1
|
Carrillo-Bohórquez O, Kuroda DG, Kumar R. A transferable classical force field to describe glyme based lithium solvate ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:054504. [PMID: 39092940 DOI: 10.1063/5.0214769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
A non-polarizable force field for lithium (Li+) and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI-) ions solvated in diglyme at around 0.2 mol fraction salt concentration was developed based on ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations and a modified polymer consistent force field model. A force-torque matching based scheme, in conjunction with a genetic algorithm, was used to determine the Lennard-Jones (LJ) parameters of the ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions. This force field includes a partial charge scaling factor and a scaling factor for the 1-4 interactions. The resulting force field successfully reproduces the radial distribution function of the AIMD simulations and shows better agreement compared to the unmodified force field. The new force field was then used to simulate salt solutions with glymes of increasing chain lengths and different salt concentrations. The comparison of the MD simulations, using the new force field, with experimental data at different salt concentrations and AIMD simulations on equimolar concentrations of the triglyme system demonstrates the transferability of the force field parameters to longer glymes and higher salt concentrations. Furthermore, the force field appears to reproduce the features of the experimental x-ray structure factors, suggesting accuracy beyond the first solvation shell, for equimolar salt solutions using both triglyme and tetraglyme as the solvent. Overall, the new force field was found to accurately reproduce the molecular descriptions of LiTFSI-glyme systems not only at various salt concentrations but also with glymes of different chain lengths. Thus, the new force field provides a useful and accurate tool to perform in silico studies of this family of systems at the atomistic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Carrillo-Bohórquez
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Daniel G Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Revati Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang YQ, Xu H, Cao B, Ma J, Yu ZW. In Situ Species Analysis of a Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolyte Containing LiTFSI and Propylene Carbonate. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:5047-5055. [PMID: 38701394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the species in a model electrolyte consisting of a lithium salt, lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfone)imide (LiTFSI), and a widely used neutral solvent propylene carbonate (PC) with excess infrared (IR) spectroscopy, ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (AIMD), and quantum chemical calculations. Complexing species including the charged ones [Li+(PC)4, TFSI-, TFSI-(PC), TFSI-(PC)2, and Li(TFSI)2-] are identified in the electrolyte. Quantum chemical calculations show strong Li+···O(PC) interaction, which suggests that Li+ would transport in the mode of solvation-carriage. However, the interaction energy of each hydrogen bond in TFSI-(PC) is very weak, suggesting that TFSI- would transport in hopping mode. In addition, the concentration dependences of the relative population of the species were also derived, providing a scenario for the dissolving process of the salt in PC. These in-depth studies provide physical insights into the structural and interactive properties of the electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qian Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Hengyue Xu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Bobo Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jing Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Wu Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Harte T, Dharmasiri B, Dobhal GS, Walsh TR, Henderson LC. Accelerated lithium-ion diffusion via a ligand 'hopping' mechanism in lithium enriched solvate ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:29614-29623. [PMID: 37880987 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04666d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Solvate ionic liquids (SILs), equimolar amounts of lithium salts and polyether glymes, are well studied highly customisable "designer solvents". Herein the physical, thermal and ion mobility properties of SILs with increased LiTFSI (LiTFSA) concentration, with ligand 1 : >1 LiTFSI stoichiometric ratios, are presented. It was found that between 60-80 °C, the lithium cation diffuses up to 4 times faster than the corresponding anion or ligand (glyme). These systems varied from viscous liquids to self-supporting gels, though were found to thin exponentially when heated to mild temperatures (50-60 °C). They were also found to be thermally stable, up to 200 °C, well in excess of normal operating temperatures. Ion mobility, assessed under an electric potential via ionic conductivity, showed the benefit of SIL optimisation for attaining greater concentrations of Li+ cations to store charge during supercapacitor charging and discharging. Molecular dynamics simulations interrogate the mechanism of enhanced diffusion at high temperatures, revealing a lithium hopping mechanism that implicates the glyme in bridging two lithiums through changes in the denticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Harte
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Bhagya Dharmasiri
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Garima S Dobhal
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Tiffany R Walsh
