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Costa-Bauza A, Grases F. 7-Methylxanthine Inhibits the Formation of Monosodium Urate Crystals by Increasing Its Solubility. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1769. [PMID: 38136640 PMCID: PMC10742025 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is characterized by the formation of monosodium urate crystals in peripheral joints. We carried out laboratory studies to investigate the effect of adding nine different methylxanthines and two different methylated uric acid derivatives on the development of these crystals over the course of 96 h in a medium whose composition was similar to that of synovial fluid. Our results showed that 7-methylxanthine reduced or totally prevented crystal formation; 1-methylxanthine, 3-methylxanthine, 7-methyluric acid, and 1,3-dimethyluric acid had weaker effects, and the other molecules had no apparent effect. The presented results indicate that a 7-methylxanthine concentration of about 6 × 10-5 M (10 mg/L) prevented the formation of crystals for an initial urate concentration of 1.78 × 10-3 M (300 mg/L) in the presence of 0.4 M of Na+ for 96 h at 25 °C and a pH of 7.4. We attribute these results to alterations in thermodynamics, not kinetics. Our results suggest that prevention of crystallization in vivo could be achieved by direct oral administration of 7-methylxanthine or other methylxanthines that are metabolized to 7-methylxanthine. For example, the hepatic metabolism of theobromine leads to significant plasma levels of 7-methylxanthine (14% of the initial theobromine concentration) and 3-methylxanthine (6% of the initial theobromine concentration); however, 7-methyluric acid is present at very low concentrations in the plasma. It is important to consider that several of the specific molecules we examined (theobromine, caffeine, theophylline, dyphylline, etophylline, and pentoxifylline) did not directly affect crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Grases
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Science Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, Ctra. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain;
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2
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Fontanini RE, Flores-Moreno R, Zúñiga-Gutiérrez BA, Kaya S, Katin KP, Maslov MM, Kochaev A. Semiempirical Approach to the Fukui Function Analysis of Uric Acid under Different pH Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8228-8237. [PMID: 37751600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Analytic Fukui functions calculated at a first-principles level are combined with experimental pKa values and the calculation of tautomerization energies to obtain the effective regioselectivity of uric acid toward electron-transfer reactions under different pH conditions. Second-order electron binding energies are also computed to determine which of the tautomers is more likely to participate in the electron transfer. A comparison of vertical and adiabatic proton detachment energies allows us to conclude that tautomerization is not mediating deprotonation and that two monoanionic species are of comparable relevance. The main difference between these monoanionic species is the ring that has been deprotonated. Both monoanionic species are produced from a single neutral tautomer and mainly produce a single dianionic tautomer. As a method for the analysis of systems affected by pH such as uric acid, we propose to plot condensed Fukui functions versus pH, allowing us to draw the effect of pH on the regioselectivity of electron transfer in a single image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto E Fontanini
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara Jal. C. P, 44430 Mexico
| | - Roberto Flores-Moreno
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara Jal. C. P, 44430 Mexico
| | - Bernardo A Zúñiga-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Guadalajara Jal. C. P, 44430 Mexico
| | - Savas Kaya
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Health Services Vocational School, Department of Pharmacy, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Konstantin P Katin
- Laboratory of Computational Design of Nanostructures Nanodevices and Nanotechnologies, Research Institute for the Development of Scientific and Educational Potential of Youth, Aviatorov str. 14/55, Moscow 119620, Russia
- Nanoengineering in Electronics Spintronics and Photonics Institute, National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Kashirskoe Shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Mikhail M Maslov
- Laboratory of Computational Design of Nanostructures Nanodevices and Nanotechnologies, Research Institute for the Development of Scientific and Educational Potential of Youth, Aviatorov str. 14/55, Moscow 119620, Russia
- Nanoengineering in Electronics Spintronics and Photonics Institute, National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Kashirskoe Shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Aleksey Kochaev
- Laboratory of Computational Design of Nanostructures Nanodevices and Nanotechnologies, Research Institute for the Development of Scientific and Educational Potential of Youth, Aviatorov str. 14/55, Moscow 119620, Russia
- Research and Education Center "Silicon and Carbon Nanotechnologies", Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Leo Tolstoy Str, Ulyanovsk 432017, Russia
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3
