin LA, Young ER. Elucidation of complex triplet excited state dynamics in Pd(II) biladiene tetrapyrroles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2179-2189. [PMID: 36594369 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pd(II) biladienes have been developed over the last five years as non-aromatic oligotetrapyrrole complexes that support a rich triplet photochemistry. In this work, we have undertaken the first detailed photophysical interrogation of three homologous Pd(II) biladienes bearing different combinations of methyl- and phenyl-substituents on the frameworks' sp3-hybridized meso-carbon (i.e., the 10-position of the biladiene framework). These experiments have revealed unexpected excited-state dynamics that are dependent on the wavelength of light used to excite the biladiene. More specifically, transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that higher-energy excitation (λexc ∼ 350-500 nm) led to an additional lifetime (i.e., an extra photophysical process) compared to experiments carried out following excitation into the lowest-energy excited states (λexc = 550 nm). Each Pd(II) biladiene complex displayed an intersystem crossing lifetime on the order of tens of ps and a triplet lifetime of ∼20 μs, regardless of the excitation wavelength. However, when higher-energy light is used to excite the complexes, a new lifetime on the order of hundreds of ps is observed. The origin of the 'extra' lifetime observed upon higher energy excitation was revealed using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT). These efforts demonstrated that excitation into higher-energy metal-mixed-charge-transfer excited states with high spin-orbit coupling to higher energy metal-mixed-charge-transfer triplet states leads to the additional excitation deactivation pathway. The results of this work demonstrate that Pd(II) biladienes support a unique triplet photochemistry that may be exploited for development of new photochemical schemes and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shea M Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Gil M Repa
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Robert C Hamburger
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Craig A Pointer
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Kaytlin Ward
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brown Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Trong-Nhan Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brown Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Maxwell I Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brown Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brown Laboratory, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Lisa A Fredin
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| | - Elizabeth R Young
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leahy CA, Vura-Weis J. Femtosecond Extreme Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of an Iridium Photocatalyst Reveals Oxidation State and Ligand Field Specific Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9510-9518. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare A. Leahy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ogawa T, Sinha N, Pfund B, Prescimone A, Wenger OS. Molecular Design Principles to Elongate the Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer Excited-State Lifetimes of Square-Planar Nickel(II) Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21948-21960. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Narayan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Klein IM, Liu H, Nimlos D, Krotz A, Cushing SK. Ab Initio Prediction of Excited-State and Polaron Effects in Transient XUV Measurements of α-Fe 2O 3. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12834-12841. [PMID: 35816667 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transient X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectroscopies have become invaluable tools for studying photoexcited dynamics due to their sensitivity to carrier occupations and local chemical or structural changes. One of the most studied materials using transient XUV spectroscopy is α-Fe2O3 because of its rich photoexcited dynamics, including small polaron formation. The interpretation of carrier and polaron effects in α-Fe2O3 is currently carried out using a semi-empirical method that is not transferrable to most materials. Here, an ab initio, Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE) approach is developed that can incorporate photoexcited-state effects into arbitrary material systems. The accuracy of this approach is proven by calculating the XUV absorption spectra for the ground, photoexcited, and polaron states of α-Fe2O3. Furthermore, the theoretical approach allows for the projection of the core-valence excitons and different components of the X-ray transition Hamiltonian onto the band structure, providing new insights into old measurements. From this information, a physical intuition about the origins and nature of the transient XUV spectra can be built. A route to extracting electron and hole energies is even shown possible for highly angular momentum split XUV peaks. This method is easily generalized to K, L, M, and N edges to provide a general approach for analyzing transient X-ray absorption or reflection data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M Klein
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Hanzhe Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Danika Nimlos
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alex Krotz
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott Kevin Cushing
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sinha N, Pfund B, Wegeberg C, Prescimone A, Wenger OS. Cobalt(III) Carbene Complex with an Electronic Excited-State Structure Similar to Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9859-9873. [PMID: 35623627 PMCID: PMC9490849 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Many organometallic
iridium(III) complexes have photoactive excited
states with mixed metal-to-ligand and intraligand charge transfer
(MLCT/ILCT) character, which form the basis for numerous applications
in photophysics and photochemistry. Cobalt(III) complexes with analogous
MLCT excited-state properties seem to be unknown yet, despite the
fact that iridium(III) and cobalt(III) can adopt identical low-spin
d6 valence electron configurations due to their close chemical
relationship. Using a rigid tridentate chelate ligand (LCNC), in which a central amido π-donor is flanked by two σ-donating
N-heterocyclic carbene subunits, we obtained a robust homoleptic complex
[Co(LCNC)2](PF6), featuring a photoactive
excited state with substantial MLCT character. Compared to the vast
majority of isoelectronic iron(II) complexes, the MLCT state of [Co(LCNC)2](PF6) is long-lived because it
does not deactivate as efficiently into lower-lying metal-centered
excited states; furthermore, it engages directly in photoinduced electron