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee Y, Cho J, Kim J, Lee WB, Jho Y. Anomalous diffusion of lithium-anion clusters in ionic liquids. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:105. [PMID: 37917274 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion transport is significantly retarded in ionic liquids (ILs). In this work, we performed extensive molecular dynamics simulations to mimic the kinetics of lithium ions in ILs using [N-methyl-N-propylpyrrolidium (pyr[Formula: see text])][bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Ntf[Formula: see text])] with added LiNtf[Formula: see text] salt. And we analyzed their transport, developing a two-state model and comparing it to the machine learning-identified states. The transport of lithium ions involves local shell exchanges of the Ntf[Formula: see text] in the medium. We calculated train size distributions over various time scales. The train size distribution decays as a power law, representing non-Poissonian bursty shell exchanges. We analyzed the non-Poissonian processes of lithium ions transport as a two-state (soft and hard) model. We analytically calculated the transition probability of the two-state model, which fits well to the lifetime autocorrelation functions of LiNtf[Formula: see text] shells. To identify two states, we introduced the graph neutral network incorporating local molecular structure. The results reveal that the shell-soft state mainly contributes to the transport of the lithium ions, and their contribution is more important in low temperatures. Hence, it is the key for enhanced lithium ion transport to increase the fraction of the shell-soft state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YeongKyu Lee
- Department of Physics, Gyeongsang National University, Jinjudae-ro 501, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - JunBeom Cho
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Kim
- Department of Physics, Gyeongsang National University, Jinjudae-ro 501, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - YongSeok Jho
- Department of Physics, Gyeongsang National University, Jinjudae-ro 501, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gholivand H, Salehi-Khojin A, Khalili-Araghi F. Phase Separation and Ion Diffusion in Ionic Liquid, Organic Solvent, and Lithium Salt Electrolyte Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:7531-7541. [PMID: 37589395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The highly desirable characteristics of ternary mixtures of ionic liquids, organic solvents, and metal salts make them a promising candidate for use in various electrothermal energy storage and conversion systems. In this study, using large-scale classical molecular dynamics simulations, we looked into 10 different ternary electrolyte mixtures using combinations of [EMIM]+, [BMIM]+, and [OMIM]+ cations with [NO3]-, [BF4]-, [PF6]-, [ClO4]-, [TFO]-, and [NTf2]- anions, tetraglyme, and Li salt to study the effect of ionic liquid composition on the phase behavior of ternary electrolyte mixtures. We uncovered that in these electrolytes, phase separation is mainly a function of pairwise binding energy of the constituents of the mixture. To corroborate this theory, several simulations are performed at various temperatures ranging from 260 to 500 K for each mixture, followed by calculating the binding energy of ionic liquid pairs using density functional theory. Our results verify that the transition temperature for the phase separation of each system is indeed a function of the pairwise binding energy of its ionic liquid pairs. It is also found that in some cases, the diffusion coefficient of the Li+ ions decreased even with the increase in the temperature, an effect that is attributed to the presence of condensed ionic domains in the electrolyte. This study provides a new insight for the design of multicomponent electrolyte mixtures for a wide range of energy applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Gholivand
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Amin Salehi-Khojin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Fatemeh Khalili-Araghi
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Binninger T, Saraç D, Marsh L, Picard T, Doublet ML, Raynaud C. AMOEBA Polarizable Force Field for Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Glyme Solvents. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1023-1034. [PMID: 36692444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of electrolyte systems are important to gain insight into the atom-scale properties that determine the battery-relevant performance. The recent Tinker-HP software release enables efficient and accurate MD simulations with the AMOEBA polarizable force field. In this work, we developed a procedure to construct a universal AMOEBA model for the solvent family of glymes (glycol methyl ethers), which involves a refinement scheme for valence parameters by fitting the AMOEBA-derived atomic forces to those computed at the DFT level. The refined AMOEBA model provides a good description of both local and nonlocal properties in terms of the spectroscopic response of glyme molecules, as well as the liquid glyme density and dielectric constant. In addition, the complexation energies of alkali and alkaline-earth metal cations with tetraglyme molecules obtained from AMOEBA calculations are in good agreement with DFT results, demonstrating the suitability of the developed AMOEBA model for an accurate simulation of glyme-based battery electrolytes. We also expect the procedure to be transferable to the development of AMOEBA models for other battery electrolyte systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Binninger
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095Montpellier, France
| | - Defne Saraç
