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Ivancevic MR, Wisch JA, Burlingame QC, Rand BP, Loo YL. A General Approach to Activate Second-Scale Room Temperature Photoluminescence in Organic Small Molecules. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402478. [PMID: 38970534 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Organic small molecules that exhibit second-scale phosphorescence at room temperature are of interest for potential applications in sensing, anticounterfeiting, and bioimaging. However, such materials systems are uncommon-requiring millisecond to second-scale triplet lifetimes, efficient intersystem crossing, and slow rates of nonradiative recombination. Here, a simple and scalable approach is demonstrated to activate long-lived phosphorescence in a wide variety of molecules by suspending them in rigid polymer hosts and annealing them above the polymer's glass transition temperature. This process produces submicron aggregates of the chromophore, which suppresses intramolecular motion that leads to nonradiative recombination and minimizes triplet-triplet annihilation that quenches phosphorescence in larger aggregates. In some cases, evidence of excimer-mediated intersystem crossing that enhances triplet generation in aggregated chromophores is found. In short, this approach circumvents the current design rules for long-lived phosphors, which will streamline their discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko R Ivancevic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Jesse A Wisch
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Quinn C Burlingame
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Barry P Rand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
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Ju CW, Wang XC, Li B, Ma Q, Shi Y, Zhang J, Xu Y, Peng Q, Zhao D. Evolution of organic phosphor through precision regulation of nonradiative decay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2310883120. [PMID: 37934818 PMCID: PMC10655561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310883120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of single-component organic phosphor attracts increasing interest due to its wide applications in optoelectronic technologies. Theoretically, activating efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) via 1(π, π*) to 3(π, π*) transitions, rather than 1(n, π*) → 3(π, π*) transitions, is an alternative access to purely organic phosphors but remains challenging. Herein, we designed and successfully synthesized the sila-8-membered ring fused biaryl benzoskeleton by transition metal catalysis, which served as a new organic phosphor with efficient 1(π, π*) to 3(π, π*) ISC. We first found that such a compound exhibits a record-long phosphorescence lifetime of 6.5 s at low temperature for single-component organic systems. Then, we developed two strategies to tune their decay channels to evolve such nonemissive molecules into bright phosphors with elongated lifetimes at room temperature: 1) Physic-based design, where quantitative analyses of electron-phonon coupling led us to reveal and hinder the major nonradiative channels, thus lighted up room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) with a lifetime of 480 ms at 298 K; 2) chemical geometry-driven molecular engineering, where a geometry-based descriptor ΔΘT1-S0/ΘS0 was developed for rational screening RTP candidates and further improved the RTP lifetime to 794 ms. This study clearly shows the power of interdiscipline among synthetic methodology, physics-based rational design, and computational modeling, which represents a paradigm for the development of an organic emitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Ju
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi-Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiushi Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI53233
| | - Yuhao Shi
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY10003
| | - Qian Peng
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongbing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin300071, People’s Republic of China
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Yan X, Peng H, Xiang Y, Wang J, Yu L, Tao Y, Li H, Huang W, Chen R. Recent Advances on Host-Guest Material Systems toward Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104073. [PMID: 34725921 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The design and characterization of purely organic room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials for optoelectronic applications is currently the focus of research in the field of organic electronics. Particularly, with the merits of preparation controllability and modulation flexibility, host-guest material systems are encouraging candidates that can prepare high-performance RTP materials. By regulating the interaction between host and guest molecules, it can effectively control the quantum efficiency, luminescent lifetime, and color of host-guest RTP materials, and even produce RTP emission with stimuli-responsive features, holding tremendous potential in diverse applications such as encryption and anti-counterfeiting, organic light-emitting diodes, sensing, optical recording, etc. Here a roundup of rapid achievement in construction strategies, molecule systems, and diversity of applications of host-guest material systems is outlined. Intrinsic correlations between the molecular properties and a survey of recent significant advances in the development of host-guest RTP materials divided into three systems including rigid matrix, exciplex, and sensitization are presented. Providing an insightful understanding of host-guest RTP materials and offering a promising platform for high throughput screening of RTP systems with inherent advantages of simple material preparation, low-cost, versatile resource, and controllably modulated properties for a wide range of applications is intended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuan Xiang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, China
| | - Runfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Feng S, Huang Q, Yang S, Lin Z, Ling Q. A metal-free 2D layered organic ammonium halide framework realizing full-color persistent room-temperature phosphorescence. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14451-14458. [PMID: 34880996 PMCID: PMC8580049 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04806f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic–inorganic hybrid metal halides have attracted intensive attention because of their unique electronic structure and solution processability. They have a rigid micro/nano-structure and heavy atom effect, which has obvious advantages in promoting organic room temperature phosphorescence (RTP). However, the toxicity of heavy metals has limited their further development. Herein, two metal-free 2D layered ammonium halides, homopiperonylammonium bromide and chloride (HLB and HLC), are described for the first time. Their layered structure consists of rigid inorganic ammonium halide laminates and neatly stacked organic layers. The rigid laminates and external heavy atom effect of halogen atoms make HLB and HLC produce green RTP. When phosphor guests with different triplet energies are doped into HLB, HLC, or phenylethylamine salt hosts, effective full-color and even white ultra-long RTP with phosphorescence quantum yield up to 18.7% and lifetime up to 1.7 s is realized through energy transfer between the host and guest. Due to the simple solution synthesis, 10 g-level doped layered organic ammonium halides with the same phosphorescence properties can be easily obtained. The information ink based on these doped halides and non-toxic ethanol solvent can form various patterns on filter paper. The fluorescence and phosphorescence of these patterns are sensitive to the excitation wavelength and acid–base vapor. Consequently, they can be applied to multiple complex anti-counterfeiting and fluorescence/phosphorescence dual-mode chemical sensors. A kind of metal-free organic ammonium halides characterized by a unique 2D layered structure show colorful ultralong phosphorescence. Phosphorescent quantum yield (up to 19%) and lifetime (up to 1.7 s) can be tuned by doping with different phosphors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangwei Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Qiuqin Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Shuming Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Zhenghuan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
| | - Qidan Ling
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350007 China
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Li Y, Jiang L, Liu W, Xu S, Li TY, Fries F, Zeika O, Zou Y, Ramanan C, Lenk S, Scholz R, Andrienko D, Feng X, Leo K, Reineke S. Reduced Intrinsic Non-Radiative Losses Allow Room-Temperature Triplet Emission from Purely Organic Emitters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101844. [PMID: 34365677 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Persistent luminescence from triplet excitons in organic molecules is rare, as fast non-radiative deactivation typically dominates over radiative transitions. This work demonstrates that the substitution of a hydrogen atom in a derivative of phenanthroimidazole with an N-phenyl ring can substantially stabilize the excited state. This stabilization converts an organic material without phosphorescence emission into a molecular system exhibiting efficient and ultralong afterglow phosphorescence at room temperature. Results from systematic photophysical investigations, kinetic modeling, excited-state dynamic modeling, and single-crystal structure analysis identify that the long-lived triplets originate from a reduction of intrinsic non-radiative molecular relaxations. Further modification of the N-phenyl ring with halogen atoms affects the afterglow lifetime and quantum yield. As a proof-of-concept, an anticounterfeiting device is demonstrated with a time-dependent Morse code feature for data encryption based on these emitters. A fundamental design principle is outlined to achieve long-lived and emissive triplet states by suppressing intrinsic non-radiative relaxations in the form of molecular vibrations or rotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungui Li
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lihui Jiang
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Wenlan Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shunqi Xu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tian-Yi Li
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Fries
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Olaf Zeika
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yingping Zou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Charusheela Ramanan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simone Lenk
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reinhard Scholz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reineke
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) and Institute for Applied Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 61, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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Olumba ME, Na H, Friedman AE, Teets TS. Coordination-Driven Self-Assembly of Cyclometalated Iridium Squares Using Linear Aromatic Diisocyanides. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5898-5907. [PMID: 33784459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate facile [4 + 4] coordination-driven self-assembly of cyclometalated iridium(III) using linear aryldiisocyanide bridging ligands (BLs). A family of nine new [Ir(C^N)2(μ-BL)]44+ coordination cages is described, where C^N is the cyclometalating ligand-2-phenylpyridine (ppy), 2-phenylbenzothiazole (bt), or 1-phenylisoquinoline (piq)-and BL is the diisocyanide BL, with varying spacer lengths between the isocyanide binding sites. These supramolecular coordination compounds are prepared via a one-pot synthesis, with isolated yields of 40-83%. 