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Kumar A, Iyer S, Barua S, Brean J, Besic E, Seal P, Dall’Osto M, Beddows DCS, Sarnela N, Jokinen T, Sipilä M, Harrison RM, Rissanen M. Direct Measurements of Covalently Bonded Sulfuric Anhydrides from Gas-Phase Reactions of SO 3 with Acids under Ambient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15562-15575. [PMID: 38771742 PMCID: PMC11157540 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) is an important oxide of sulfur and a key intermediate in the formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4, SA) in the Earth's atmosphere. This conversion to SA occurs rapidly due to the reaction of SO3 with a water dimer. However, gas-phase SO3 has been measured directly at concentrations that are comparable to that of SA under polluted mega-city conditions, indicating gaps in our current understanding of the sources and fates of SO3. Its reaction with atmospheric acids could be one such fate that can have significant implications for atmospheric chemistry. In the present investigation, laboratory experiments were conducted in a flow reactor to generate a range of previously uncharacterized condensable sulfur-containing reaction products by reacting SO3 with a set of atmospherically relevant inorganic and organic acids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Specifically, key inorganic acids known to be responsible for most ambient new particle formation events, iodic acid (HIO3, IA) and SA, are observed to react promptly with SO3 to form iodic sulfuric anhydride (IO3SO3H, ISA) and disulfuric acid (H2S2O7, DSA). Carboxylic sulfuric anhydrides (CSAs) were observed to form by the reaction of SO3 with C2 and C3 monocarboxylic (acetic and propanoic acid) and dicarboxylic (oxalic and malonic acid)-carboxylic acids. The formed products were detected by a nitrate-ion-based chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (NO3--CI-APi-TOF; NO3--CIMS). Quantum chemical methods were used to compute the relevant SO3 reaction rate coefficients, probe the reaction mechanisms, and model the ionization chemistry inherent in the detection of the products by NO3--CIMS. Additionally, we use NO3--CIMS ambient data to report that significant concentrations of SO3 and its acid anhydride reaction products are present under polluted, marine and polar, and volcanic plume conditions. Considering that these regions are rich in the acid precursors studied here, the reported reactions need to be accounted for in the modeling of atmospheric new particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Shawon Barua
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - James Brean
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Emin Besic
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Prasenjit Seal
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Manuel Dall’Osto
- Institute
of Marine Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- National
Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental
Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Climate &
Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The
Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia 1645, Cyprus
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Aswathi J, Janardanan D. Generation of 3-aminopropanamide and its cluster formation with nucleation precursors- a theoretical exploration. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141630. [PMID: 38462185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Aminoamides are formed in the atmospheric environments by the auto-oxidation of the parent diamines. In this work, the oxidation chemistry of diamine (1,3-Diaminopropane, Dap) to the amino amide (3- aminopropanamide, 3-APA) and its new particle formation potential with small atmospheric molecules such as NH3 (A), H2O (W) and H2SO4 (SA) are theoretically investigated using the M062X/6-311++G** theory. The bimolecular rate coefficient of the ·OH initiated H-atom abstraction is computed to be 1.01 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Further reaction of the peroxy radical intermediate indicates that the pathway involving γ H- shift of the initially formed radical intermediates to be more favourable on kinetic grounds with the effective bimolecular rate coefficient of 3.87 × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1s-1. The thermodynamic barrier associated with the H-shifts involved in this pathway is in the range of 13-20 kcal/mol. The cluster formation of APA with SA is more favourable than the clusters with W and A, wherein the free energy of formation of (APA)(SA) and (APA)(SA)2 are -11.3 and -22.6 kcal/mol, respectively. However, the feasibility of cluster formation with W and A increases with the altitude and becomes spontaneous in the case of water at an altitude of 12 km. The present work indicates that aminoamides like 3-APA can participate in the initial stages of new particle formation events by forming clusters with SA molecules. The scattering parameters and topological analysis of different (Amide)(SA) clusters indicate more scattering properties for the (APA)(SA) cluster, which has an adverse effect on the atmosphere. Furthermore, topological analysis indicates that H-bond formation is more prominent in the (APA)(SA) cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Aswathi
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671320, India
| | - Deepa Janardanan
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, 671320, India.