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095Montpellier, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS3459, Hub de l'Energie, 80039Amiens, France
| | - Liam Marsh
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095Montpellier, France
| | - Tanguy Picard
- LEPMI, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 38000Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Liesse Doublet
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095Montpellier, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS3459, Hub de l'Energie, 80039Amiens, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barbosa GD, Bara JE, Turner CH. Molecular simulation of glycerol-derived triether podands for lithium ion solvation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9459-9466. [PMID: 35388849 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00646d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Solvate ionic liquids (ILs) are promising candidates for several applications due to their stability, high coulombic efficiency, and low volatility. In this work, we investigate the solvation of lithium-bistriflimide by different glycerol-derived triether solvents, using molecular dynamics simulations. Very strong interactions between Li+ and the solvent oxygen sites are found, leading to significant conformational changes in the solvent. By comparing the conformation of the neat solvents with their IL mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures, we find that the presence of Li+ induces a distinct crown-like structure in the solvent molecules. The Li+ cations and the surrounding solvent form a podand complex, which is stable even at elevated temperatures. These glycerol-derived solvents exhibit distinct interactions with Li+ cations which may be exploited in electrolytic applications or lithium recovery processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Barbosa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Jason E Bara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - C Heath Turner
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wettstein A, Diddens D, Heuer A. Controlling Li + transport in ionic liquid electrolytes through salt content and anion asymmetry: a mechanistic understanding gained from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:6072-6086. [PMID: 35212346 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04830a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report the results from molecular dynamics simulations of lithium salt-ionic liquid electrolytes (ILEs) based either on the symmetric bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (TFSI-) anion or its asymmetric analogue 2,2,2-(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl-N-cyanoamide (TFSAM-). Relating lithium's coordination environment to anion mean residence times and diffusion constants confirms the remarkable transport behaviour of the TFSAM--based ILEs that has been observed in recent experiments: for increased salt doping, the lithium ions must compete for the more attractive cyano over oxygen coordination and a fragmented landscape of solvation geometries emerges, in which lithium appears to be less strongly bound. We present a novel, yet statistically straightforward methodology to quantify the extent to which lithium and its solvation shell are dynamically coupled. By means of a Lithium Coupling Factor (LCF) we demonstrate that the shell anions do not constitute a stable lithium vehicle, which suggests for this electrolyte material the commonly termed "vehicular" lithium transport mechanism could be more aptly pictured as a correlated, flow-like motion of lithium and its neighbourhood. Our analysis elucidates two separate causes why lithium and shell dynamics progressively decouple with higher salt content: on the one hand, an increased sharing of anions between lithium limits the achievable LCF of individual lithium-anion pairs. On the other hand, weaker binding configurations naturally entail a lower dynamic stability of the lithium-anion complex, which is particularly relevant for the TFSAM--containing ILEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Wettstein
- Institut für physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Diddo Diddens
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Ionics in Energy Storage, Helmholtz Institut Münster, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Institut für physikalische Chemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany. .,Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Ionics in Energy Storage, Helmholtz Institut Münster, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ravikumar B, Mynam M, Repaka S, Rai B. Solvation shell dynamics explains charge transport characteristics of LIB electrolytes. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Fong KD, Self J, McCloskey BD, Persson KA. Ion Correlations and Their Impact on Transport in Polymer-Based Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian Self
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu T, Wang Y, Huo F, He H, Zhang S. Understanding Structural and Transport Properties of Dissolved Li 2 S 8 in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes through Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:419-429. [PMID: 33502098 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur batteries with high energy density are considered as one of the most promising future energy storage devices. However, the parasitic lithium polysulfides shuttle phenomenon severely hinders the commercialization of such batteries. Ionic liquids have been found to suppress the lithium polysulfides solubility, diminishing the shuttle effect effectively. Herein, we performed classical molecular dynamics simulations to explore the microscopic mechanism and transport behaviors of typical Li2 S8 species in ionic liquids and ionic liquid-based electrolyte systems. We found that the trifluoromethanesulfonate anions ([OTf]- ) exhibit higher coordination strength with lithium ions compared with bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anions ([TFSI]- ) in static microstructures. However, the dynamical characteristics indicate that the presence of the [OTf]- anions in ionic liquid electrolytes bring faster Li+ exchange rate and easier dissociation of Li+ solvation structures. Our simulation models offer a significant guidance to future studies on designing ionic liquid electrolytes for lithium-sulfur batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan He
