1
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Xu FX, Wu R, Hu K, Fu D. Measuring Drug Response with Single-Cell Growth Rate Quantification. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18114-18121. [PMID: 38016067 PMCID: PMC11016461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is a substantial cause of drug resistance development during chemotherapy or other drug treatments for cancer. Therefore, monitoring and measuring cell exposure and response to drugs at the single-cell level are crucial. Previous research suggested that the single-cell growth rate can be used to investigate drug-cell interactions. However, currently established methods for quantifying single-cell growth are limited to isolated or monolayer cells. Here, we introduce a technique that accurately measures both 2D and 3D cell growth rates using label-free ratiometric stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy. We use deuterated amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, as tracers and measure the C-D SRS signal from deuterium-labeled proteins and the C-H SRS signal from unlabeled proteins simultaneously to determine the cell growth rate at the single-cell level. The technique offers single-cell level drug sensitivity measurement with a shorter turnaround time (within 12 h) than most traditional assays. The submicrometer resolution of the imaging technique allows us to examine the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs, including kinase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and topoisomerase II inhibitors, on both the cell growth rate and morphology. The capability of quantifying 3D cell growth rates provides insight into a deeper understanding of the cell-drug interaction in the actual tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Xi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Ruibing Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Kailun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States
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2
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Abstract
Lipids are essential cellular components forming membranes, serving as energy reserves, and acting as chemical messengers. Dysfunction in lipid metabolism and signaling is associated with a wide range of diseases including cancer and autoimmunity. Heterogeneity in cell behavior including lipid signaling is increasingly recognized as a driver of disease and drug resistance. This diversity in cellular responses as well as the roles of lipids in health and disease drive the need to quantify lipids within single cells. Single-cell lipid assays are challenging due to the small size of cells (∼1 pL) and the large numbers of lipid species present at concentrations spanning orders of magnitude. A growing number of methodologies enable assay of large numbers of lipid analytes, perform high-resolution spatial measurements, or permit highly sensitive lipid assays in single cells. Covered in this review are mass spectrometry, Raman imaging, and fluorescence-based assays including microscopy and microseparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; , ,
| | | | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; , ,
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3
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Grassi E, Laptenok SP, Genchi L, Serdaroglu A, Liberale C. Frequency-modulation stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with an acousto-optic tunable filter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:18290-18299. [PMID: 37381542 DOI: 10.1364/oe.486337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is increasingly employed for highly specific, label-free, and high-speed bioimaging. Despite its benefits, SRS is susceptible to spurious background signals caused by competing effects, which lower the possible imaging contrast and sensitivity. An efficient approach to suppress these undesired background signals is frequency-modulation (FM) SRS, which exploits the competing effects' weak spectral dependence compared to the SRS signal's high spectral specificity. We propose an FM-SRS scheme realized with an acousto-optic tunable filter, which presents a few advantages compared to other solutions presented in the literature. In particular, it can perform automated measurements from the fingerprint to the CH-stretching region of the vibrational spectrum without any manual adjustment of the optical setup. Moreover, it allows simple all-electronic control of the spectral separation and relative intensities of the pair of probed wavenumbers.
