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Mandal H, Giri SK, Jovanovski S, Varnavski O, Zagorska M, Ganczarczyk R, Chiang TM, Schatz GC, Goodson T. Impact of Classical and Quantum Light on Donor-Acceptor-Donor Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:9493-9501. [PMID: 39255459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Investigations of entangled and classical two-photon absorption have been carried out for six donor (D)-acceptor (A)-donor (D) compounds containing the dithieno pyrrole (DTP) unit as donor and acceptors with systematically varied electronic properties. Comparing ETPA (quantum) and TPA (classical) results reveals that the ETPA cross section decreases with increasing TPA cross section for molecules with highly off-resonant excited states for single-photon excitation. Theory (TDDFT) results are in semiquantitative agreement with this anticorrelated behavior due to the dependence of the ETPA cross section but not TPA on the two-photon excited state lifetime. The largest cross section is found for a DTP derivative that has a single photon excitation energy closest to resonance with half the two-photon excitation energy. These results are important for the possible use of quantum light for low-intensity energy-conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haraprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sajal Kumar Giri
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Sara Jovanovski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Oleg Varnavski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Malgorzata Zagorska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roman Ganczarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tse-Min Chiang
- Applied Physics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Applied Physics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Polesiak E, Makowska-Janusik M, Drapala J, Zagorska M, Banasiewicz M, Kozankiewicz B, Kulszewicz-Bajer I, Pron A. Photophysical and redox properties of new donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) compounds containing benzothiadiazole (A) and dimethyldihydroacridine (D) units: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39041807 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Four donor-acceptor-donor compounds consisting of 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine donors differently linked to a benzothiadiazole acceptor were designed using DFT calculations and synthesized, namely 4,7-bis(4-(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (1), 4,7-bis(2,5-dimethyl-4-(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (2), 4,7-bis(3,5-di(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (3), and 4-(3,5-di(9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine)phenyl)-7-(thiophen-2-yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (4). As predicted theoretically, all studied compounds were electrochemically active both in the reduction as well as in the oxidation modes. They underwent one electron quasi-reversible reduction. Oxidation of 1 and 2 involved a two electron process transforming them into dications and carrying out, in parallel, their dimerization. Oxidation of 3 and 4 resulted in their oligomerization (polymerization). The electrochemically determined ionisation potentials (IP) of 1-4 were similar, covering a narrow range of 5.28-5.33 eV and were consistent with DFT calculations. Larger differences were found for experimentally determined electron affinity (EA) values, being significantly lower for 2 (|EA| = 2.59 eV) as compared to 1, 3 and 4 whose |EA| values were higher by 0.15-0.25 eV, again consistent with DFT calculations. DFT calculations predict positive values of ΔE(S1-T1) for all compounds i.e. in the range of 0.18 eV to 0.43 eV for 1, 3 and 4 and a significantly lower value for 2 (0.06 eV), indicating a possible RISC process in this case. DFT calculations of ΔE(S1-T2) lead to negative and very small values for 2-4 implying a possible involvement of higher lying triplets in the generation of singlet excitons. The investigated derivatives exhibited fluorescence in the orange-red spectral range (550-770 nm) and were strongly dependent on the solvent polarity. The highest PLQY value of 37% was measured for 1 in toluene. The PLQY values significantly improved upon deoxygenation of the studied solutions. Solid state samples also exhibited higher PLQY values as compared to those determined for DCM solutions. These findings were rationalized by partial suppression of the vibrationally induced emission quenching in the solid state due to the intermolecular interaction confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Polesiak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Makowska-Janusik
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University, Al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Jakub Drapala
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Zagorska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/44, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Boleslaw Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/44, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Kulszewicz-Bajer
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Adam Pron