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Suojiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Abstract
Solid-state polymer electrolytes and high-concentration liquid electrolytes, such as water-in-salt electrolytes and ionic liquids, are emerging materials to replace the flammable organic electrolytes widely used in industrial lithium-ion batteries. Extensive efforts have been made to understand the ion transport mechanisms and optimize the ion transport properties. This perspective reviews the current understanding of the ion transport and polymer dynamics in liquid and polymer electrolytes, comparing the similarities and differences in the two types of electrolytes. Combining recent experimental and theoretical findings, we attempt to connect and explain ion transport mechanisms in different types of small-molecule and polymer electrolytes from a theoretical perspective, linking the macroscopic transport coefficients to the microscopic, molecular properties such as the solvation environment of the ions, salt concentration, solvent/polymer molecular weight, ion pairing, and correlated ion motion. We emphasize universal features in the ion transport and polymer dynamics by highlighting the relevant time and length scales. Several outstanding questions and anticipated developments for electrolyte design are discussed, including the negative transference number, control of ion transport through precision synthesis, and development of predictive multiscale modeling approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Yun Son
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shigenobu K, Dokko K, Watanabe M, Ueno K. Solvent effects on Li ion transference number and dynamic ion correlations in glyme- and sulfolane-based molten Li salt solvates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15214-15221. [PMID: 32598420 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Li+ transference number of electrolytes is one of the key factors contributing to the enhancement in the charge-discharge performance of Li secondary batteries. However, a design principle to achieve a high Li+ transference number has not been established for liquid electrolytes. To understand the factors governing the Li+ transference number tLi, we investigated the influence of the ion-solvent interactions, Li ion coordination, and correlations of ion motions on the Li+ transference number in glyme (Gn, n = 1-4)- and sulfolane (SL)-based molten Li salt solvate electrolytes with lithium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA). For the 1 : 1 tetraglyme-LiTFSA molten complex, [Li(G4)][TFSA], the Li+ transference number estimated using the potentiostatic polarisation method (t = 0.028) was considerably lower than that estimated using the self-diffusion coefficient data with pulsed filed gradient (PFG)-NMR (t = 0.52). The dynamic ion correlations (i.e., cation-cation, anion-anion, and cation-anion cross-correlations) were determined from the experimental data on the basis of Roling and Bedrov's concentrated solution theory, and the results suggest that the strongly negative cross-correlations of the ion motions (especially for cation-cation motions) are responsible for the extremely low t of [Li(G4)][TFSA]. In contrast, t is larger than t in the SL-based electrolytes. The high t of the SL-based electrolytes was ascribed to the substantially weaker anti-correlations of cation-cation and cation-anion motions. Whereas the translational motions of the long-lived [Li(glyme)]+ and [TFSA]- dominate the ionic conduction for [Li(G4)][TFSA], Li ion hopping/exchange conduction was reported to be prevalent in the SL-based electrolytes. The unique Li ion conduction mechanism is considered to contribute to the less correlated cation-cation and cation-anion motions in SL-based electrolytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Shigenobu
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Molinari N, Kozinsky B. Chelation-Induced Reversal of Negative Cation Transference Number in Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2676-2684. [PMID: 32164414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Strong anion-cation interaction in lithium-salt/ionic liquid electrolytes leads to ionic association that decreases the Li transference number, even causing it to be negative. We show that these interactions can be greatly reduced by adding cyclic ethylene oxide molecules, and we quantitatively examine the effect using rigorous multispecies concentrated solution theory coupled with molecular dynamics simulations. The added molecules, primarily lithium ionophore V also known as 12-crown-4, have high affinity to lithium, therefore disrupting the lithium cation-anion coupling, resulting in a significantly improved transference number. First, we investigate the lithium-anion spatial correlation by studying their clusters and show that the 12-crown-4 ether allows the formation of previously nonexisting positively charged lithium-containing complexes. We then prove that the chelators actively compete with the anion to coordinate lithium ions by showing that the persistence-over-time of a given anion coordination cage decreases when ionophore molecules are added to the system. Last, we report an increase in the lithium transference number for a variety of chemistries as a function of added 12-crown-4 (and another ionophore, 18-crown-6) molecules, and even positive values can be reached. Our results provide a foundation for new design and optimization strategies to reverse the sign of and increase the transference number in highly correlated concentrated electrolytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Molinari
