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Acquah C, Pabis Z, Seth SK, Levi L, Crespo-Hernández CE. Low-cost, 3D printed irradiation system for in vitro photodynamic therapy experiments. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:530-540. [PMID: 37929322 DOI: 10.1111/php.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a suitable irradiation setup is essential for in vitro experiments in photodynamic therapy (PDT). While various irradiation systems have been developed for PDT, only a few offer practical and high-quality setups for precise and reproducible results in cell culture experiments. This report introduces a cost-effective illumination setup designed for in vitro photodynamic treatments. The setup consists of a commercially available light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, a cooling unit, and a specially designed 3D-printed enclosure to accommodate a multiwell plate insert. The LED lamp is versatile, supporting various irradiation wavelengths and adjustable illumination fields, ensuring consistent and reliable performance. The study evaluates the setup through various parameters, including photon flux density, illumination uniformity, photon distribution across the multiwell plate, and temperature changes during irradiation. In addition, the effectiveness of the LED-based illumination system is tested by treating mouse mammary breast carcinoma cells (4T1) with Rose Bengal and LED irradiation at around 525 nm. The resulting IC50 of 5.2 ± 0.9 μM and a minimum media temperature change of ca. 1.2°C indicate a highly promising LED-based setup that offers a cost-effective and technically feasible solution for achieving consistent, reproducible, and uniform irradiation, enhancing research capabilities and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Acquah
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Zachary Pabis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sourav Kanti Seth
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Liraz Levi
- Celloram Inc., Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Yan Y, Brega V, Pina MM, Thomas SW. Electronic effects of conjugated aryl groups on the properties and reactivities of di(arylethynyl)tetracenes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:289-295. [PMID: 38054249 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01601c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical oxidations of acenes can cause challenges with their optoelectronic applications, such as singlet fission and organic transistors. At the same time, these reactions form the basis for many luminescent sensing schemes for 1O2. While diethynyl substitution is arguably the most widely adopted of the various substitution strategies to control oxidation and also improve solubility and processability of long acenes, the extent to which differences between the alkyne groups can influence key properties of long acenes remains largely unknown. This report therefore describes the effects of various arenes and heteroarenes on the electronic structures, optical properites, and reactivity with singlet oxygen for eight 5,12-di(arylethynyl)tetracenes. The fluorescence spectra of these tetracenes span approximately 100 nm, while their observed rate constants for reaction with singlet oxygen correlates strongly with the HOMO level, spanning one order of magnitude. They are also amenable to fluorescent materials that respond ratiometrically to singlet oxygen. Therefore, electronic effects of groups directly conjugated to ethynylacenes offer a useful chemical space for rational acene design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Valentina Brega
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Manuel M Pina
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Samuel W Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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3
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Volek TS, Armstrong ZT, Sowa JK, Wilson KS, Bohlmann Kunz M, Bera K, Koble M, Frontiera RR, Rossky PJ, Zanni MT, Roberts ST. Structural Disorder at the Edges of Rubrene Crystals Enhances Singlet Fission. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11497-11505. [PMID: 38088867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Materials that undergo singlet fission are of interest for their use in light-harvesting, photocatalysis, and quantum information science, but their ability to undergo fission can be sensitive to local variations in molecular packing. Herein we employ transient absorption microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and electronic structure calculations to interrogate how structures found at the edges of orthorhombic rubrene crystals impact singlet fission. Within a micrometer-scale spatial region at the edges of rubrene crystals, we find that the rate of singlet fission increases nearly 4-fold. This observation is consistent with formation of a region at crystal edges with reduced order that accelerates singlet fission by disrupting the symmetry found in rubrene's orthorhombic crystal structure. Our work demonstrates that structural distortions of singlet fission materials can be used to control fission in time and in space, potentially offering a means of controlling this process in light harvesting and quantum information applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner S Volek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Center for Adopting Flaws as Features, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zachary T Armstrong
- Center for Adopting Flaws as Features, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jakub K Sowa
- Center for Adopting Flaws as Features, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kelly S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Center for Adopting Flaws as Features, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Miriam Bohlmann Kunz