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Wallmeier K, Würthwein T, Lemberger N, Brinkmann M, Hellwig T, Fallnich C. Frequency modulation stimulated Raman scattering scheme for real-time background correction with a single light source. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:315-325. [PMID: 36698676 PMCID: PMC9841997 DOI: 10.1364/boe.476513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A frequency modulation (FM) scheme for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) is presented with a single fiber-based light source. Pulse-to-pulse wavelength-switching allows real-time subtraction of parasitic signals leaving only the resonant SRS signal with a noise reduction of up to 30 % compared to digital subtraction schemes, leading effectively to a contrast improvement by a factor of up to 8.3. The wide tuning range of the light source from 1500 cm-1 to 3000 cm-1 and the possibility to separately adjust the resonant and the nonresonant wavenumber for every specimen allow to investigate a variety of samples with high contrast and high signal-to-noise ratio, e. g., for medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Wallmeier
- University of Münster
, Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Würthwein
- University of Münster
, Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nick Lemberger
- University of Münster
, Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Tim Hellwig
- Refined Laser Systems GmbH, Mendelstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Fallnich
- University of Münster
, Institute of Applied Physics, Corrensstraße 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
- University of Münster, Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Münster, Germany
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5
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Manifold B, Fu D. Quantitative Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy: Promises and Pitfalls. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:269-289. [PMID: 35300525 PMCID: PMC10083020 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061020-015110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since its first demonstration, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has become a powerful chemical imaging tool that shows promise in numerous biological and biomedical applications. The spectroscopic capability of SRS enables identification and tracking of specific molecules or classes of molecules, often without labeling. SRS microscopy also has the hallmark advantage of signal strength that is directly proportional to molecular concentration, allowing for in situ quantitative analysis of chemical composition of heterogeneous samples with submicron spatial resolution and subminute temporal resolution. However, it is important to recognize that quantification through SRS microscopy requires assumptions regarding both system and sample. Such assumptions are often taken axiomatically, which may lead to erroneous conclusions without proper validation. In this review, we focus on the tacitly accepted, yet complex, quantitative aspect of SRS microscopy. We discuss the various approaches to quantitative analysis, examples of such approaches, challenges in different systems, and potential solutions. Through our examination of published literature, we conclude that a scrupulous approach to experimental design can further expand the powerful and incisive quantitative capabilities of SRS microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Manifold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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6
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Li Y, Shen B, Zou G, Wang S, Qu J, Hu R, Liu L. Fast denoising and lossless spectrum extraction in stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202100080. [PMID: 33998161 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy is a nonlinear optical imaging method for visualizing chemical content based on molecular vibrational bonds. However, the imaging speed and sensitivity are currently limited by the noise of the light beam probing the Raman process. In this paper, we present a fast non-average denoising and high-precision Raman shift extraction method, based on a self-reinforcing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement algorithm, for SRS spectroscopy and microscopy. We compare the results of this method with the filtering methods and the reported experimental methods to demonstrate its high efficiency and high precision in spectral denoising, Raman peak extraction and image quality improvement. We demonstrate a maximum SNR enhancement of 10.3 dB in fixed tissue imaging and 11.9 dB in vivo imaging. This method reduces the cost and complexity of the SRS system and allows for high-quality SRS imaging without use of special laser, complicated system design and Raman tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Binglin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gengjin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Guangdong Province and Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Chen T, Yavuz A, Wang MC. Dissecting lipid droplet biology with coherent Raman scattering microscopy. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:261811. [PMID: 33975358 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are lipid-rich organelles universally found in most cells. They serve as a key energy reservoir, actively participate in signal transduction and dynamically communicate with other organelles. LD dysfunction has been associated with a variety of diseases. The content level, composition and mobility of LDs are crucial for their physiological and pathological functions, and these different parameters of LDs are subject to regulation by genetic factors and environmental inputs. Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) microscopy utilizes optical nonlinear processes to probe the intrinsic chemical bond vibration, offering label-free, quantitative imaging of lipids in vivo with high chemical specificity and spatiotemporal resolution. In this Review, we provide an overview over the principle of CRS microscopy and its application in tracking different parameters of LDs in live cells and organisms. We also discuss the use of CRS microscopy in genetic screens to discover lipid regulatory mechanisms and in understanding disease-related lipid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ahmet Yavuz
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Meng C Wang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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8
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Xiong H, Qian N, Miao Y, Zhao Z, Chen C, Min W. Super-resolution vibrational microscopy by stimulated Raman excited fluorescence. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:87. [PMID: 33879766 PMCID: PMC8058038 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00518-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the revolutionary impact of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, super-resolution Raman imaging has been long pursued because of its much higher chemical specificity than the fluorescence counterpart. However, vibrational contrasts are intrinsically less sensitive compared with fluorescence, resulting in only mild resolution enhancement beyond the diffraction limit even with strong laser excitation power. As such, it is still a great challenge to achieve biocompatible super-resolution vibrational imaging in the optical far-field. In 2019 Stimulated Raman Excited Fluorescence (SREF) was discovered as an ultrasensitive vibrational spectroscopy that combines the high chemical specificity of Raman scattering and the superb sensitivity of fluorescence detection. Herein we developed a novel super-resolution vibrational imaging method by harnessing SREF as the contrast mechanism. We first identified the undesired role of anti-Stokes fluorescence background in preventing direct adoption of super-resolution fluorescence technique. We then devised a frequency-modulation (FM) strategy to remove the broadband backgrounds and achieved high-contrast SREF imaging. Assisted by newly synthesized SREF dyes, we realized multicolor FM-SREF imaging with nanometer spectral resolution. Finally, by integrating stimulated emission depletion (STED) with background-free FM-SREF, we accomplished high-contrast super-resolution vibrational imaging with STED-FM-SREF whose spatial resolution is only determined by the signal-to-noise ratio. In our proof-of-principle demonstration, more than two times of resolution improvement is achieved in biological systems with moderate laser excitation power, which shall be further refined with optimized instrumentation and imaging probes. With its super resolution, high sensitivity, vibrational contrast, and mild laser excitation power, STED-FM-SREF microscopy is envisioned to aid a wide variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Naixin Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yupeng Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Zhilun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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9
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Jiang J, Grass D, Zhou Y, Warren WS, Fischer MC. Beyond intensity modulation: new approaches to pump-probe microscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1474-1477. [PMID: 33720215 DOI: 10.1364/ol.417905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pump-probe microscopy is an emerging nonlinear imaging technique based on high repetition rate lasers and fast intensity modulation. Here, we present new methods for pump-probe microscopy that keep the beam intensity constant and instead modulate the inter-pulse time delay or the relative polarization. These techniques can improve image quality for samples that have poor heat dissipation or long-lived radiative states and can selectively address nonlinear interactions in the sample. We experimentally demonstrate this approach and point out the advantages over conventional intensity modulation.