transfer reactions. The comparison with [Fe(LCNC)2](PF6), as well as structural, electrochemical, and UV–vis
transient absorption studies, provides insight into new ligand design
principles for first-row transition-metal complexes with photophysical
and photochemical properties reminiscent of those known from the platinum
group metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Wegeberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shari'ati Y, Vura-Weis J. Ballistic Δ S = 2 intersystem crossing in a cobalt cubane following ligand-field excitation probed by extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26990-26996. [PMID: 34842876 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04136c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond M2,3-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy is used to probe the excited-state dynamics of the cobalt cubane [CoIII4O4](OAc)4(py)4 (OAc = acetate, py = pyridine), a model for water oxidation catalysts. After ligand-field excitation, intersystem crossing (ISC) to a metal-centered quintet occurs in 38 fs. 30% of the hot quintet undergoes ballistic back-ISC directly to the singlet ground state, with the remainder relaxing to a long-lived triplet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Shari'ati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Phelan BT, Mara MW, Chen LX. Excited-state structural dynamics of nickel complexes probed by optical and X-ray transient absorption spectroscopies: insights and implications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11904-11921. [PMID: 34695174 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03875c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Excited states of nickel complexes undergo a variety of photochemical processes, such as charge transfer, ligation/deligation, and redox reactions, relevant to solar energy conversion and photocatalysis. The efficiencies of the aforementioned processes are closely coupled to the molecular structures in the ground and excited states. The conventional optical transient absorption spectroscopy has revealed important excited-state pathways and kinetics, but information regarding the metal center, in particular transient structural and electronic properties, remains limited. These deficiencies are addressed by X-ray transient absorption (XTA) spectroscopy, a detailed probe of 3d orbital occupancy, oxidation state and coordination geometry. The examples of excited-state structural dynamics of nickel porphyrin and nickel phthalocyanine have been described from our previous studies with highlights on the unique structural information obtained by XTA spectroscopy. We close by surveying prospective applications of XTA spectroscopy to active areas of Ni-based photocatalysis based on the knowledge gained from our previous studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Phelan
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
| | - Michael W Mara
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kozhemyakin GL, Tyurin VS, Shkirdova AO, Belyaev ES, Kirinova ES, Ponomarev GV, Chistov AA, Aralov AV, Tafeenko VA, Zamilatskov IA. Carbene functionalization of porphyrinoids through tosylhydrazones. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9199-9210. [PMID: 34633024 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01626a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigated methods for carbene functionalization of porphyrinoids through metal catalyst-free thermal decomposition of their tosylhydrazones. For the first time, tetrapyrrolyl substituted carbenes were obtained via thermolysis of tosylhydrazones of the corresponding tetrapyrrolyl aldehydes and ketones in the presence of a base. The carbenes formed reacted thermally with substrates without a metal catalyst or light irradiation. Carbenes at the β-pyrrolic position of porphyrinoids reacted with styrene leading to cyclopropane derivatives of tetrapyrroles. Carbenes also reacted with 1,4-dioxane with their insertion into the C-H bond yielding a tetrapyrrole 1,4-dioxane conjugate. Thermolysis of tosylhydrazones of meso-formyl-β-octaalkylporphyrinoids led exclusively to the corresponding cyclopentane fused porphyrinoids via intramolecular carbene C-H insertion. A plausible reaction mechanism was discussed based on DFT calculations of the intermediates. The tetrapyrrolyl carbenes were found to be considerably more stable than other carbenes. The products of the functionalization of porphyrinoids via hydrazone formation and subsequent carbene reactions exhibited modified optical spectra. The method for carbene functionalization of porphyrinoids through thermal decomposition of their tosylhydrazones created a new synthetic pathway for tailoring the perimeter of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles. Moreover, this method allows the obtainment of dyes with controllable spectral optical properties. In particular, new tetrapyrrole derivatives possessing phytoporphyrin carbon skeletons which have not been accessible were obtained using a convenient straightforward procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grigory L Kozhemyakin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospect, 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
| | - Vladimir S Tyurin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospect, 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
| | - Alena O Shkirdova
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospect, 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
| | - Evgeny S Belyaev
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospect, 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
| | - Ekaterina S Kirinova
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospect, 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
| | - Gelii V Ponomarev
- Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya str., 10-8, 119121, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Chistov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Aralov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victor A Tafeenko
