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Liu Z, Lin L, Li T, Premadasa UI, Hong K, Ma YZ, Sacci RL, Katsaras J, Carrillo JM, Doughty B, Collier CP. Physicochemical control of solvation and molecular assembly of charged amphiphilic oligomers at air-aqueous interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:552-560. [PMID: 38729003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Understanding the rules that control the assembly of nanostructured soft materials at interfaces is central to many applications. We hypothesize that electrolytes can be used to alter the hydration shell of amphiphilic oligomers at the air-aqueous interface of Langmuir films, thereby providing a means to control the formation of emergent nanostructures. EXPERIMENTS Three representative salts - (NaF, NaCl, NaSCN) were studied for mediating the self-assembly of oligodimethylsiloxane methylimidazolium (ODMS-MIM+) amphiphiles in Langmuir films. The effects of the different salts on the nanostructure assembly of these films were probed using vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy and Langmuir trough techniques. Experimental data were supported by atomistic molecular dynamic simulations. FINDINGS Langmuir trough surface pressure - area isotherms suggested a surprising effect on oligomer assembly, whereby the presence of anions affects the stability of the interfacial layer irrespective of their surface propensities. In contrast, SFG results implied a strong anion effect that parallels the surface activity of anions. These seemingly contradictory trends are explained by anion driven tail dehydration resulting in increasingly heterogeneous systems with entangled ODMS tails and appreciable anion penetration into the complex interfacial layer comprised of headgroups, tails, and interfacial water molecules. These findings provide physical and chemical insight for tuning a wide range of interfacial assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zening Liu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Lu Lin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Uvinduni I Premadasa
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Ying-Zhong Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Robert L Sacci
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - John Katsaras
- Neutron Scattering Division and Shull Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; Shull Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States
| | - Jan-Michael Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States.
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States.
| | - C Patrick Collier
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States.
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Premadasa UI, Kumar N, Zhu Z, Stamberga D, Li T, Roy S, Carrillo JMY, Einkauf JD, Custelcean R, Ma YZ, Bocharova V, Bryantsev VS, Doughty B. Synergistic Assembly of Charged Oligomers and Amino Acids at the Air-Water Interface: An Avenue toward Surface-Directed CO 2 Capture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:12052-12061. [PMID: 38411063 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Interfaces are considered a major bottleneck in the capture of CO2 from air. Efforts to design surfaces to enhance CO2 capture probabilities are challenging due to the remarkably poor understanding of chemistry and self-assembly taking place at these interfaces. Here, we leverage surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy, Langmuir trough techniques, and simulations to mechanistically elucidate how cationic oligomers can drive surface localization of amino acids (AAs) that serve as CO2 capture agents speeding up the apparent rate of absorption. We demonstrate how tuning these interfaces provides a means to facilitate CO2 capture chemistry to occur at the interface, while lowering surface tension and improving transport/reaction probabilities. We show that in the presence of interfacial AA-rich aggregates, one can improve capture probabilities vs that of a bare interface, which holds promise in addressing climate change through the removal of CO2 via tailored interfaces and associated chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uvinduni I Premadasa
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Zewen Zhu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Diana Stamberga
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Santanu Roy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jan-Michael Y Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Einkauf
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Radu Custelcean
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ying-Zhong Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vera Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vyacheslav S Bryantsev
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Kumar Y, Ahmad I, Rawat A, Pandey RK, Mohanty P, Pandey R. Flexible Linker-Based Triazine-Functionalized 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks for Supercapacitor and Gas Sorption Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:11605-11616. [PMID: 38407024 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) having a large surface area, porosity, and substantial amounts of heteroatom content are recognized as the ideal class of materials for energy storage and gas sorption applications. In this work, we have synthesized four different porous COF materials by the polycondensation of a heteroatom-rich flexible triazine-based trialdehyde linker, namely 2,4,6-tris(4-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TPT-CHO), with four different triamine linkers. Triamine linkers were chosen based on differences in size, symmetry, planarity, and heteroatom content, leading to the synthesis of four different COF materials named IITR-COF-1, IITR-COF-2, IITR-COF-3, and IITR-COF-4. IITR-COF-1, synthesized within 24 h from the most planar and largest amine monomer, exhibited the largest Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 2830 m2 g-1, superior crystallinity, and remarkable reproducibility compared to the other COFs. All of the synthesized COFs were explored for energy and gas storage applications. It is shown that the surface area and redox-active triazene rings in the materials have a profound effect on energy and gas storage enhancement. In a three-electrode setup, IITR-COF-1 achieved an electrochemical stability potential window (ESPW) of 2.0 V, demonstrating a high specific capacitance of 182.6 F g-1 with energy and power densities of 101.5 Wh kg-1 and 298.3 W kg-1, respectively, at a current density of 0.3 A g-1 in 0.5 M K2SO4 (aq) with long-term durability. The symmetric supercapacitor of IITR-COF-1//IITR-COF-1 exhibited a notable specific capacitance of 30.5 F g-1 and an energy density of 17.0 Wh kg-1 at a current density of 0.12 A g-1. At the same time, it demonstrated 111.3% retention of its initial specific capacitance after 10k charge-discharge cycles. Moreover, it exhibited exceptional CO2 capture capacity of 25.90 and 10.10 wt % at 273 and 298 K, respectively, with 2.1 wt % of H2 storage capacity at 77 K and 1 bar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ikrar Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anuj Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rakesh K Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India