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10
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Shi L, Fung AA, Zhou A. Advances in stimulated Raman scattering imaging for tissues and animals. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:1078-1101. [PMID: 33654679 PMCID: PMC7829158 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has emerged in the last decade as a powerful optical imaging technology with high chemical selectivity, speed, and subcellular resolution. Since the invention of SRS microscopy, it has been extensively employed in life science to study composition, structure, metabolism, development, and disease in biological systems. Applications of SRS in research and the clinic have generated new insights in many fields including neurobiology, tumor biology, developmental biology, metabolomics, pharmacokinetics, and more. Herein we review the advances and applications of SRS microscopy imaging in tissues and animals, as well as envision future applications and development of SRS imaging in life science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anthony A Fung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andy Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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11
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Lee M, Herrington CS, Ravindra M, Sepp K, Davies A, Hulme AN, Brunton VG. Recent advances in the use of stimulated Raman scattering in histopathology. Analyst 2021; 146:789-802. [PMID: 33393954 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01972k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated Raman histopathology (SRH) utilises the intrinsic vibrational properties of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids to generate contrast providing rapid image acquisition that allows visualisation of histopathological features. It is currently being trialled in the intraoperative setting, where the ability to image unprocessed samples rapidly and with high resolution offers several potential advantages over the use of conventional haematoxylin and eosin stained images. Here we review recent advances in the field including new updates in instrumentation and computer aided diagnosis. We also discuss how other non-linear modalities can be used to provide additional diagnostic contrast which together pave the way for enhanced histopathology and open up possibilities for in vivo pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - C Simon Herrington
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Manasa Ravindra
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Kristel Sepp
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK. and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Amy Davies
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - Alison N Hulme
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
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12
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Xiong H, Qian N, Zhao Z, Shi L, Miao Y, Min W. Background-free imaging of chemical bonds by a simple and robust frequency-modulated stimulated Raman scattering microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:15663-15677. [PMID: 32403589 PMCID: PMC7340375 DOI: 10.1364/oe.391016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Being able to image chemical bonds with high sensitivity and speed, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has made a major impact in biomedical optics. However, it is well known that the standard SRS microscopy suffers from various backgrounds, limiting the achievable contrast, quantification and sensitivity. While many frequency-modulation (FM) SRS schemes have been demonstrated to retrieve the sharp vibrational contrast, they often require customized laser systems and/or complicated laser pulse shaping or introduce additional noise, thereby hindering wide adoption. Herein we report a simple but robust strategy for FM-SRS microscopy based on a popular commercial laser system and regular optics. Harnessing self-phase modulation induced self-balanced spectral splitting of picosecond Stokes beam propagating in standard single-mode silica fibers, a high-performance FM-SRS system is constructed without introducing any additional signal noise. Our strategy enables adaptive spectral resolution for background-free SRS imaging of Raman modes with different linewidths. The generality of our method is demonstrated on a variety of Raman modes with effective suppressing of backgrounds including non-resonant cross phase modulation and electronic background from two-photon absorption or pump-probe process. As such, our method is promising to be adopted by the SRS microscopy community for background-free chemical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Naixin Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Zhilun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lingyan Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yupeng Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Wei Min
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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