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Verma R, Singh KR, Verma R, Singh J. Electro-optical behaviour of CuFe 2 O 4 @rGO nanocomposite for nonenzymatic detection of uric acid via the electrochemical method. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:1393-1404. [PMID: 36918255 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is a blood and urine component obtained as a metabolic by-product of purine nucleotides. Abnormalities in UA metabolism cause crystal deposition as monosodium urate and lead to various diseases such as gout, hyperuricemia, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, etc. Monitoring these diseases requires a rapid, sensitive, selective, and portable detection approach. Therefore, this study demonstrates the hydrothermal synthesis of CuFe2 O4 /reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite for selective detection of UA. After the nanocomposite synthesis, characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrometry, atomic force spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical analysis. Furthermore, from the electrochemical analysis using cyclic voltammetry (CV), kinetic studies were carried out by varying the scan rate to obtain the diffusion coefficient, surface concentration, and rate of charge transfer to achieve a calibration curve that indicates the quasi reversible nature of the fabricated electrode with a linear regression coefficient of oxidation (R2 : 0.9992) and reduction (R2 : 0.9971) peaks. Moreover, the fabricated nonenzymatic amperometric sensor to detect UA with a linearity (R2 : 0.9989) of 1-400 μM was highly sensitive (2.75 × 10-4 mAμM-1 cm-2 ) and had a lower limit of detection (0.01231 μM) at pH 7.5 in phosphate-buffered saline solution. Therefore, the CuFe2 O4 /rGO/ITO-based nonenzymatic sensor could detect interfering agents and spiked real bovine serum samples with higher sensitivity and selectivity for UA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kshitij Rb Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjana Verma
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Costa-Bauzá A, Calvó P, Hernández Y, Grases F. Efficacy of Theobromine and Its Metabolites in Reducing the Risk of Uric Acid Lithiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10879. [PMID: 37446053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Uric acid lithiasis accounts for about 10% of all types of renal lithiasis. The most common causes of uric acid lithiasis are low urinary pH, followed by high concentration of urinary uric acid, and low diuresis. Treatment of patients consists of alkalinization of urine, reducing the consumption of purine-rich foods, and administration of xanthine oxidase inhibitors, because there are no established therapeutic inhibitors of uric acid crystallization. We recently found that theobromine inhibited uric acid crystallization in vitro, and that the increased urinary level of theobromine following its oral consumption was associated with the prevention of uric acid crystallization. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of theobromine metabolites and other methylxanthine-related compounds on uric acid crystallization. We also measured the urinary concentrations of theobromine and its metabolites in samples from healthy individuals and patients with uric acid stones and compared the extent of uric acid supersaturation and uric acid crystal formation in these different samples. Theobromine and other methylxanthines that lacked a substituent at position 1 inhibited uric acid crystallization, but other methylxanthines did not have this effect. Individuals with clinical parameters that favored uric acid crystallization did not develop uric acid crystals when theobromine and its metabolites were in the urine at high levels. Thus, theobromine and its metabolites reduced the risk of uric acid lithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Costa-Bauzá
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Paula Calvó
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Fèlix Grases
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Pradhane AP, Methekar RN, Agrawal SG. Investigations on melamine-based uric acid kidney stone formation and its prevention by inhibitors. Urolithiasis 2023; 51:68. [PMID: 37039903 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-023-01437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (Mel) as a milk powder adulterant came to light in September 2008, when a kidney stone disease (KSD) outbreak struck China. The mechanism of the formation of Mel-associated uric acid (UA) stones is relatively unknown. Therefore, in the present study, Mel's influence was explored at comparatively higher and lower concentrations in artificial urine. The parameter optimization performed when the Mel concentration in artificial urine was low, which revealed that higher pH values and lower UA concentration considerably delayed the induction of UA crystallization. When Mel concentration was increased relative to UA concentration, the induction time of UA crystallization decreased dramatically. At the highest concentration of Mel investigated (at UA-Mel molar ratio 1:1), PXRD analysis and SEM revealed a change in crystalline structure of the samples. Based on FTIR analysis, it was determined that UA-Mel interactions are essentially physical, because no new characteristic bands developed. Two inhibitors, namely tri-potassium citrate (TPC) and 3, 7-dimethylxanthine (DMX), were investigated for their inhibitory action on UA crystallization in the presence of Mel. DMX was observed to be more promising than TPC in delaying the induction of crystallisation and hence inhibiting crystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish P Pradhane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravi N Methekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Shailesh G Agrawal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, Maharashtra, India
