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Zhang W, Fan Y, Chi J. The synergistic effect of multiple organic macromolecules on the formation of calcium oxalate raphides of Musa spp. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2470-2480. [PMID: 38243384 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Needle-like calcium oxalate crystals called raphides are unique structures in the plant kingdom. Multiple biomacromolecules work together in the regulatory and transportation pathways to form raphides; however, the mechanism by which this occurs remains unknown. Using banana (Musa spp.), this study combined in vivo methods including confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Q Exactive mass spectrometry to identify the main biomolecules, such as vesicles, together with the compositions of lipids and proteins in the crystal chamber, which is the membrane compartment that surrounds each raphide during its formation. Simulations of the vesicle transportation process and the synthesis of elongated calcium oxalate crystals in vitro were then conducted, and the results suggested that the vesicles carrying amorphous calcium oxalate and proteins embedded in raphides are transported along actin filaments. These vesicles subsequently fuse with the crystal chamber, utilizing the proteins embedded in the raphides as a template for the final formation of the structure. Our findings contribute to the fundamental understanding of the regulation of the diverse biomacromolecules that are crucial for raphide formation. Moreover, the implications of these findings extend to other fields such as materials science, and particularly the synthesis of functionalized materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuke Fan
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jialin Chi
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Shaver M, Gomez K, Kaiser K, Hutcheson JD. Mechanical stretch leads to increased caveolin-1 content and mineralization potential in extracellular vesicles from vascular smooth muscle cells. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:8. [PMID: 38486163 PMCID: PMC10938675 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-024-00504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension-induced mechanical stress on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a known risk factor for vascular remodeling, including vascular calcification. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), an integral structural component of plasma membrane invaginations, is a mechanosensitive protein that is required for the formation of calcifying extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the role of mechanics in Cav-1-induced EV formation from VSMCs has not been reported. RESULTS Exposure of VSMCs to 10% mechanical stretch (0.5 Hz) for 72 h resulted in Cav-1 translocation into non-caveolar regions of the plasma membrane and subsequent redistribution of Cav-1 from the VSMCs into EVs. Inhibition of Rho-A kinase (ROCK) in mechanically-stimulated VSMCs exacerbated the liberation of Cav-1 positive EVs from the cells, suggesting a potential involvement of actin stress fibers in this process. The mineralization potential of EVs was measured by incubating the EVs in a high phosphate solution and measuring light scattered by the minerals at 340 nm. EVs released from stretched VSMCs showed higher mineralization potential than the EVs released from non-stretched VSMCs. Culturing VSMCs in pro-calcific media and exposure to mechanical stretch increased tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an important enzyme in vascular calcification, activity in EVs released from the cells, with cyclic stretch further elevating EV ALP activity compared to non-stretched cells. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that mechanical stretch alters Cav-1 trafficking and EV release, and the released EVs have elevated mineralization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shaver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Engineering Center 2600, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Kassandra Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Engineering Center 2600, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Katherine Kaiser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Engineering Center 2600, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Engineering Center 2600, Miami, FL, 33174, USA.
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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Precipitation of Calcium Phosphates and Calcium Carbonates in the Presence of Differently Charged Liposomes. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Liposomes (lipid vesicles) are often considered to be a versatile tool for the synthesis of advanced materials, as they allow various control mechanisms to tune the materials’ properties. Among diverse materials, the synthesis of calcium phosphates (CaPs) and calcium carbonates (CaCO3) using liposomes has attracted particular attention in the development of novel (bio)materials and biomineralization research. However, the preparation of materials using liposomes has not yet been fully exploited. Most of the liposomes used have been anionic and/or zwitterionic, while data on the influence of cationic liposomes are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate and compare the influence of differently charged liposomes on CaPs and CaCO3 formation. Zwitterionic 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), negatively charged 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DMPS), and positively charged 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (EPC) lipids were used to prepare the respective liposomes. The presence of liposomes during the spontaneous precipitation of CaPs and CaCO3 affected both the precipitation and transformation kinetics, as well as the morphology of the precipitates formed. The most prominent effect was noted for both materials in the presence of DMPS liposomes, as (nano) shell structures were formed in both cases. The obtained results indicate possible strategies to fine-tune the precipitation process of CaPs and CaCO3, which may be of interest for the production of novel materials.