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Boris Kozinsky
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Villarreal J, Orrostieta Chavez R, Chopade SA, Lodge TP, Alcoutlabi M. The Use of Succinonitrile as an Electrolyte Additive for Composite-Fiber Membranes in Lithium-Ion Batteries. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10030045. [PMID: 32192019 PMCID: PMC7143157 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, the effect of temperature and additives on the ionic conductivity of mixed organic/ionic liquid electrolytes (MOILEs) was investigated by conducting galvanostatic charge/discharge and ionic conductivity experiments. The mixed electrolyte is based on the ionic liquid (IL) (EMI/TFSI/LiTFSI) and organic solvents EC/DMC (1:1 v/v). The effect of electrolyte type on the electrochemical performance of a LiCoO2 cathode and a SnO2/C composite anode in lithium anode (or cathode) half-cells was also investigated. The results demonstrated that the addition of 5 wt.% succinonitrile (SN) resulted in enhanced ionic conductivity of a 60% EMI-TFSI 40% EC/DMC MOILE from ~14 mS·cm-1 to ~26 mS·cm-1 at room temperature. Additionally, at a temperature of 100 °C, an increase in ionic conductivity from ~38 to ~69 mS·cm-1 was observed for the MOILE with 5 wt% SN. The improvement in the ionic conductivity is attributed to the high polarity of SN and its ability to dissolve various types of salts such as LiTFSI. The galvanostatic charge/discharge results showed that the LiCoO2 cathode with the MOILE (without SN) exhibited a 39% specific capacity loss at the 50th cycle while the LiCoO2 cathode in the MOILE with 5 wt.% SN showed a decrease in specific capacity of only 14%. The addition of 5 wt.% SN to the MOILE with a SnO2/C composite-fiber anode resulted in improved cycling performance and rate capability of the SnO2/C composite-membrane anode in lithium anode half-cells. Based on the results reported in this work, a new avenue and promising outcome for the future use of MOILEs with SN in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can be opened.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jahaziel Villarreal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (J.V.); (R.O.C.)
| | - Roberto Orrostieta Chavez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (J.V.); (R.O.C.)
| | - Sujay A. Chopade
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.A.C.); (T.P.L.)
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.A.C.); (T.P.L.)
| | - Mataz Alcoutlabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (J.V.); (R.O.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schmidt F, Schönhoff M. Solvate Cation Migration and Ion Correlations in Solvate Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:1245-1252. [PMID: 31990553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b11330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lithium salt-glyme mixtures are interesting candidates as electrolytes for battery applications. Depending on the type of glyme or anion and the salt concentration, they either show ionic liquid-like behavior with stable lithium-glyme complex cations or concentrated salt solution-like behavior. Here, we apply electrophoretic NMR (eNMR) to elucidate transport mechanisms by observing the migration of the molecular species in an electric field. We investigate two solvate ionic liquids, i.e., lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (LiTFSA) and lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), in tetraglyme (G4) at different glyme-salt molar ratios X. A field-induced migration of neutral glyme molecules is directly observed, which is due to stable solvate-Li complex formation. Transference numbers, effective charges, and ionicities are derived from electrophoretic mobilities and self-diffusion coefficients, respectively, for the nuclei 1H, 7Li, and 19F. The effective charges are the highest at the equimolar mixture, X = 1, they differ strongly for lithium and anion, and they show large differences between both systems. These findings are qualitatively interpreted in a speciation model, suggesting anionic clusters and solvate cations as the species dominating charge transport. The resulting effective charges can only be explained taking into account ion-ion anticorrelations in the framework of the Onsager formalism, where anticorrelations between the solvate cation and the anionic complexes arise due to momentum conservation. The contributions to the anticorrelation are most dominant at high salt concentrations and in the system with the LiBF4- anion due to its lower mass and ability to form larger asymmetric clusters with Li+. Thus, in either system, also the lithium transference number is influenced to a different extent by ion-ion anticorrelations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schmidt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Muenster , Corrensstraße 28/30 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Muenster , Corrensstraße 28/30 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Thum A, Heuer A, Shimizu K, Canongia Lopes JN. Solvate ionic liquids based on lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide–glyme systems: coordination in MD simulations with scaled charges. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:525-535. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04947a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Charge scaling in molecular dynamics simulations of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide–glyme solvate ionic liquids yields better agreement with experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thum