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Science Research Centre, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 C. Juan Ponce de Léon, San Juan, PR, 00926, USA
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6
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Pradhane AP, Methekar RN, Agrawal SG. Batch Crystallization of Uric Acid: Modeling, Simulation, and the Impact of 3,7 – dimethylxanthine. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish P. Pradhane
- Department of Chemical Engineering Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur Maharashtra 440010 India
| | - Ravi N. Methekar
- Department of Chemical Engineering Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur Maharashtra 440010 India
- Crystallization Design Institute Molecular Science Research Centre University of Puerto Rico 1390 C. Juan Ponce de Léon San Juan Puerto Rico 00926 USA
| | - Shailesh G. Agrawal
- Department of Chemical Engineering Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur Maharashtra 440010 India
- Crystallization Design Institute Molecular Science Research Centre University of Puerto Rico 1390 C. Juan Ponce de Léon San Juan Puerto Rico 00926 USA
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Julià F, Costa-Bauza A, Berga F, Grases F. Effect of theobromine on dissolution of uric acid kidney stones. World J Urol 2022; 40:2105-2111. [PMID: 35689678 PMCID: PMC9279199 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-022-04059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Uric acid renal lithiasis has a high prevalence and a high rate of recurrence. Removal of uric acid stones can be achieved by several surgical techniques (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, endoscopy, laparoscopy, open surgery). These stones can also be eliminated by dissolution within the kidneys, because the solubility of uric acid is much greater when the pH is above 6. At present, N-acetylcysteine with a urinary basifying agent is the only treatment proposed to increase the dissolution of uric acid stones. In this paper, we compare the effect of theobromine and N-acetylcysteine on the in vitro dissolution of uric acid calculi in artificial urine at pH 6.5. Methods The dissolution of uric acid renal calculi was performed in a temperature-controlled (37 °C) chamber. A peristaltic pump was used to pass 750 mL of synthetic urine (pH 6.5) through a capsule every 24 h. Stone dissolution was evaluated by measuring the change in weight before and after each experiment. Results N-acetylcysteine increased the dissolution of uric acid calculi, but the effect was not statistically significant. Theobromine significantly increased the dissolution of uric acid calculi. Both substances together had the same effect as theobromine alone. The addition of theobromine to a basifying therapy that uses citrate and/or bicarbonate is a potential new strategy for the oral chemolysis of uric acid stones. Conclusion Theobromine may prevent the formation of new stones and increase the dissolution of existing stones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Julià
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antonia Costa-Bauza
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Francisco Berga
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Felix Grases
- Laboratory of Renal Lithiasis Research, University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS-IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Chattaraj KG, Paul S. Appraising the potency of small molecule inhibitors and their graphene surface-mediated organizational attributes on uric acid-melamine clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1029-1047. [PMID: 34927187 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03695e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) and melamine (MM) crystallization in humans is associated with adverse medical conditions, including the germination of kidney stones, because of their low solubility. The growth of kidney stones, usually formed on renal papillary facades, is accomplished on the matrix-coated surface by the aggregation of preformed crystals or secondary crystal nucleation. Therefore, the effects of inhibitors such as theobromine (TB) and allopurinol (AP) on MM-UA aggregation are investigated by employing classical molecular dynamics simulations on a graphene surface. This impersonates the exact essence of the precipitation of kidney stones. The interaction between MM-UA is very intense and, thus, large clusters are formed on the surface. The presence of TB and AP will, however, substantially inhibit their aggregation. TB and AP significantly impede UA aggregation in particular. Therefore, lower order UA clusters are formed. These smaller UA clusters then pull a lower number of MM towards themselves, resulting in a smaller order UA-MM cluster. MM and UA aggregation on a 2D graphene surface is found to be spontaneous. There is no difference in these molecules' adsorption with a change in the force field parameters (i.e., GAFF and OPLS-AA) for graphene. Moreover, the greater the surface area of graphene, the more molecules are absorbed. The solute-surface van der Waals interaction energy plays a driving force in the adsorption of solute molecules on the surface. In addition, interactions like hydrogen bonding and π-stacking over the graphene surface involve binding all like molecules. These aggregated solute molecules strongly attract more like molecules until all solute molecules are adsorbed on the graphene surface, as estimated by enhanced sampling. The molecular origin of graphene exfoliation by MM is also described here. The present work helps to design novel kidney stone inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Assam, India, 781039.