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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Zangoli M, Monti F, Zanelli A, Marinelli M, Flammini S, Spallacci N, Zakrzewska A, Lanzi M, Salatelli E, Pierini F, Di Maria F. Multifunctional Photoelectroactive Materials for Optoelectronic Applications Based on Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazines and Thieno[1,2,5]thiadiazoles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303590. [PMID: 37983681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel family of symmetrical thiophene-based small molecules with a Donor-Acceptor-Donor structure. These compounds feature three different acceptor units: benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (Bz), thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine (Pz), and thieno[1,2,5]thiadiazole (Tz), coupled with electron donor units based on a carbazole-thiophene derivative. Using Density Functional Theory (DFT), we investigate how the molecular geometry and strength of the central acceptor unit impact the redox and spectroscopic properties. Notably, the incorporation of Pz and Tz moieties induces a significant redshift in the absorption and emission spectra, which extend into the near-infrared (NIR) region, simultaneously reducing their energy gaps (~1.4-1.6 eV). This shift is attributed to the increased coplanarity of the oligomeric inner core, both in the ground (S0 ) and excited (S1 ) states, due to the enhanced quinoidal character as supported by bond-length alternation (BLA) analysis. These structural changes promote better π-electron delocalization and facilitate photoinduced charge transfer processes in optoelectronic devices. Notably, we show that Pz- and Tz-containing molecules exhibit NIR electrochromic behavior and present ambivalent character in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Finally, theoretical calculations suggest that these molecules could serve as effective two-photon absorption (2PA) probes, further expanding their potential in optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Zangoli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Monti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Zanelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Marinelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Soraia Flammini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- RCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132, Genova, Italy
| | - Nicol Spallacci
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Zakrzewska
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5B, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Massimiliano Lanzi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Salatelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Pierini
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5B, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Francesca Di Maria
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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Seddiki I, N’Diaye BI, Skene WG. Survey of Recent Advances in Molecular Fluorophores, Unconjugated Polymers, and Emerging Functional Materials Designed for Electrofluorochromic Use. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073225. [PMID: 37049988 PMCID: PMC10096808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, recent advances that exploit the intrinsic emission of organic materials for reversibly modulating their intensity with applied potential are surveyed. Key design strategies that have been adopted during the past five years for developing such electrofluorochromic materials are presented, focusing on molecular fluorophores that are coupled with redox-active moieties, intrinsically electroactive molecular fluorophores, and unconjugated emissive organic polymers. The structural effects, main challenges, and strides toward addressing the limitations of emerging fluorescent materials that are electrochemically responsive are surveyed, along with how these can be adapted for their use in electrofluorochromic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilies Seddiki
- Laboratoire de Caractérisation Photophysique des Matériaux Conjugués Département de Chimie, Campus MIL, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Brelotte Idriss N’Diaye
- Laboratoire de Caractérisation Photophysique des Matériaux Conjugués Département de Chimie, Campus MIL, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - W. G. Skene
- Laboratoire de Caractérisation Photophysique des Matériaux Conjugués Département de Chimie, Campus MIL, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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Yokoyama S, Ie Y. Fluorinated Dihydropentalene-1,4-Dione: A Strong Electron-Accepting Unit with Organic Semiconductor Characteristics. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203873. [PMID: 36639357 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of electron-accepting units is of significant importance because the construction of donor (D)-acceptor (A) configurations is an effective strategy for tuning the electronic properties of π-conjugated systems. Although doubly fused pentagons represented by diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) have been used as an effective electron-accepting unit, the relatively high-lying frontier molecular orbital levels (FMOs) leave room for further improvement. We report herein the synthesis of a fluorinated dihydropentalene-1,4-dione (FPD) derivative as a strong electron-accepting unit and the development of D-A-D π-extended molecules. X-ray analyses revealed that the presence of fluorine atoms contributed to the formation of high planar structures and slipped-stacked packing. Electrochemical measurements indicated that the FPD derivatives showed relatively lower FMO energy levels than the corresponding DPP-containing derivatives. The D-A-D molecule based on terthiophene and FPD showed semiconducting responses. This study demonstrates that the FPD unit can function as a new acceptor unit for organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Yokoyama
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Gao Z, Kong L, Ming S, Du H, Zhang Y, Zhao J. D-A type ambipolar electrochromic copolymers based on dithienopyrrole, 3,4-propylenedioxythiophene and benzotriazole units with dual fading processes. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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