Determination of the Interaction Potential and Rovibrational Structure of the Ground Electronic State of MgAr+ Using PFI-ZEKE Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Characterisation of the electronic ground states of BaH+ and BaD+ by high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy

The rovibrational energy-level structures of BaH+ and BaD+ in their X+ 1Σ+ electronic ground state have been characterised by pulsed-field-ionisation zero-kinetic-energy photoelectron spectroscopy following resonance-enhanced (1 + 1') two-photon excitation from the BaH/BaD X 2Σ+ ground state via the E 2Π1/2 (v' = 0, 1) intermediate levels. A full set of rovibrational molecular constants for the BaH+ and BaD+ ground states has been derived for the first time and the adiabatic ionisation energies of BaH and BaD were determined to be 38 679.96(20) and 38 652.69(20) cm-1, respectively. Photoelectron spectra recorded via E-state levels of selected rovibronic parity exhibit pronounced intensity alternations of transitions to rotational states of the cations with even- and odd-valued rotational-angular-momentum quantum number N+. This observation is interpreted by invoking dominant contributions of even- photoelectron partial waves in the photoionisation of the E 2Π1/2 (v' = 0, 1) intermediate states of barium hydride. The lowest pure-rotational transition frequencies of BaH+ and BaD+ are derived from the photoelectron spectra which may help the detection of BaH+ in the microwave and millimetre-wave ranges.

Characterisation of the ground X+ 2ΠΩ and first excited A+ 2Σ+ electronic states of MgO+ by high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy

Despite the importance of MgO+ for understanding the electronic structure and chemical bonds in alkaline-earth metal oxides and its potential astrophysical relevance, hardly any spectroscopic information is available on this molecular cation. We report on a high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopic study of MgO using a resonant (1 + 1') two-photon excitation scheme in combination with PFI-ZEKE photoelectron spectroscopy. By carrying out the resonant excitation via selected rotational levels of several intermediate states of different electronic configurations, total electronic spins, and internuclear distances, a broad range of vibrational levels of the X+ 2ΠΩ (Ω = 3/2, 1/2) ground and A+ 2Σ+ first excited states of MgO+ were observed for the first time. The new data provide a full characterisation of the rovibronic level structure of MgO+ up to 2 eV (16 000 cm-1) of internal energy. A full set of vibrational, rotational and spin-orbit-coupling molecular constants were extracted for these two electronic states. The adiabatic ionisation energy and the singlet-triplet interval of 24Mg16O were determined to be 64 577.65(20) cm-1 and 2492.4(3) cm-1, respectively.

High-Resolution Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the Ground and First Excited Electronic States of MgXe. J Phys Chem A 2024;128:3149-3157. [PMID: 38619915 PMCID: PMC11056989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

We report on the characterization of the X+ 2Σ+ ground and the A+ 2ΠΩ (Ω = 1/2, 3/2) and B+ 2Σ+ electronically excited states of MgXe+. Rotationally cold MgXe in the a 3Π0(v″ = 0) metastable electronic state was generated in a laser-ablation supersonic-beam source. Following single-photon excitation from the metastable state, the vibrational structure of the X+ state of MgXe+ was measured by pulsed-field-ionization zero-kinetic-energy photoelectron spectroscopy, and the adiabatic ionization energy of the X+ ← a ionizing transition was determined to be EI/(hc) = 37,468.3(6) cm-1. Spectra of the A+ ← X+ and B+ ← X+ transitions were recorded by using the method of isolated-core Rydberg-dissociation spectroscopy. The observation of the Mg+(3p) 2P1/2 + Xe 1S0 dissociation limit enabled the determination of the dissociation energies of the X+ [D0(X+) = 2970(7) cm-1] and A+ states [D0(A1/2+) = 9781(7) cm-1 and D0(A3/2+) = 9603(7) cm-1]. We compare these results with those of earlier experimental studies and ab initio quantum-chemical calculations.