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Eichholz KF, Federici A, Riffault M, Woods I, Mahon OR, O’Driscoll L, Hoey DA. Extracellular Vesicle Functionalized Melt Electrowritten Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kian F. Eichholz
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering Materials and Surface Science Institute University of Limerick Limerick Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Angelica Federici
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Mathieu Riffault
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Ian Woods
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Olwyn R. Mahon
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Lorraine O’Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - David A. Hoey
- Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical and Biomedical Engineering Materials and Surface Science Institute University of Limerick Limerick Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering School of Engineering Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre Trinity College Dublin & RCSI Dublin Ireland
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Mir B, Goettsch C. Extracellular Vesicles as Delivery Vehicles of Specific Cellular Cargo. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071601. [PMID: 32630649 PMCID: PMC7407641 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate cell-to-cell communication via the transfer of biomolecules locally and systemically between organs. It has been elucidated that the specific EV cargo load is fundamental for cellular response upon EV delivery. Therefore, revealing the specific molecular machinery that functionally regulates the precise EV cargo intracellularly is of importance in understanding the role of EVs in physiology and pathophysiology and conveying therapeutic use. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the general rules, as well as specific modulator motifs governing EV cargo loading. Finally, we address available information on potential therapeutic strategies to alter cargo loading.
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Yang X, Wang M, Yang Y, Cui B, Xu Z, Yang X. Physical origin underlying the prenucleation-cluster-mediated nonclassical nucleation pathways for calcium phosphate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14530-14540. [PMID: 30984939 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of prenucleation clusters (PNCs) in crystallization from a supersaturated solution has been recently admitted within the framework of nonclassical nucleation theory; however, little is known about PNCs, at the quantitative level, for their formation mechanism and stability, the new phase formed by them, as well as their impact on nucleation barriers. Herein, using the sophisticated free energy calculations with a cumulative simulation time of over 5 μs, we identify a thermodynamically favored pathway of the PNC-mediated nucleation for calcium phosphate, starting with the ion pair association in solution. We demonstrate that such an ion association occurs not only between cations and anions, but also for the polyatomic species with charges of the same sign, which, in fact, leads to PNC formation via the consecutive coordination of the phosphate ions to calcium. The free energy decomposition calculations illustrate that the water phase is capable to either hinder or promote ion association for the abovementioned processes, and its specific role is intricately related to the characteristics of the hydration shell around calcium ions. The favorable interactions between the highly charged species play a crucial role in stabilizing the PNC complexes and the aggregates formed by PNCs. Furthermore, our present work reveals that the uptake of an extra calcium ion is the first and mandatory step to trigger PNC aggregation into amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) by eliminating the related free energy barriers. Our theoretical study successfully provides quantitative explanations to a large set of experimental data in the field, which is currently under intense discussions associated with the nonclassical nucleation mechanism. The combination of computational methods developed in our present work offers a feasible and general solution to quantitatively and systematically study ion associations and crystal nucleation/growth in an aqueous solution at the atomic level, which are normally inaccessible to most of the existing experimental acquisitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Mingzhu Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Beiliang Cui
- Network Information Center, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhijun Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiaoning Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Blaser MC, Aikawa E. Roles and Regulation of Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Mineral Metabolism. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:187. [PMID: 30622949 PMCID: PMC6308298 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification is a multifaceted disease that is a leading independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have identified a calcification-prone population of extracellular vesicles as the putative elementary units of vascular microcalcification in diseased heart valves and vessels. Their action is highly context-dependent; extracellular vesicles released by smooth muscle cells, valvular interstitial cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages may promote or inhibit mineralization, depending on the phenotype of their originating cells and/or the extracellular environment to which they are released. In particular, emerging roles for vesicular microRNAs, bioactive lipids, metabolites, and protein cargoes in driving this pro-calcific switch underpin the necessity of innovative strategies to employ next-generation sequencing and omics technologies in order to better understand the pathobiology of these nano-sized entities. Furthermore, a recent body of work has emerged that centers on the novel re-purposing of extracellular vesicles and exosomes as potential therapeutic avenues for cardiovascular calcification. This review aims to highlight the role of extracellular vesicles as constituents of cardiovascular calcification and summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the biophysical nature of vesicle accumulation, aggregation, and mineralization. We also comprehensively discuss the latest evidence that extracellular vesicles act as key mediators and regulators of cell/cell communication, osteoblastic/osteoclastic differentiation, and cell/matrix interactions in cardiovascular tissues. Lastly, we highlight the importance of robust vesicle isolation and characterization when studying these phenomena, and offer a brief primer on working with cardiovascular applications of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Blaser
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Center of Excellence in Cardiovascular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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