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Zhang H, Gao R, Li H, Li Y, Xu Y, Chai F. Formation mechanism of typical aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and their potential role in atmospheric nucleation process. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:54-64. [PMID: 36522013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfuric anhydrides, generated from the cycloaddition reaction of SO3 with carboxylic acids, have been revealed to be potential participants in the nucleation process of new particle formation (NPF). Hence the reaction mechanisms of typical aromatic acids (benzoic acid (BA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), phthalic acid (PA), isophthalic acid (mPA), and terephthalic acid (PTA)) with SO3 to generate the corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides were investigated by density functional theory calculations at the level of M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd). As a result, these reactions were found to be feasible in the gas phase with barriers of 0.34, 0.30, 0.18, 0.08 and 0.12 kcal/mol to generate corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides, respectively. The thermodynamic stabilities of clusters containing aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and atmospheric nucleation precursors (sulfuric acid, ammonia and dimethylamine) were further analyzed to identify the potential role of aromatic sulfuric anhydrides in NPF. As the thermodynamic stability of a cluster depends on both the number and strength of hydrogen bonds, the greater stability of the interactions between atmospheric nucleation precursors and aromatic sulfuric anhydrides than with aromatic acids make aromatic sulfuric anhydrides potential participators in the nucleation process of NPF. Moreover, compared with BA, the addition of a -CH2- functional group in PAA has little influence on the reaction barrier with SO3 but an inhibitive effect on the thermodynamic stability of clusters. The position of the two -COOH functional groups in PA, mPA and PTA does not have a consistent impact on the reaction barrier with SO3 or the thermodynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Tan S, Zhang X, Lian Y, Chen X, Yin S, Du L, Ge M. OH Group Orientation Leads to Organosulfate Formation at the Liquid Aerosol Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16953-16964. [PMID: 36070362 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are well-known and ubiquitous constituents of atmospheric aerosol particles and have been used as secondary organic aerosol markers in many field studies. Hence, it is imperative to understand the formation of OS species in the atmosphere. Recently, hydroxy acids (HAs) and hydroxy acid sulfates have been extensively detected in the atmospheric environment. However, the reaction mechanism of HAs to form OSs is much less understood. In this work, we have mainly investigated the reaction of typical α-HAs, including glycolic acid (GA) and lactic acid (LA), and SO3 at the liquid aerosol surface using quantum chemistry calculations and Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulations. The OH group orientation of α-HAs at the air-water interface is found to exert a significant impact on the formation of OSs. The OH group pointing to the gas phase is obviously beneficial to the formation of OSs. Two key factors are discovered important to the reaction of α-HAs adsorbed on the liquid surface with SO3: (a) the exposure position of the active site to the gas phase and (b) the reactivity of the exposed site to the attracted SO3 molecule. Moreover, we found that the air-water interface exerts a significant influence on the physicochemical behaviors of GA and LA, especially on their OH group orientation, and thus leads to their different properties for the SO3 colliding reaction. The presented reaction mechanism provides a new feasible pathway for the production of OSs at the liquid aerosol surface, which may have important impacts on the formation of organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Yongjian Lian
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Love N, Carpenter CA, Huff AK, Douglas CJ, Leopold KR. Microwave and Computational Study of Pivalic Sulfuric Anhydride and the Pivalic Acid Monomer: Mechanistic Insights into the RCOOH + SO 3 Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6194-6202. [PMID: 36067456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The microwave spectrum of pivalic sulfuric anhydride, (CH3)3CCOOSO2OH (PivSA), has been observed by rotational spectroscopy. The compound was formed by the reaction of SO3 with (CH3)3CCOOH (pivalic acid) in a supersonic jet in a manner analogous to that previously observed with other carboxylic acids. Computational analysis indicates that the reaction is best described as a pericyclic process coupled with a 60° rotation of the t-butyl group. Product formation can occur through either a sequential (two-step) or a concerted (one-step) pathway. The former involves an internal rotation of the t-butyl group through a 0.11 kcal/mol barrier followed by the pericyclic reaction that joins the moieties. The latter passes through a second-order saddle point in which the internal rotation and pericyclic reaction occur simultaneously. This path is the most energetically favorable, as the zero-point corrected energy at the saddle point structure is 0.16 kcal/mol below that of a putative (CH3)3CCOOH-SO3 precursor complex. Additional computational work involving a series of carboxylic acids is reported, which explores the effects of gas-phase acidity and basicity of the RCOOH reactant on reaction energetics. These calculations, together with prior experimental and theoretical studies of the acetic and trifluoroacetic derivatives, demonstrate that the basicity of the carbonyl oxygen, not the acidity of the COOH proton, is the important driving factor for the reaction. As a precursor to the experimental work on the title molecule, microwave spectra of the parent and OD forms of the pivalic acid monomer were recorded and are reported here as well. A convenient synthesis of SO3 is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Love
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Casey A Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Anna K Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christopher J Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kenneth R Leopold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St., SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Yang Y, Liu L, Wang H, Zhang X. Molecular-Scale Mechanism of Sequential Reaction of Oxalic Acid with SO 3: Potential Participator in Atmospheric Aerosol Nucleation. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4200-4208. [PMID: 33969990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown the almost barrierless cycloaddition reaction of the carboxylic acid with one SO3 to form products with group of -OSO3H, which can form stable clusters with the nucleation precursors through hydrogen bonds (Mackenzie et al., Science 2015, 349, 58). Oxalic acid (OA), the simplest and prevalent dicarboxylic acid, was selected as an example to clarify the possibility to react with two SO3 sequentially and the nucleation potential of products. The results indicate that OA can sequentially react with two SO3 through low reaction barriers to form the primary product (oxalic sulfuric anhydride (OSA)) and the secondary product (oxalic disulfuric anhydride (ODSA)). Interactions between atmospheric nucleation precursors and OSA, ODSA, or OA are in the order of ODSA > OSA > OA through evaluating the stability of generated clusters by the topological, thermodynamics, and kinetic analysis, which implies generated products could be nucleation stabilizers with nucleation potential positively correlating with the number of -OSO3H. This reaction mechanism contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the reactivity of dicarboxylic acid in the polluted environment as well as the role of products in organosulfur chemistry and, to some extent, help to explain the missing sources of new particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huixian Wang
- Beijing Guodian Longyuan Environment Engineering Co. Ltd., No. 1, 2Nd Alley, Baiguang Road, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100761, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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