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1-3, 119899 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ilya A Zamilatskov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy prospect, 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shari'ati Y, Vura-Weis J. Polymer thin films as universal substrates for extreme ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy of molecular transition metal complexes. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1850-1857. [PMID: 34738939 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521010596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride thin films are explored as sample supports for extreme ultraviolet (XUV) spectroscopy of molecular transition metal complexes. Thin polymer films prepared by slip-coating are flat and smooth, and transmit much more XUV light than silicon nitride windows. Analytes can be directly cast onto the polymer surface or co-deposited within it. The M-edge XANES spectra (40-90 eV) of eight archetypal transition metal complexes (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) are presented to demonstrate the versatility of this method. The films are suitable for pump/probe transient absorption spectroscopy, as shown by the excited-state spectra of Fe(bpy)32+ in two different polymer supports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusef Shari'ati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xu Z, Hou B, Zhao F, Cai Z, Shi H, Liu Y, Hill CL, Musaev DG, Mecklenburg M, Cronin SB, Lian T. Nanoscale TiO 2 Protection Layer Enhances the Built-In Field and Charge Separation Performance of GaP Photoelectrodes. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8017-8024. [PMID: 34569798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale oxide layer protected semiconductor photoelectrodes show enhanced stability and performance for solar fuels generation, although the mechanism for the performance enhancement remains unclear due to a lack of understanding of the microscopic interfacial field and its effects. Here, we directly probe the interfacial fields at p-GaP electrodes protected by n-TiO2 and its effect on charge carriers by transient reflectance spectroscopy. Increasing the TiO2 layer thickness from 0 to 35 nm increases the field in the GaP depletion region, enhancing the rate and efficiency of interfacial electron transfer from the GaP to TiO2 on the ps time scale as well as retarding interfacial recombination on the microsecond time scale. This study demonstrates a general method for providing a microscopic view of the photogenerated charge carrier's pathway and loss mechanisms from the bulk of the electrode to the long-lived separated charge at the interface that ultimately drives the photoelectrochemical reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Bingya Hou
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Chemistry, University of South California, 3710 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Fengyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Zhi Cai
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Chemistry, University of South California, 3710 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Haotian Shi
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Chemistry, University of South California, 3710 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yawei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Craig L Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Cherry L. Emerson Centre for Scientific Computation, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Matthew Mecklenburg
- Core Center of Excellence in Nano Imaging (CNI), University of South California, 814 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Stephen B Cronin
- Departments of Electrical Engineering and Chemistry, University of South California, 3710 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pereira GF, Tasso TT. From cuvette to cells: How the central metal ion modulates the properties of phthalocyanines and porphyrazines as photosensitizers. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
16
|
Cotic A, Ramírez-Wierzbicki I, Pieslinger GE, Aramburu-Trošelj BM, Cadranel A. Ligand field states dominate excited state decay in trans-[Ru(py)4Cl2] MLCT chromophores. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Barlow K, Johansson JO. Ultrafast photoinduced dynamics in Prussian blue analogues. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8118-8131. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00535a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A review on ultrafast photoinduced processes in molecule-based magnets with an emphasis on Prussian blue analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Barlow
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- David Brewster Road
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - J. Olof Johansson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry
- University of Edinburgh
- David Brewster Road
- Edinburgh
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ash R, Zhang K, Vura-Weis J. Photoinduced valence tautomerism of a cobalt-dioxolene complex revealed with femtosecond M-edge XANES. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:104201. [PMID: 31521068 DOI: 10.1063/1.5115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalt complexes that undergo charge-transfer induced spin-transitions or valence tautomerism from low spin CoIII to high spin (HS) CoII are potential candidates for magneto-optical switches. We use M2,3-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy with 40 fs time resolution to measure the excited-state dynamics of CoIII(Cat-N-SQ)(Cat-N-BQ), where Cat-N-BQ and Cat-N-SQ are the singly and doubly reduced forms of the 2-(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl-imino)-4,6-di-tert-butylcyclohexa-3,5-dienone ligand. The extreme ultraviolet probe pulses, produced using a tabletop high-harmonic generation light source, measure 3p → 3d transitions and are sensitive to the spin and oxidation state of the Co center. Photoexcitation at 525 nm produces a low-spin CoII ligand-to-metal charge transfer state which undergoes intersystem crossing to high-spin CoII in 67 fs. Vibrational cooling from this hot HS CoII state competes on the hundreds-of-fs time scale with back-intersystem crossing to the ground state, with 60% of the population trapped in a cold HS CoII state for 24 ps. Ligand field multiplet simulations accurately reproduce the ground-state spectra and support the excited-state assignments. This work demonstrates the ability of M2,3-edge XANES to measure ultrafast photophysics of molecular Co complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Ash
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3028, USA
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3028, USA
| | - Josh Vura-Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3028, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yue Q, Wang YY, Hu XL, Guo WX, Gao EQ. Eight coordination compounds assembled from unexplored semi-rigid ether-based unsymmetrical tetracarboxylate and various dipyridyl ligands: structural variation, magnetic and photoluminescence properties. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01128e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight new coordination compounds built by an unexplored semi-rigid ether-based unsymmetrical tetracarboxylate and varied dipyridyl ligands have been synthesized. Their variety of structures, photoluminescence and magnetic properties are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yue
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - Wei-Xiao Guo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| | - En-Qing Gao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200241
- P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|