| | - Paritosh Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ravindra Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Kumar Y, Dhami S, Pandey R. Theoretical study of electronic sum frequency generation spectroscopy to assess the buried interfaces. Biointerphases 2023; 18:041202. [PMID: 37417719 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive theoretical background of electronic sum frequency generation (ESFG), a second-order nonlinear spectroscopy technique. ESFG is utilized to investigate both exposed and buried interfaces, which are challenging to study using conventional spectroscopic methods. By overlapping two incident beams at the interface, ESFG generates a beam at the sum of their frequencies, allowing for the extraction of valuable interfacial molecular information such as molecular orientation and density of states present at interfaces. The unique surface selectivity of ESFG arises from the absence of inversion symmetry at the interfaces. However, detecting weak signals from interfaces requires the ultrafast lasers to generate a sufficiently strong signal. By understanding the theoretical foundations of ESFG presented in this article, readers can gain a solid grasp of the basics of ESFG spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Haridwar 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Suman Dhami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Haridwar 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ravindra Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Haridwar 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Dhami S, Kumar Y, Pandey R. Development of electronic sum frequency generation spectrophotometer to assess the buried interfaces. Biointerphases 2023; 18:041201. [PMID: 37417718 DOI: 10.1116/6.0002697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The interfacial region between two bulk media in organic semiconductor based devices, such as organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic light-emitting diodes, and organic photovoltaics, refers to the region where two different materials such as an organic material and an electrode come in contact with each other. Although the interfacial region contains a significantly smaller fraction of molecules compared to the bulk, it is the primary site where many photoinduced excited state processes occur, such as charge transfer, charge recombination, separation, energy transfer processes, etc. All such photoinduced processes have a dependence on molecular orientation and density of states at the interfaces, therefore having an understanding of the interfacial region is essential. However, conventional spectroscopic techniques, such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, etc., face limitations in probing the orientation and density of states of interfacial molecules. Therefore, there is a need for noninvasive techniques capable of efficiently investigating the interfaces. The electronic sum frequency generation (ESFG) technique offers an interface selectivity based on the principle that the second-order nonlinear susceptibility tensor, within the electric dipole approximation, is zero in the isotropic bulk but nonzero at interfaces. This selectivity makes ESFG a promising spectroscopy tool to probe the molecular orientation and density of states at the buried interface. For beginners interested in employing ESFG to study the density of states at the interface, a detailed description of the experimental setup is provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Dhami
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ravindra Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Premadasa UI, Bocharova V, Lin L, Genix AC, Heller WT, Sacci RL, Ma YZ, Thiele NA, Doughty B. Tracking Molecular Transport Across Oil/Aqueous Interfaces: Insight into "Antagonistic" Binding in Solvent Extraction. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37216432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Liquid/liquid (L/L) interfaces play a key, yet poorly understood, role in a range of complex chemical phenomena where time-evolving interfacial structures and transient supramolecular assemblies act as gatekeepers to function. Here, we employ surface-specific vibrational sum frequency generation combined with neutron and X-ray scattering methods to track the transport of dioctyl phosphoric acid (DOP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA) ligands used in solvent extraction at buried oil/aqueous interfaces away from equilibrium. Our results show evidence for a dynamic interfacial restructuring at low ligand concentrations in contrast to expectation. These time-varying interfaces arise from the transport of sparingly soluble interfacial ligands into the neighboring aqueous phase. These results support a proposed "antagonistic" role of ligand complexation in the aqueous phase that could serve as a holdback mechanism in kinetic liquid extractions. These findings provide new insights into interfacially controlled chemical transport at L/L interfaces and how these interfaces vary chemically, structurally, and temporally in a concentration-dependent manner and present potential avenues to design selective kinetic separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uvinduni I Premadasa
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vera Bocharova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Lu Lin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Anne-Caroline Genix
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - William T Heller