1H NMR spectroscopy confirms the selective isolation of a single product, which is affirmed to be the M4L4 square by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Detailed photophysical studies were carried out to reveal the nature of the luminescent triplet states in these complexes. In most cases, phosphorescence arises from the [Ir(C^N)2]+ nodes, with the emission color determined by the cyclometalating ligand. However, in two cases, the lowest-energy triplet state resides on the aromatic core of the BL, and weak phosphorescence from that state is observed. This work shows that aromatic diisocyanide ligands enable coordination-driven assembly of inert iridium(III) nodes under mild conditions, producing supramolecular coordination complexes with desirable photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris E Olumba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Hanah Na
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Alan E Friedman
- Department of Materials, Design, and Innovation, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 112 Fleming Building, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Wright IA, Danos A, Montanaro S, Batsanov AS, Monkman AP, Bryce MR. Conformational Dependence of Triplet Energies in Rotationally Hindered N- and S-Heterocyclic Dimers: New Design and Measurement Rules for High Triplet Energy OLED Host Materials. Chemistry 2021; 27:6545-6556. [PMID: 33560550 PMCID: PMC8251716 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of four heterocyclic dimers has been synthesized, with twisted geometries imposed across the central linking bond by ortho-alkoxy chains. These include two isomeric bicarbazoles, a bis(dibenzothiophene-S,S-dioxide) and a bis(thioxanthene-S,S-dioxide). Spectroscopic and electrochemical methods, supported by density functional theory, have given detailed insights into how para- vs. meta- vs. broken conjugation, and electron-rich vs. electron-poor heterocycles impact the HOMO-LUMO gap and singlet and triplet energies. Crucially for applications as OLED hosts, the triplet energy (ET ) of these molecules was found to vary significantly between dilute polymer films and neat films, related to conformational demands of the molecules in the solid state. One of the bicarbazole species shows a variation in ET of 0.24 eV in the different media-sufficiently large to "make-or-break" an OLED device-with similar discrepancies found between neat films and frozen solution measurements of other previously reported OLED hosts. From consolidated optical and optoelectronic investigations of different host/dopant combinations, we identify that only the lower ET values measured in neat films give a reliable indicator of host/guest compatibility. This work also provides new molecular design rules for obtaining very high ET materials and controlling their HOMO and LUMO energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain A. Wright
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireLE11 3TUUK
| | - Andrew Danos
- Department of PhysicsDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Stephanie Montanaro
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireLE11 3TUUK
| | | | | | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department of ChemistryDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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Ning Y, Yang J, Si H, Wu H, Zheng X, Qin A, Tang BZ. Ultralong organic room-temperature phosphorescence of electron-donating and commercially available host and guest molecules through efficient Förster resonance energy transfer. Sci China Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Thomas H, Pastoetter DL, Gmelch M, Achenbach T, Schlögl A, Louis M, Feng X, Reineke S. Aromatic Phosphonates: A Novel Group of Emitters Showing Blue Ultralong Room Temperature Phosphorescence. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2000880. [PMID: 32239561 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in purely organic materials showing ultralong room-temperature phosphorescence with lifetimes in the range of seconds. Still, the longest known phosphorescence lifetimes are only achieved with crystalline systems so far. Here, a rational design of a completely new family of halogen-free organic luminescent derivatives in amorphous matrices, displaying both conventional fluorescence and phosphorescence is reported. Hydrogen bonding between the newly developed emitters and an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (Exceval) matrix, which efficiently suppresses vibrational dissipation, enables bright long-lived phosphorescence with lifetimes up to 2.6 s at around 480 nm. The importance of the chosen matrix is shown as well as the implementation in an organic programmable luminescent tag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Thomas
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Hermann-Krone-Bau, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Dominik L Pastoetter
- Chair of Molecular Functional Materials, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Max Gmelch
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Hermann-Krone-Bau, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Tim Achenbach
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Hermann-Krone-Bau, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Annika Schlögl
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Hermann-Krone-Bau, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Marine Louis
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Hermann-Krone-Bau, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Chair of Molecular Functional Materials, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, 01062, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reineke
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP), Technische Universität Dresden, Hermann-Krone-Bau, Nöthnitzer Str. 61, Dresden, 01187, Germany
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