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Chattaraj KG, Paul S. Underlying Mechanisms of Allopurinol in Eliminating Renal Toxicity Induced by Melamine-Uric Acid Complex Formation: A Computational Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2054-2069. [PMID: 34410109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics, we address uric acid (UA) replacement by a model small-molecule inhibitor, allopurinol (AP), from its aggregated cluster in a columnar fashion. Experimentally it has been affirmed that AP is efficient in preventing UA-mediated renal stone formation. However, no study has presented the underlying mechanisms yet. Hence, a theoretical approach is presented for mapping the AP, which binds to melamine (MM) and UA clusters. In AP's presence, the higher-order cluster of UA molecules turns into a lower-order cluster, which "drags" fewer MM to them. Consequently, the MM-UA composite structure gets reduced. It is worth noting that UA-AP and AP-MM hydrogen-bonding interactions often play an essential role in reducing the UA-MM cluster size. Interestingly, an AP around UA makes a pillar-like structure, confirmed by defining the point-plane distribution function. The decomposition of the preferential interaction by Kirkwood-Buff integral into different angles like 0°-30°, 30°-60°, and 60°-90° firmly establishes the phenomenon mentioned above. However, the structural order for such π-stacking interactions between AP and UA molecules is not hierarchical but rather more spontaneous. The driving force behind UA-AP-MM composite formation is the favorable complexation energy that can be inferred by computing pairwise binding free energies for all possible combinations. Performing enhanced sampling and quantum calculations further confirms the evidence for UA degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Assam-781039, India
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Paul S, Paul S. Controlling the self-assembly of human calcitonin: a theoretical approach using molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14496-14510. [PMID: 34184696 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00825k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human calcitonin (hCT) is a 32-residue amino acid poly-peptide hormone which is secreted by the C-cells (also known as parafollicular cells) of thyroid glands. It acts to inhibit osteoclast cell hormones by reducing the cell function and regulating calcium and phosphate in blood. hCT has a high tendency to assemble into protofilaments with β-sheet conformations. Amyloid fibril formation of hCT reduces its bio-activity and limits its application as a therapeutic drug. Salmon calcitonin (sCT), which also carries the same disulfide bridge at the N and C-terminus, but differs at the 16 residue position from hCT, has less propensity to aggregate than hCT. Human calcitonin has much higher bio-activity than sCT if its aggregation propensity is reduced. Substituting the key residues which are responsible for the aggregation of hCT, is one of the ways to reduce its aggregation and fibril formation. hCT analogues with less aggregation tendency can be exploited as therapeutic drugs. In this work, we study the amyloidogenic behavior of hCT and its peptide based derivatives i.e., sCT, phCT, N17H hCT, Y12L hCT and DM hCT, through classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our study reveals that sCT is the least aggregation prone derivative, and the double mutation at position 12 and 17 can reduce the aggregation propensity of this peptide. Also, we have applied these mutant variants of hCT as peptide inhibitors in the self-aggregation of hCT. This study could help in understanding and preparing peptide-based inhibitors for hCT fibrillation and their applications as therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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Chattaraj KG, Paul S. The miscibility and solubility of uric acid and vitamin C in the solution phase and their structural alignment in the solid-liquid interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15169-15182. [PMID: 34227626 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01504d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The crystallization of uric acid (UA) in humans is correlated with unpropitious medical predicaments, including gout and kidney stone germination. Its comparatively low solubility in physiological solutions is a significant contributory factor to UA biomineralization. The inhibition of UA aggregation is investigated as a reasonable approach for reducing kidney and gout-related problems. Therefore, we examine the role of vitamin C (Vit-C), a water-soluble vitamin, in the aggregation of UA, and its potency in solubilizing UA has been confirmed experimentally. We