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Michalski R, Smulik-Izydorczyk R, Pięta J, Rola M, Artelska A, Pierzchała K, Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B, Sikora AB. The Chemistry of HNO: Mechanisms and Reaction Kinetics. Front Chem 2022; 10:930657. [PMID: 35864868 PMCID: PMC9294461 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.930657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Azanone (HNO, also known as nitroxyl) is the protonated form of the product of one-electron reduction of nitric oxide (•NO), and an elusive electrophilic reactive nitrogen species of increasing pharmacological significance. Over the past 20 years, the interest in the biological chemistry of HNO has increased significantly due to the numerous beneficial pharmacological effects of its donors. Increased availability of various HNO donors was accompanied by great progress in the understanding of HNO chemistry and chemical biology. This review is focused on the chemistry of HNO, with emphasis on reaction kinetics and mechanisms in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Michalski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Pięta
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Rola
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Angelika Artelska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Pierzchała
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | | | - Adam Bartłomiej Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Adam Bartłomiej Sikora,
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2
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Rufino VC, Pliego JR. Single-ion solvation free energy: A new cluster-continuum approach based on the cluster expansion method. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26902-26910. [PMID: 34825676 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03517g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate calculation of the solvation free energy of single ions remains an important goal, involving development in the dielectric continuum solvation models, and statistical mechanics with explicit solvent and hybrid discrete-continuum methods. In the last case, many of the research studies involve a quasi-chemical approach using the monomer cycle or the cluster cycle to calculate the solvation free energy of single ions. In this work, a different cluster-continuum approach based on the cluster expansion method was tested for solvation of 16 cations and 32 anions in aqueous solution. The SMD model was used for the dielectric continuum part and three explicit water molecules were introduced in the region of the solute with the highest interaction energy. Harmonic frequency calculations and molecular dynamics sampling of configurations are not required. An empirical γN parameter for cations and another for anions is introduced. The method produces a substantial improvement of the SMD model with a mean absolute deviation of 2.3 kcal mol-1 for cations and 2.9 kcal mol-1 for anions. The analysis of the correlation between theoretical and experimental data produces a linear regression line with a slope of 1.09 for cations and 1.01 for anions. The good results of this approximated cluster expansion approach suggest that the method could be further improved by including more solvent molecules and sampling the configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia C Rufino
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil.
| | - Josefredo R Pliego
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei 36301-160, São João del-Rei, MG, Brazil.
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3
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Smulik-Izydorczyk R, Dębowska K, Rostkowski M, Adamus J, Michalski R, Sikora A. Kinetics of Azanone (HNO) Reactions with Thiols: Effect of pH. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:845-856. [PMID: 33950351 PMCID: PMC8558164 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-00986-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
HNO (nitroxyl, IUPAC name azanone) is an electrophilic reactive nitrogen species of growing pharmacological and biological significance. Here, we present data on the pH-dependent kinetics of azanone reactions with the low molecular thiols glutathione and N-acetylcysteine, as well as with important serum proteins: bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin. The competition kinetics method used is based on two parallel HNO reactions: with RSH/RS- or with O2. The results provide evidence that the reaction of azanone with the anionic form of thiols (RS-) is favored over reactions with the protonated form (RSH). The data are supported with quantum mechanical calculations. A comprehensive discussion of the HNO reaction with thiolates is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karolina Dębowska
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Rostkowski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Adamus
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Michalski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland.