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Karina Shimizu
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049 001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| | - José Nuno Canongia Lopes
- Centro de Química Estrutural
- Instituto Superior Técnico
- Universidade de Lisboa
- 1049 001 Lisboa
- Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Potangale M, Tiwari S. Correlation of the empirical polarity parameters of solvate ionic liquids (SILs) with molecular structure. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
20
|
Li Z, Bouchal R, Mendez-Morales T, Rollet AL, Rizzi C, Le Vot S, Favier F, Rotenberg B, Borodin O, Fontaine O, Salanne M. Transport Properties of Li-TFSI Water-in-Salt Electrolytes. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:10514-10521. [PMID: 31726827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b08961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Water-in-salts are a new family of electrolytes that may allow the development of aqueous Li-ion batteries. They have a structure that is reminiscent of ionic liquids, and they are characterized by a high concentration of ionic species. In this work, we study their transport properties and how they evolve with concentration by using molecular dynamic simulations. We first focus on the choice of the force field. By comparing the simulated viscosities and self-diffusion coefficients with experimental measurements, we select a set of parameters that reproduces well the transport properties. We then use the selected force field to study in detail the variations of the self and collective diffusivities of all the species as well as the transport number of the lithium ion. We show that correlations between ions and water play an important role over the whole concentration range. In the water-in-salt regime, the anions form a percolating network that reduces the cation-anion correlations and leads to rather large values for the transport number compared to other standard electrolytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Sorbonne Universite ́, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS , PHENIX, F-75005 Paris , France.,Maison de la Simulation, CEA, CNRS , Université Paris-Sud , UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,FR CNRS 3459 , Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , 80039 Amiens , Cedex, France
| | - R Bouchal
- FR CNRS 3459 , Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , 80039 Amiens , Cedex, France.,Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier , Université Montpellier , UMR 5253, CC 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier , Cedex 5, France
| | - T Mendez-Morales
- Sorbonne Universite ́, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS , PHENIX, F-75005 Paris , France.,Maison de la Simulation, CEA, CNRS , Université Paris-Sud , UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,FR CNRS 3459 , Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , 80039 Amiens , Cedex, France
| | - A-L Rollet
- Sorbonne Universite ́, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS , PHENIX, F-75005 Paris , France.,FR CNRS 3459 , Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , 80039 Amiens , Cedex, France
| | - C Rizzi
- Sorbonne Universite ́, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS , PHENIX, F-75005 Paris , France.,FR CNRS 3459 , Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , 80039 Amiens , Cedex, France
| | - S Le Vot
- FR CNRS 3459 , Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , 80039 Amiens , Cedex, France.,Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier , Université Montpellier , UMR 5253, CC 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier , Cedex 5, France
| | - F Favier
- FR CNRS 3459 , Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , 80039 Amiens , Cedex, France.,Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier , Université Montpellier , UMR 5253, CC 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier , Cedex 5, France
| | - B Rotenberg
- Sorbonne Universite ́, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS , PHENIX, F-75005 Paris , France.,FR CNRS 3459 , Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , 80039 Amiens , Cedex, France
| | - O Borodin
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research , U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States.,Electrochemistry Branch, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate , U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Adelphi , Maryland 20783 , United States
| | - O Fontaine
- FR CNRS 3459 , Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , 80039 Amiens , Cedex, France.,Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier , Université Montpellier , UMR 5253, CC 1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier , Cedex 5, France
| | - M Salanne