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Robert L Sacci
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ying-Zhong Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Nikki A Thiele
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Cui X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Jiang N, Lee YI, Liu HG. Temperature and molecular structure-dependent self-assembly of PS-b-PEO at the liquid/liquid interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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8
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Li G, Zuo YY. Molecular and colloidal self-assembly at the oil–water interface. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lin L, Liu Z, Premadasa UI, Li T, Ma YZ, Sacci RL, Katsaras J, Hong K, Collier CP, Carrillo JMY, Doughty B. The Unexpected Role of Cations in the Self-Assembly of Positively Charged Amphiphiles at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10889-10896. [PMID: 36394318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional wisdom suggests that cations play a minimal role in the assembly of cationic amphiphiles. Here, we show that at liquid/liquid (L/L) interfaces, specific cation effects can modulate the assemblies of hydrophobic tails in an oil phase despite being attached to cationic headgroups in the aqueous phase. We used oligo-dimethylsiloxane (ODMS) methyl imidazolium amphiphiles to identify these specific interactions at hexadecane/aqueous interfaces. Small cations, such as Li+, bind to the O atoms in the ODMS tail and pin it to the interface, thereby imposing a kinked conformation─as evidenced by vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. While larger Cs+ ions more readily partition to the interface, they do not form analogous complexes. Our data not only point to ways for controlling amphiphile structure at L/L interfaces but also suggest a means for the separation of Li+, or related applications, in soft-matter electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Zening Liu
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Uvinduni I Premadasa
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Ying-Zhong Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Robert L Sacci
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - John Katsaras
- Laboratories and Soft Matter Group, Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
- Shull Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Kunlun Hong
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - C Patrick Collier
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Jan-Michael Y Carrillo
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37831, United States
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On the mechanisms of ion adsorption to aqueous interfaces: air-water vs. oil-water. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210857119. [PMID: 36215494 PMCID: PMC9586313 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210857119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adsorption of ions to water-hydrophobe interfaces influences a wide range of phenomena, including chemical reaction rates, ion transport across biological membranes, and electrochemical and many catalytic processes; hence, developing a detailed understanding of the behavior of ions at water-hydrophobe interfaces is of central interest. Here, we characterize the adsorption of the chaotropic thiocyanate anion (SCN-) to two prototypical liquid hydrophobic surfaces, water-toluene and water-decane, by surface-sensitive nonlinear spectroscopy and compare the results against our previous studies of SCN- adsorption to the air-water interface. For these systems, we observe no spectral shift in the charge transfer to solvent spectrum of SCN-, and the Gibb's free energies of adsorption for these three different interfaces all agree within error. We employed molecular dynamics simulations to develop a molecular-level understanding of the adsorption mechanism and found that the adsorption for SCN- to both water-toluene and water-decane interfaces is driven by an increase in entropy, with very little enthalpic contribution. This is a qualitatively different mechanism than reported for SCN- adsorption to the air-water and graphene-water interfaces, wherein a favorable enthalpy change was the main driving force, against an unfavorable entropy change.
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Chiang KY, Seki T, Yu CC, Ohto T, Hunger J, Bonn M, Nagata Y. The dielectric function profile across the water interface through surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy and simulations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204156119. [PMID: 36037357 PMCID: PMC9457560 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204156119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dielectric properties of interfacial water on subnanometer length scales govern chemical reactions, carrier transfer, and ion transport at interfaces. Yet, the nature of the interfacial dielectric function has remained under debate as it is challenging to access the interfacial dielectric with subnanometer resolution. Here we use the vibrational response of interfacial water molecules probed using surface-specific sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectra to obtain exquisite depth resolution. Different responses originate from water molecules at different depths and report back on the local interfacial dielectric environment via their spectral amplitudes. From experimental and simulated SFG spectra at the air/water interface, we find that the interfacial dielectric constant changes drastically across an ∼1 Å thin interfacial water region. The strong gradient of the interfacial dielectric constant leads, at charged planar interfaces, to the formation of an electric triple layer that goes beyond the standard double-layer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Yang Chiang
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Takakazu Seki
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Chun-Chieh Yu
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tatsuhiko Ohto
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 60-8531, Japan
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Molecular Spectroscopy Department, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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