Photoelectron spectroscopy in molecular physical chemistry

Photoelectron spectroscopy has long been a powerful method in the toolbox of experimental physical chemistry and molecular physics. Recent improvements in coincidence methods, charged-particle imaging, and electron energy resolution have greatly expanded the variety of environments in which photoelectron spectroscopy can be applied, as well as the range of questions that can now be addressed. In this Perspectives Article, we focus on selected recent studies that highlight these advances and research areas. The topics include reactive intermediates and new thermochemical data, high-resolution comparisons of experiment and theory using methods based on pulsed-field ionisation (PFI), and the application of photoelectron spectroscopy as an analytical tool to monitor chemical reactions in complex environments, like model flames, catalytic or high-temperature reactors.

Charge-Transfer-Induced Predissociation in Rydberg States of Molecular Cations: MgAr. J Phys Chem A 2021;125:6681-6696. [PMID: 34319723 PMCID: PMC8775275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03859]

Very little is known about the Rydberg states of molecular cations, i.e., Rydberg states having a doubly charged ion core. With the example of MgAr+, we present general features of the structure and dynamics of the Rydberg states of molecular cations, which we find are subject to the process of charge-transfer-induced predissociation. Our study focuses on the spectrum of low-n Rydberg states with potential-energy functions associated with the Mg+(3d and 4s) + Ar(1S0) dissociation asymptotes. In particular, we have recorded spectra of the 3dπΩ' (Ω' = 1/2, 3/2) Rydberg states, extending from the lowest (v' = 0) vibrational levels to their dissociation limits. This spectral range encompasses the region where the onset of predissociation by interaction with the mostly repulsive 2Σ and 2Π charge-transfer states associated with the Mg(3s2) + Ar+(2P1/2,3/2) dissociation asymptotes is observed. This interaction leads to very strong perturbations of the 3dπ Rydberg states of MgAr+, revealed by vibrational progressions exhibiting large and rapid variations of the vibrational intervals, line widths, and spin-orbit splittings. We attribute the anomalous sign and magnitude of the spin-orbit coupling constant of the 3dπ state to the interaction with a 2Π Rydberg state correlating to the Mg+(4p) + Ar(1S0) dissociation limit. To analyze our spectra and elucidate the underlying process of charge-transfer-induced predissociation, we implemented a model that allowed us to derive the potential-energy functions of the charge-transfer states and to quantitatively reproduce the experimental results. This analysis characterizes the main features of the dynamics of the Rydberg series converging to the ground state of MgAr2+. We expect that the results and analysis reported here are qualitatively valid for a broader range of singly charged molecular cations, which are inherently prone to charge-transfer interactions.

Spectroscopic characterization of a thermodynamically stable doubly charged diatomic molecule: MgAr2

Although numerous doubly positively charged diatomic molecules (diatomic dications) are known from investigations using mass spectrometry and ab initio quantum chemistry, only three of them, NO²⁺, N₂²⁺ and DCl²⁺, have been studied using rotationally resolved optical spectroscopy and only about a dozen by vibrationally resolved double-ionization methods. So far, no thermodynamically stable diatomic dication has been characterized spectroscopically, primarily because of experimental difficulties associated with their synthesis in sufficient densities in the gas phase. Indeed, such molecules typically involve, as constituents, rare-gas, halogen, chalcogen, and metal atoms. We report here on a new approach to characterize molecular dications based on high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy of the singly charged parent molecular cation and present the first spectroscopic characterization of a thermodynamically stable diatomic dication, MgAr²⁺. From the fully resolved vibrational and partially resolved rotational structures of the photoelectron spectra of ²⁴MgAr⁺ and ²⁶MgAr⁺, we determined the potential-energy function of the electronic ground state of MgAr²⁺, its dissociation (binding) energy (D₀ = 10 690(3) cm⁻¹), and its harmonic (ω_e(²⁴MgAr²⁺) = 327.02(11) cm⁻¹) and anharmonic (ω_ex_e(²⁴MgAr²⁺) = 2.477(15) cm⁻¹) vibrational constants. The analysis enables us to explain quantitatively how the strong bond arises in this dication despite the fact that Ar and Mg²⁺ both have a full-shell rare-gas electronic configuration.

We present a new method to study doubly charged molecules relying on high-resolution spectroscopy of the singly charged parent cation, and report on the first spectroscopic characterization of a thermodynamically stable diatomic dication, MgAr²⁺.