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4
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Neuman NI, Venâncio MF, Rocha WR, Bikiel DE, Suárez SA, Doctorovich F. Nitric Oxide Reacts Very Fast with Hydrogen Sulfide, Alcohols, and Thiols to Produce HNO: Revised Rate Constants. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15997-16007. [PMID: 34450017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical reactivity of NO and its role in several biological processes seem well established. Despite this, the chemical reduction of •NO toward HNO has been historically discarded, mainly because of the negative reduction potential of NO. However, this value and its implications are nowadays under revision. The last reported redox potential, E'(NO,H+/HNO), at micromolar and picomolar concentrations of •NO and HNO, respectively, is between -0.3 and 0 V at pH 7.4. This potential implies that the one-electron-reduction process for NO is feasible under biological conditions and could be promoted by well-known biological reductants with reduction potentials of around -0.3 to -0.5 V. Moreover, the biologically compatible chemical reduction of •NO (nonenzymatic), like direct routes to HNO by alkylamines, aromatic and pseudoaromatic alcohols, thiols, and hydrogen sulfide, has been extensively explored by our group during the past decade. The aim of this work is to use a kinetic modeling approach to analyze electrochemical HNO measurements and to report for the first-time direct reaction rate constants between •NO and moderate reducing agents, producing HNO. These values are between 5 and 30 times higher than the previously reported keff values. On the other hand, we also showed that reaction through successive attack by two NO molecules to biologically compatible compounds could produce HNO. After over 3 decades of intense research, the •NO chemistry is still there, ready to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas I Neuman
- Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química, INTEC, UNL-CONICET, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| | - Mateus F Venâncio
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Willian R Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Damian E Bikiel
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1053, Argentina
- INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Sebastián A Suárez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1053, Argentina
- INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Fabio Doctorovich
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1053, Argentina
- INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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5
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Gallego CM, Mazzeo A, Vargas P, Suárez S, Pellegrino J, Doctorovich F. Azanone (HNO): generation, stabilization and detection. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10410-10425. [PMID: 34447533 PMCID: PMC8356739 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HNO (nitroxyl, azanone), joined the 'biologically relevant reactive nitrogen species' family in the 2000s. Azanone is impossible to store due to its high reactivity and inherent low stability. Consequently, its chemistry and effects are studied using donor compounds, which release this molecule in solution and in the gas phase upon stimulation. Researchers have also tried to stabilize this elusive species and its conjugate base by coordination to metal centers using several ligands, like metalloporphyrins and pincer ligands. Given HNO's high reactivity and short lifetime, several different strategies have been proposed for its detection in chemical and biological systems, such as colorimetric methods, EPR, HPLC, mass spectrometry, fluorescent probes, and electrochemical analysis. These approaches are described and critically compared. Finally, in the last ten years, several advances regarding the possibility of endogenous HNO generation were made; some of them are also revised in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mariel Gallego
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica, y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2 C1428EHA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Agostina Mazzeo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica, y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2 C1428EHA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Paola Vargas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica, y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2 C1428EHA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Sebastián Suárez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica, y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2 C1428EHA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Juan Pellegrino
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica, y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2 C1428EHA Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Fabio Doctorovich
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica, y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria Pab. 2 C1428EHA Buenos Aires Argentina
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6
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Polaczek J, Subedi H, Orzeł Ł, Lisboa LS, Cink RB, Stochel G, Brasch NE, van Eldik R. Mechanistic Studies on the Reaction between Aquacobalamin and the HNO Donor Piloty's Acid over a Wide pH Range in Aqueous Solution. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2964-2975. [PMID: 33513014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detailed kinetic and mechanistic studies have been carried out on the reaction between aquacobalamin/hydroxocobalamin (CblOH2+/CblOH) and nitroxyl (HNO) generated by Piloty's acid (PA, N-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide) over a wide pH range (3.5-13). The resulting data showed that in a basic solution HNO can react with hydroxocobalamin to form nitrosylcobalamin despite the inert nature of CblOH. It was shown that at low PA concentrations the rate-determining step is the decomposition of PhSO2NHO- to release HNO, whereas the reaction between CblOH and HNO becomes the rate-determining step at high PA concentrations. Data from kinetic studies on the reaction of CblOH with an excess of HNO enabled us to experimentally determine the pKa(HNO) value from initial rate data as a function of pH, giving pKa(HNO) = 11.47 ± 0.04. An especially interesting observation was made in the neutral pH range, where PA is stable and does not produce HNO. Under such conditions, rapid formation of CblNO was observed in the studied system. The obtained data suggest that CblOH2+ reacts directly with PA to form a Piloty's acid-bound cobalamin intermediate, which deprotonates rapidly at neutral pH followed by rate-determining S-N bond cleavage to give CblNO and release PhSO2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Polaczek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Harishchandra Subedi