notice that Vit-C encapsulates the aggregated UA. Moreover, it can dismantle the assemblies of UA. We have proffered comprehensive molecular mechanisms of the interplay between the aggregated UA and Vit-C. Vit-C molecules are interspersed in solution due to its non-aggregating nature. We perceive that, through hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking interactions, Vit-C molecules interact with UA molecules. The determination of the Flory-Huggins interaction parameters suggests that the presence of Vit-C enhances the solubility of UA aggregates. In addition, UA molecules are conformed on a monolayer graphene sheet, where they are assembled to create a 2D self-assembly. Vit-C, however, encapsulates and disseminates itself within the aggregated UA molecules on the surface. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms of the impact of Vit-C on UA aggregation can provide relevant insights into drug design against chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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12
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Zorainy M, Boffito DC, Gobara M, Baraka A, Naeem I, Tantawy H. Synthesis of a novel Ce(iii)/melamine coordination polymer and its application for corrosion protection of AA2024 in NaCl solution. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6330-6345. [PMID: 35423124 PMCID: PMC8694850 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08587a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the synthesis of a new cerium(iii)-melamine coordination polymer (CMCP) by a mixed-solvothermal method and its characterization. Characterization techniques included Raman, Fourier Transformation Infra-Red (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), in which the change in the electronic environment and the crystallinity were tracked. The characterization results confirm the coordination of cerium(iii) with melamine through -NH2 groups, instead of the N atoms of the triazine ring, for which we propose a mechanism of interaction. In addition, Biovia Materials Studio package was applied to determine and investigate the molecular structure of the CMCP. All simulations were done using COMPASS force-field theory and atom-based method for summation of electrostatic and van de Waals forces. The application of the CMCP for the corrosion inhibition of AA2024 in 3.5% NaCl solution was tested using the potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The results point out that the presence of cerium as cerium(iii) in the CMCP structure plays the fundamental role of inhibition, whereby the inhibition mechanism occurs by cathodic oxidation of Ce(iii) to Ce(iv) and cyclic reduction of Ce(iv) to Ce(iii) by melamine part of CMCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Zorainy
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Technical College Cairo Egypt
- Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montréal Montreal Canada
| | - Daria C Boffito
- Chemical Engineering Department, Polytechnique Montréal Montreal Canada
| | - Mohamed Gobara
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Technical College Cairo Egypt
| | - Ahmad Baraka
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Technical College Cairo Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Naeem
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Technical College Cairo Egypt
| | - Hesham Tantawy
- Chemical Engineering Department, Military Technical College Cairo Egypt
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Chattaraj KG, Paul S. Investigation on the Mechanisms of Synchronous Interaction of K 3Cit with Melamine and Uric Acid That Avoids the Formation of Large Clusters. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:4827-4844. [PMID: 32786693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) has an enormous competence to aggregate over melamine (Mel), producing large UA clusters that "drag" Mel toward them. Such a combination of donor-acceptor pairs provides a robust Mel-UA composite, thereby denoting a high complexity. Thus, a straightforward but pragmatic methodology might indeed require either destruction of the aggregation of UA or impediment of the hydrogen-bonded cluster of Mel and UA. Here, potassium citrate (K3Cit) is used as a potent inhibitor for a significant decrease of large UA-Mel clusters. The underlying mechanisms of synchronous interactions between K3Cit and the Mel-UA pair are examined by the classical molecular dynamics simulation coupled with the enhanced sampling method. K3Cit binds to the Mel-UA pair profoundly to produce a Mel-UA-K3Cit complex with favorable complexation energy (as indicated by the reckoning of pairwise ΔGbind° employing the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) method). The strength