- Sorbonne Universite ́, Physico-chimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, CNRS , PHENIX, F-75005 Paris , France.,Maison de la Simulation, CEA, CNRS , Université Paris-Sud , UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,FR CNRS 3459 , Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) , 80039 Amiens , Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fong KD, Self J, Diederichsen KM, Wood BM, McCloskey BD, Persson KA. Ion Transport and the True Transference Number in Nonaqueous Polyelectrolyte Solutions for Lithium Ion Batteries. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1250-1260. [PMID: 31403073 PMCID: PMC6661974 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonaqueous polyelectrolyte solutions have been recently proposed as high Li+ transference number electrolytes for lithium ion batteries. However, the atomistic phenomena governing ion diffusion and migration in polyelectrolytes are poorly understood, particularly in nonaqueous solvents. Here, the structural and transport properties of a model polyelectrolyte solution, poly(allyl glycidyl ether-lithium sulfonate) in dimethyl sulfoxide, are studied using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the static structural analysis of Li+ ion pairing is insufficient to fully explain the overall conductivity trend, necessitating a dynamic analysis of the diffusion mechanism, in which we observe a shift from largely vehicular transport to more structural diffusion as the Li+ concentration increases. Furthermore, we demonstrate that despite the significantly higher diffusion coefficient of the lithium ion, the negatively charged polyion is responsible for the majority of the solution conductivity at all concentrations, corresponding to Li+ transference numbers much lower than previously estimated experimentally. We quantify the ion-ion correlations unique to polyelectrolyte systems that are responsible for this surprising behavior. These results highlight the need to reconsider the approximations typically made for transport in polyelectrolyte solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian Self
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kyle M. Diederichsen
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brandon M. Wood
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Applied
Science and Technology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Energy
Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bedrov D, Piquemal JP, Borodin O, MacKerell AD, Roux B, Schröder C. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Ionic Liquids and Electrolytes Using Polarizable Force Fields. Chem Rev 2019; 119:7940-7995. [PMID: 31141351 PMCID: PMC6620131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many applications in chemistry, biology, and energy storage/conversion research rely on molecular simulations to provide fundamental insight into structural and transport properties of materials with high ionic concentrations. Whether the system is comprised entirely of ions, like ionic liquids, or is a mixture of a polar solvent with a salt, e.g., liquid electrolytes for battery applications, the presence of ions in these materials results in strong local electric fields polarizing solvent molecules and large ions. To predict properties of such systems from molecular simulations often requires either explicit or mean-field inclusion of the influence of polarization on electrostatic interactions. In this manuscript, we review the pros and cons of different treatments of polarization ranging from the mean-field approaches to the most popular explicit polarization models in molecular dynamics simulations of ionic materials. For each method, we discuss their advantages and disadvantages and emphasize key assumptions as well as their adjustable parameters. Strategies for the development of polarizable models are presented with a specific focus on extracting atomic polarizabilities. Finally, we compare simulations using polarizable and nonpolarizable models for several classes of ionic systems, discussing the underlying physics that each approach includes or ignores, implications for implementation and computational efficiency, and the accuracy of properties predicted by these methods compared to experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Bedrov
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Utah, 122 South Central Campus Drive, Room 304, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jean-Philip Piquemal
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université,
UMR 7616 CNRS, CC137, 4 Place Jussieu, Tour 12-13, 4ème étage, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris Cedex 05, France
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Electrochemistry
Branch, Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland 20703, United
States
| | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United
States
| | - Benoît Roux
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gordon Center for Integrative
Science, University of Chicago, 929 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Christian Schröder
- Department
of Computational Biological Chemistry, University
of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dong D, Sälzer F, Roling B, Bedrov D. How efficient is Li+ ion transport in solvate ionic liquids under anion-blocking conditions in a battery? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:29174-29183. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06214e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Anti-correlated motion of cations and anions leads to very low Li+ transference numbers in solvate ionic liquids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dengpan Dong
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- University of Utah
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Fabian Sälzer
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Bernhard Roling
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Marburg
- 35032 Marburg
- Germany
| | - Dmitry Bedrov
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- University of Utah
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| |
Collapse
|