- Center for Adopting Flaws as Features, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kajari Bera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - MaKenna Koble
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renee R Frontiera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Peter J Rossky
- Center for Adopting Flaws as Features, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Martin T Zanni
- Center for Adopting Flaws as Features, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Center for Adopting Flaws as Features, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Matsuoka W, Kawahara KP, Ito H, Sarlah D, Itami K. π-Extended Rubrenes via Dearomative Annulative π-Extension Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:658-666. [PMID: 36563098 PMCID: PMC9837837 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Among a large variety of organic semiconducting materials, rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenyltetracene) represents one of the most prominent molecular entities mainly because of its unusually high carrier mobility. Toward finding superior rubrene-based organic semiconductors, several synthetic strategies for related molecules have been established. However, despite its outstanding properties and significant attention in the field of materials science, late-stage functionalizations of rubrene remains undeveloped, thereby limiting the accessible chemical space of rubrene-based materials. Herein, we report on a late-stage π-extension of rubrene by dearomative annulative π-extension (DAPEX), leading to the generation of rubrene derivatives having an extended acene core. The Diels-Alder reaction of rubrene with 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione occurred to give 1:1 and 1:2 cycloadducts which further underwent iron-catalyzed annulative diarylation. The thus-formed 1:1 and 1:2 adducts were subjected to radical-mediated oxidation and thermal cycloreversion to furnish one-side and two-side π-extended rubrenes, respectively. These π-extended rubrenes displayed a marked red shift in absorption and emission spectra, clearly showing that the acene π-system of rubrene was extended not only structurally but also electronically. The X-ray crystallographic analysis uncovered interesting packing modes of these π-extended rubrenes. Particularly, two-side π-extended rubrene adopts a brick-wall packing structure with largely overlapping two-dimensional face-to-face π-π interactions. Finally, organic field-effect transistor devices using two-side π-extended rubrene were fabricated, and their carrier mobilities were measured. The observed maximum hole mobility of 1.49 × 10-3 cm2V-1 s-1, which is a comparable value to that of the thin-film transistor using rubrene, clearly shows the potential utility of two-side π-extended rubrene in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Matsuoka
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kou P. Kawahara
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - David Sarlah
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Yan Y, Lamport ZA, Kymissis I, Thomas SW. Resistance to Unwanted Photo-Oxidation of Multi-Acene Molecules. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12731-12739. [PMID: 32893633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although long acenes remain a key class of π-conjugated molecules for numerous applications, photoinduced oxidation upon exposure of the acene to light, often through sensitization of 1O2, is an important reaction requiring mitigation for most applications. In response to this ongoing challenge, this paper presents a series of four new diarylethynyl-substituted long acenes-three tetracenes and one anthradithiophene-in which the arylene pendants are either benzene, naphthalene, or anthracene. UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy reveals that the anthracene-substituted derivatives fluoresce poorly (Φ < 0.01). Although all four long acenes react with 1O2 at expected rates when an external photosensitizer is included and show the expected changes in fluorescence to accompany these reactions, the anthracene-substituted derivatives resist direct photoinduced oxidation. Through a combination of mechanistic experiments, we conclude that rapid nonradiative decay of the anthracene-substituted derivatives, perhaps because of inter-arene torsions that emerge in theoretical geometry optimizations, makes these compounds poor photosensitizers for 1O2 or other reactive oxygen species. This discovery opens new design possibilities for extended acene structures with improved photochemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Zachary A Lamport
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ioannis Kymissis
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, 500 W. 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Samuel W Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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Murata M, Togo M, Mishima D, Harada A, Muraoka M. Benzo- and Thieno-Annulated Tetracenes: A One-Pot Synthesis via Cross-Dehydrogenative Annulation. Org Lett 2020; 22:4160-4163. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Brega V, Yan Y, Thomas SW. Acenes beyond organic electronics: sensing of singlet oxygen and stimuli-responsive materials. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9191-9209. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01744b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although they are often detrimental in organic electronics, the cycloaddition reactions of acenes, especially with singlet oxygen, are useful in a range of responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Yan
- Department of Chemistry
- Tufts University
- Medford
- USA
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