- Division of Health and Life Sciences, Piedmont Virginia Community College, 501 College Drive, Charlottesville, Virginia 22902-7589, United States
| | - Łukasz Orzeł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lynn S Lisboa
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ruth B Cink
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Nicola E Brasch
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The Dodd-Walls Centre for Quantum and Photonic Technologies, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Rudi van Eldik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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7
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Updating NO •/HNO interconversion under physiological conditions: A biological implication overview. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 216:111333. [PMID: 33385637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Azanone (HNO/NO-), also called nitroxyl, is a highly reactive compound whose biological role is still a matter of debate. A key issue that remains to be clarified regarding HNO and its biological activity is that of its endogenous formation. Given the overlap of the molecular targets and reactivity of nitric oxide (NO•) and HNO, its chemical biology was perceived to be similar to that of NO• as a biological signaling agent. However, despite their closely related reactivity, NO• and HNO's biochemical pathways are quite different. Moreover, the reduction of nitric oxide to azanone is possible but necessarily coupled to other reactions, which drive the reaction forward, overcoming the unfavorable thermodynamic barrier. The mechanism of this NO•/HNO interplay and its downstream effects in different contexts were studied recently, showing that more than fifteen moderate reducing agents react with NO• producing HNO. Particularly, it is known that the reaction between nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produces HNO. However, this rate constant was not reported yet. In this work, firstly the NO•/H2S effective rate constant was measured as a function of the pH. Then, the implications of these chemical (non-enzymatic), biologically compatible, routes to endogenous HNO formation was discussed. There is no doubt that HNO could be (is?) a new endogenously produced messenger that mediates specific physiological responses, many of which were attributed yet to direct NO• effects.
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8
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Marcolongo JP, Venâncio MF, Rocha WR, Doctorovich F, Olabe JA. NO/H2S “Crosstalk” Reactions. The Role of Thionitrites (SNO–) and Perthionitrites (SSNO–). Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14981-14997. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Marcolongo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE−UBA−CONICET), Pabellón 2, 3er piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mateus F. Venâncio
- Laboratório de Estudos Computacionais em Sistemas Moleculares, Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Willian R. Rocha
- Laboratório de Estudos Computacionais em Sistemas Moleculares, Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabio Doctorovich
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE−UBA−CONICET), Pabellón 2, 3er piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José A. Olabe
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE−UBA−CONICET), Pabellón 2, 3er piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Levin N, Codesido NO, Marcolongo JP, Alborés P, Weyhermüller T, Olabe JA, Slep LD. Remarkable Changes of the Acidity of Bound Nitroxyl (HNO) in the [Ru(Me3[9]aneN3)(L2)(NO)]n+ Family (n = 1–3). Systematic Structural and Chemical Exploration and Bioinorganic Chemistry Implications. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:12270-12281. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Levin
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, and INQUIMAE, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Pabellón 2, 3er piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Osa Codesido
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, and INQUIMAE, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Pabellón 2, 3er piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Marcolongo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, and INQUIMAE, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Pabellón 2, 3er piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Alborés
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, and INQUIMAE, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Pabellón 2, 3er piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Max-Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstraße 34−36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - José A. Olabe
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, and INQUIMAE, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Pabellón 2, 3er piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo D. Slep
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, and INQUIMAE, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Pabellón 2, 3er piso, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Suarez SA, Muñoz M, Alvarez L, Venâncio MF, Rocha WR, Bikiel DE, Marti MA, Doctorovich F. HNO Is Produced by the Reaction of NO with Thiols. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14483-14487. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A. Suarez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Martina Muñoz
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Lucia Alvarez
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Mateus F. Venâncio
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Willian R. Rocha
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Damian E. Bikiel
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A. Marti
- Departamento
de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y
Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos
Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Fabio Doctorovich
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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