of interaction follows the order UA-K3Cit > Mel-K3Cit > Mel-UA, thus clearly demonstrating the instability caused by upsetting the π-stacking of UA and hydrogen bonding of Mel-UA simultaneously. The comprehensive, strategically designed "direct approach" and "indirect approach" cluster structure analysis shows that K3Cit reduces the direct approach Mel-UA cluster size significantly irrespective of ensemble variation. Furthermore, the estimation of potentials of mean force (PMFs) reveals that the (UA)decamer-Mel interaction prevails over (UA)tetramer-Mel. The dynamic property (dimer existence autocorrelation functions) proves the essence of dimerization between Mel and UA in the absence and presence of K3Cit. Moreover, the calculation of the preferential interaction parameter provides the concentration at which Mel-K3Cit and UA-K3Cit interactions are predominant over the interaction of Mel and UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Gopal Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sandip Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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Hontz D, Hensley J, Hiryak K, Lee J, Luchetta J, Torsiello M, Venditto M, Lucent D, Terzaghi W, Mencer D, Bommareddy A, VanWert AL. A Copper(II) Macrocycle Complex for Sensing Biologically Relevant Organic Anions in a Competitive Fluorescence Assay: Oxalate Sensor or Urate Sensor? ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19469-19477. [PMID: 32803041 PMCID: PMC7424571 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence sensing of oxalate has garnered some attention in the past two decades as a result of this anion's prominence and impact on society. Previous work on oxalate sensors and other divalent anion sensors has led to the conclusion that the sensors are selective for the anion under investigation. However, sensor selectivity is often determined by testing against a relatively small array of "guest" molecules or analytes and studies often exclude potentially interfering compounds. For example, studies on oxalate sensors have excluded compounds such as citrate and urate, which are anions in the biological matrices where oxalate is measured (e.g., urine, blood, and bacterial lysate). In the present study, we reassessed the selectivity of a dinuclear copper(II) macrocycle (Cu2L) in an eosin Y displacement assay using biologically relevant anions. Although previously reported as selective for oxalate, we found greater indicator displacement (fluorescence response) for urate and oxaloacetate and a significant response to citrate. These anions are larger than oxalate and do not appear to fit into the putative binding pocket of Cu2L. Consistent with previous reports, Cu2L did not release eosin Y in the presence of several other dicarboxylates, including adipate, glutarate, malate (except at 10 mM), fumarate, succinate, or malonate (except at 10 mM), and the monocarboxylate acetate. This was demonstrated by the failure of the anions to reverse eosin Y quenching by Cu2L. We also assessed, for the first time, other monocarboxylates, including butyrate, pyruvate, lactate, propionate, and formate. None of these anions were able to displace eosin Y, indicating no interaction with Cu2L that interfered with the eosin Y binding site. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography revealed that nonselective binding of the anions is likely partly caused by readily accessible copper(II) ions on the external surface of Cu2L. In addition, π-π stacking of urate with the aromatic groups of Cu2L cannot be ruled out as a contributor to binding. We conclude that Cu2L is not suitable for oxalate sensing in a biological matrix unless interfering compounds are selectively removed or masked.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hontz
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Jayden Hensley
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Kayla Hiryak
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Jared Luchetta
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Maria Torsiello
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Michael Venditto
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Del Lucent
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Physics, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - William Terzaghi
- Department
of Biology, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Donald Mencer
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Ajay Bommareddy
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
| | - Adam L. VanWert
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nesbitt School of Pharmacy, Wilkes University, 84 W South St., Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766, United States
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